...The verb license or grant licence means to give permission. The noun license (American English) or licence (British English, Indian English, Canadian English, Australian English) refers to that permission as well as to the document recording that permission. A license may be granted by a party ("licensor") to another party ("licensee") as an element of an agreement between those parties. A shorthand definition of a license is "an authorization (by the licensor) to use the licensed material (by the licensee)." In particular a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee and/or proving a capability. The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations ------------------------------------------------- Licensing Definition: A business arrangement in which one company gives another company permission to manufacture its product for a specified payment Tweet There are few faster or more profitable ways to grow your business than by licensing patents, trademarks, copyrights, designs, and other intellectual property to others. Licensing lets you instantly tap the existing production, distribution and marketing systems that other companies may have spent decades building. In return, you get a percentage of the revenue from products or services sold under your license. Licensing fees typically amount to...
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...THE TRANSATLANTIC CONNECTION Do Americans and Englishmen really speak the same language? It isn't only a question of accents. Spelling and vocabulary are different on either side of the Atlantic, too. Some people would say that the differences are getting fewer. The now 'language' we call 'Transatlantic English' is helping to bridge the gap between our two countries. It's a mixture of British and American characteristics in accent and vocabulary, invented by the increasing number of tourists and businessmen who cross the Atlantic frequently. But wouldn't it be a pity if we all started talking English in exactly the same way? Variety is the spice of life and it's impossible to say that British or American English is wrong or right. Let's hope that we can go on being inventive in our own individual ways on both sides of the At lantic. The differences in spelling are well known — for "instance, words like 'colour', 'honour' and 'neighbour' are spelt without the 'u' in the United States. While the British have kept the original spellings of many foreign words now used in the English language, Americans have made a point of simplifying spellings and often change them in ways that seem curious to their more conservative British cousins. 'Catalogue' becomes 'catalog', and even 'cigaret' has been seen for 'cigarette'. Some of the differences in vocabulary could load to amusing situations. Did you know that American buildings have no ground floor? This does not mean you have to...
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...speakers The topicality of this work is explained by the interest to the difference of Australian English between the other English variants and to the practical usage of the vocabulary. The theoretical value of this work is determined by necessity of the comprehensive analysis of Australian English because every language allows different kinds of variations: geographical or territorial, stylistic and others. It is very important to use up- to –date information of the western scientists who are concerned nearly to the English linguistics. The practical value is seen in rising interest to the English language itself and its variants, because time changes, some words, meanings change too and its not enough to know only British English for understanding people in other English speaking countries. And studying the peculiarities of AusE is the first step to enlarging knowledge of English language. The material includes: - different types of definitions and examples - grammar,...
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...make a language seem to change completely! Standard varieties of English These are the varieties of English that have become standard or most recognized and used in the majority of the world. The main two are: English in England and American English. English in England Despite this being the origin of the English language, it does not mean the language is the same everywhere in England. The significant difference is in the pronunciation, as the accent and pronunciation of English in Britain is different from the one in Scotland, Wales and Ireland. American English When talking about American English, this is referring to mainly North America because in South America English is not the national language spoken. In North America, the accents of Canadians differ from Americans from the United States, Texas and so on. The largest difference is in American English and African American English, which is a sort of slang form of normal English, but has evolved to a category of its own. Differences between British and American English Pronunciation There is a significant difference in the way the English pronounce words and the way Americans do. When spoken, words tend to sound different, such as the word “route”. In American English, it is pronounced as “Rawt” whereas in Britain it is pronounced...
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...Preface Every language allows different kinds of variations: geographical or territorial, perhaps the most obvious, stylistic, the difference between the written and the spoken form of the standard national language and others. It is the national language of England proper, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and some provinces of Canada. It is the official language of Wales, Scotland, in Gibraltar and on the island of Malta. Modern linguistics distinguishes territorial variants of a national language and local dialects. Variants of a language are regional varieties of a standard literary language characterized by some minor peculiarities in the sound system, vocabulary and grammar and by their own literary norms. Standard English – the official language of Great Britain taught at schools and universities, used by the press, the radio and the television and spoken by educated people may be defined as that form of English which is current and literary, substantially uniform and recognized as acceptable wherever English is spoken or understood. Its vocabulary is contrasted to dialect words or dialectisms belonging to various local dialects. Local dialects are varieties of the English language peculiar to some districts and having no normalized literary form. Regional varieties possessing a literary form are called variants. Dialects are said to undergo rapid changes under the pressure of Standard English taught at schools and the speech habits cultivated by radio, television...
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...and heavy penalties to the writer. Therefore, CONTENT is very important if you want to rise through the ranks and get to the top as fast as possible. Illustration Question: ‘write a 10 page paper on the United States The above instructions can run a spasm of fear across the spine of a newbie for lack of comprehensive content. Therefore, to make it easier, one needs to develop the table of contents (outline) on the same. PLEASE DON’T BE SUBJECTIVE IN REASONING. BE OBJECTIVE AND AVOID MASS FALLACY. Most newbies will be like, “the united states is a very good country with a lot of opportunities. The country is big and has everything that an individual needs to survive. The current president is Obama. His father is Kenyan and the mother is American. Kenyans want to associate themselves with him although he does not want them. America is all over in the mainstream media because...” Such content is very shallow, incoherent, absurd and subjective. You should think critically outside the box and instantly create an outline that uses topical organization rather than ©Developed...
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...many other kinds of professional writing, from blogs to book reviews. Moreover, if you want to capture and hold your audience's attention, the three-section statement maximizes your opportunity. The statements below provide ideas on how you might successfully write. The short essays for this seminar have several goals. 1. They provide you with an opportunity to explore a topic we have covered in our discussions and readings and to formulate an opinion about some aspect of those ideas. 2. These essays also provide me with a sense of your engagement and understanding of the material we cover, as well as your ability to explain your position. 3. Each essay offers you a focused opportunity to improve your writing skills. Grammar, punctuation, spelling, and citation all figure in the act of scholarly writing. A short essay allows me to work with you on these details. 4. The 500-word essay represents a miniature paper that includes all of the same features of a longer paper. Indeed, the longer papers you will write as Skidmore students will often consist of subsