...Module 2 Assessment “Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance” In answering this question we must first have an understanding of how the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system operate independently of each other. The cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood. Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients which the body needs to survive. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood. The body gets rid of waste products, such as carbon dioxide, back into the blood, in order to remove them. The main function of the cardiovascular system is to sustain blood flow across all areas of the body. Veins return used blood (deoxygenated) from the body back to the heart. This blood is low in oxygen as it has been used in the function of the body, and is also high in carbon dioxide (the waste product that the body has gotten rid of). The veins carry this deoxygenated blood to the superior and inferior vena cava which then drain into the right atrium. The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle. The right ventricle then pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, via the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. In the lungs the blood is enriched with oxygen that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the left...
Words: 647 - Pages: 3
...Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance Both the cardiovascular and respiratory systems are jointly essential for a particular purpose - delivering oxygen to our bodies, and for extracting and expelling carbon monoxide from them (Dr Adam Cloe, livestrong.com/article 18606, 2011). “The cardiovascular system…consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels, respectively (Tortora & Derrickson 2011). The heart pumps blood throughout the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries). Two chambers of the heart have the job of moving poorly oxygenated blood whilst the other two chambers move highly oxygenated blood around the body to the cells (Dr Adam Cloe, 2011). So, the cardiovascular system is at the front line of delivering oxygen to the cells of the body and for extracting carbon monoxide from them. Our breathing is an automatic process. Inhalation, which happens when we breathe in, provides the body, via the lungs, with oxygen. Exhalation, which occurs when we breathe out, rids the body of carbon dioxide (NIH 2013). The process of obtaining/delivering oxygen to the body’s cells and collecting and disposing of carbon dioxide can be summarised. Oxygen is inhaled, the pressure change in the lung draws low oxygen blood (containing carbon dioxide) to the heart, then the heart takes that blood and pumps it to the lungs. Student number: ...
Words: 1116 - Pages: 5
...Collecting oxygen and excreting CO2 is the function of the respiratory system (made up of the lungs and chest cavity). The chest cavity containing with the lungs expands and contracts, inhaling external, oxygen rich air and exhaling CO2 rich air. At the microscopic or molecular level, respiration needs to take place within (almost) every cell, for each cell needs its own supply of energy. So the respiratory system collects the oxygen in the lungs, the cardiovas-cular system (heart, blood vessels and blood) transports the oxygen to every cell in precise quantities and takes the carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Throughout life, the heart beats to keep up the flow of the transportation, and in a matching rhythm, the lungs expand and contract, maintaining the initial collection of oxygen and the final release of CO2. The two systems need each other to perform their own functions. When the body’s activities change, for instance during sustained exercise, oxygen is used up quicker than usual. Receptors throughout the body will detect a faster depletion of oxygen in the muscles. (Sherwood, C.,2013) The nervous system will be activated to increase breathing rate and in turn heart rate will increase because more oxygen will be deposited into the blood. This shows how the two systems interact. The interaction is vital to maintain the internal balance (homeostasis) of oxygen and CO2 molecules. The smallest parts of the cardiovascular system are the capillaries (ap-proximately as narrow...
Words: 626 - Pages: 3
...The respiratory system role is to allow the exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmospheric air, blood and tissue cells. It also helps adjust the pH of body fluids. “In addition to gas exchange the respiratory system also plays a role in receptors for the sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces sounds and rids the body of some water and heat in exhaled air”. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006 Pg 918) The most important function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen so that this can then be delivered to the rest of the body. The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. Their function is to filter warm and moistened air and conduct it into the lungs. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006). The body uses oxygen for anything it does whether it may be eating, walking or just sleeping and through this process releases carbon-dioxide. Carbon-dioxide needs to be eliminated quickly and efficiently as it can be very toxic to the cells in the body. The cardiovascular system circulates blood and lymph through the body and it consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the lymphatic vessels and glands. It is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products through the body. The heart is the primary organ within the cardiovascular system. The heart is a beating muscle that continually pumps blood to the rest of the body. (Tortora and Derrickson 2006). The cycle...
Words: 522 - Pages: 3
...The cardiovascular system and the respiratory system work together within the human body; creating a cycle that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the body’s tissues and removes carbon dioxide and other waste products, therefore contributing to homeostasis. The first stage of this cycle is gas exchange or respiration. Air is breathed in through the nose or Mouth and into the alveoli of the lungs; this is known as pulmonary ventilation (tortora 2011). Inside the lungs an exchange of gases take place (pulmonary respiration) between the alveoli and the blood, through the pulmonary capillaries. At this point the blood will gain oxygen and lose Carbon dioxide. (tortora 2011) It is the function of the red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body. Red blood cells contain a pigment called haemoglobin which attracts oxygen into the cell. (www.hematology.org) From the lungs the blood flows to the heart through four pulmonary veins. It enters into the left atrium and then passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pushes the blood through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta (www.bhf.org.co.uk) Some of the blood flows through coronary arteries into the heart wall whilst the majority divides into separate streams, flowing through systemic arteries throughout the body. Arterial blood is pumped under pressure by the heart through the arteries which divide into smaller arteries called arterioles, when the arterioles enter...
Words: 569 - Pages: 3
...The cardiovascular system can be broken down into two words 'cardio' or 'cardi' meaning heart and 'vascular' meaning blood vessels Roberts, (2010). The cardiovascular system is also known as the circulatory system Roberts, (2010). The whole meaning cardiovascular system can be explained as a system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, arteries and veins which carry blood around the body and takes oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues and removes wastes products from the tissue cells Roberts, (2010) that make up the body’s other ten systems. These consist of Integumentary (skin, nails and hair), skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine (hormones), lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive The cardiovascular system depends on all the systems above functionally normally as it is the body's key transport system Peters, (2004) The Respiratory system consists of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and thoracic cage, it also consists of the nose, the pharynx, trachea and our lungs Peters, (2004) where in addition to the maintaining exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and tissues, the respiratory system helps regulate the body’s acid base balance Peters, (2004). Every cell in the body needs oxygen to help release energy into the body Sang, (2005) and needs to get rid of waste product such as carbon dioxide to function; the respiratory System allows this to happen by breathing air into the lungs allowing the cardiovascular System to transport...
Words: 637 - Pages: 3
...environment or balance an optimal concentration of gases, nutrients, ions, and water should be maintained, along with an optimal temperature and pressure for the health of cells (Tortora, p.22). The respiratory and cardiovascular systems are able to maintain the first one. Some of the other organs in the body involved with homeostasis are pancreas, kidneys and skin. The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work in conjunction to maintain the body’s internal balance. The cardiovascular system relates to the circulatory system, which consists of the blood, the heart and blood vessels. (Tortora, p.546). The blood carries oxygen and nutrients from the lungs to the cells and tissues of the body and removes carbon dioxide and other waste from the cells to the lungs (www.medicinenet.com). The respiratory system includes the organs involved in breathing, the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs (www.medicinenet.com). This is where the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. The maintenance of the body’s internal balance starts when air is breathed into the body through the upper respiratory tract into the lower respiratory tract – the lungs (Terfera and Jegtvig). Here the oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood stream through the lungs. This exchange of respiratory gases takes place across the alveolar and capillary walls in the lungs (Tortora p.701). The oxygen rich or oxygenated blood is then returned to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins...
Words: 529 - Pages: 3
...Portfolio Task: Module 2 Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body’s internal balance The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to supply oxygen to the body’s cells, remove carbon dioxide and regulate the Ph of the body’s fluids. This system of regulation is called homeostasis. (www.wiki.answers.com, 2013) To understand how both systems interact requires fundamental knowledge of how each system functions independently. The cardiovascular system is made up of blood, the heart and blood vessels which are divided into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. (www.livestrong.com, 2013) Blood is a thick, red, slightly alkaline fluid and has 3 general functions; transportation, regulation and protection. There are 3 types of blood cell- red cells, white cells and platelets. Red blood cells transports oxygen in a pigment called haemoglobin, from the lungs which have, by pulmonary gas exchange, diffused into the cells and carbon dioxide from the body tissue back to the lungs for exhalation, this system of exchange is called, external respiration. Blood helps regulate Ph, the body’s temperature and the water content of the cells, it also provides protection by its ability to clot and carries antibodies which help protect against disease. (Tortora & Derrickson, 2011) The heart is the pump which circulates the blood around the body, called pulmonary circulation...
Words: 586 - Pages: 3
...11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. 2.21. Describe the physical organization of the human body and explain how interaction between body components is critical for the maintenance of homeostasis. Define the terms anatomy and physiology in reference to the human body. (LECT & LAB) Describe each of the following levels of organization of the human body: chemical, cellular, tissue, system, organism. (LECT & LAB) Identify the principal systems of the body. (LECT & LAB) Describe the standard anatomical position of the human body. (LECT & LAB) Compare common anatomical terms used to describe the various regions of the human body. (LECT & LAB) List by name and location the principal body cavities. (LECT & LAB) Define homeostasis and explain the effects of the lack of homeostasis on the body's function. (LECT & LAB) Describe the chemical level of organization of the human body. Describe the interrelationship of matter, elements, and atoms. (LECT) Identify by name and symbol the principal elements of the human body. (LECT) Diagram and label the structure of a typical atom. (LECT) Describe the function of electrons located in incomplete outer energy levels. (LECT) Define the terms isotope and radioisotope and give their functions. (LECT) Describe the three types of chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, hydrogen) and give an example of each. (LECT) Describe what happens during a chemical reaction. Give three types of chemical reactions...
Words: 2061 - Pages: 9
...Bodily Systems and the Spatial-Functional Structure of the Human Body Barry Smith, PhD1,2, Igor Papakin1, Katherine Munn1 1Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 2Department of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Abstract. The human body as conceived by medical science is a system made of systems. The body is divided into bodily systems proper, such as the endocrine and circulatory systems. These are subdivded into many subsystems at a variety of levels whereby all systems and subsystems engage in massive causal interaction with other systems and subsystems. In this essay we offer an explicit definition of bodily system, and explicit means for understanding these causal interactions. Whereas informality is acceptable in documentation created for human beings, it falls short of what is needed for computer representations. In our analysis we will define bodily system, and will take some first steps toward understanding the causal relationships bodily systems have with their subsystems. 1. Introduction Ontology plays an increasingly significant role in work on terminology and knowledge management systems in the domain of biomedical informatics, and we hold that it will play an essential role in biomedical research of the future. The term ‘ontology’ must, however, be understood in the right way [1]. The dominant paradigm might be referred to as ‘applications...
Words: 12460 - Pages: 50
...Hemodynamic Monitoring Hemodynamic Monitoring Chapter 8 - Arterial Blood Pressure Chapter 9 - The Pulmonary Artery Catheter Chapter 10 - Central Venous Pressure and Wedge Pressure Chapter 11 - Tissue Oxygenation Section V - Disorders of Circulatory Flow Disorders of Circulatory Flow Chapter 12 - Hemorrhage and Hypovolemia Chapter 13 - Colloid and Crystalloid Resuscitation Chapter 14 - Acute Heart Failure Syndromes Chapter 15 - Cardiac Arrest Chapter 16 - Hemodynamic Drug Infusions Section VI - Critical Care Cardiology Critical Care Cardiology Chapter 17 - Early Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes Chapter 18 - Tachyarrhythmias Section VII - Acute Respiratory Failure Acute Respiratory Failure Chapter 19 - Hypoxemia and Hypercapnia Chapter 20 - Oximetry and Capnography Chapter 21 - Oxygen Inhalation Therapy Chapter 22 - Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Chapter 23 - Severe Airflow Obstruction Section VIII - Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation Chapter 24 - Principles of Mechanical Ventilation Chapter 25 - Modes of Assisted Ventilation Chapter 26 - The Ventilator-Dependent Patient Chapter 27 -...
Words: 91543 - Pages: 367
...INSTRUCTOR GUIDE Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual MAIN VERSION, Eighth Edition Update CAT VERSION, Ninth Edition Update FETAL PIG VERSION, Ninth Edition Update ELAINE N. MARIEB, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College SUSAN T. BAXLEY, M.A. Troy University, Montgomery Campus NANCY G. KINCAID, Ph.D Troy University, Montgomery Campus PhysioEx™ Exercises authored by Peter Z. Zao, North Idaho College Timothy Stabler, Indiana University Northwest Lori Smith, American River College Greta Peterson, Middlesex Community College Andrew Lokuta, University of Wisconsin—Madison San Francisco • Boston • New York Cape Town • Hong Kong • London • Madrid • Mexico City Montreal • Munich • Paris • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project Editor: Sabrina Larson PhysioEx Project Editor: Erik Fortier Editorial Assistant: Nicole Graziano Managing Editor: Wendy Earl Production Editor: Leslie Austin Composition: Cecelia G. Morales Cover Design: Riezebos Holzbaur Design Group Senior Manufacturing Buyer: Stacey Weinberger Marketing Manager: Gordon Lee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means...
Words: 120457 - Pages: 482
...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination CAPE ® BIOLOGY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008 CXC A10/U2/07 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2007, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC A10/U2/07 ii Contents RATIONALE.....................................................................................................................................................1 AIMS ..................................................................................................................................................................1 SKILLS AND ABILITIES TO BE ASSESSED ...............................................................................................2 PRE-REQUISITES OF THE SYLLABUS .......................................................................................................5 STRUCTURE...
Words: 11239 - Pages: 45
...PN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING EDITION . CO NT ASTERY SERI ES TM N E R EV MOD IE W LE U PN Mental Health Nursing Review Module Edition 9.0 CONtriButOrs Sheryl Sommer, PhD, RN, CNE VP Nursing Education & Strategy Janean Johnson, MSN, RN Nursing Education Strategist Sherry L. Roper, PhD, RN Nursing Education Strategist Karin Roberts, PhD, MSN, RN, CNE Nursing Education Coordinator Mendy G. McMichael, DNP, RN Nursing Education Specialist and Content Project Coordinator Marsha S. Barlow, MSN, RN Nursing Education Specialist Norma Jean Henry, MSN/Ed, RN Nursing Education Specialist eDitOrial aND PuBlisHiNg Derek Prater Spring Lenox Michelle Renner Mandy Tallmadge Kelly Von Lunen CONsultaNts Deb Johnson-Schuh, RN, MSN, CNE Loraine White, RN, BSN, MA PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg i PN MeNtal HealtH NursiNg review Module editioN 9.0 intellectual Property Notice ATI Nursing is a division of Assessment Technologies Institute®, LLC Copyright © 2014 Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All rights reserved. The reproduction of this work in any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, is forbidden without the written permission of Assessment Technologies Institute, LLC. All of the content in this publication, including, for example, the cover, all of the page headers, images, illustrations, graphics, and text, are subject to trademark, service mark, trade dress, copyright, and/or other intellectual property rights or licenses...
Words: 83801 - Pages: 336
...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
Words: 63550 - Pages: 255
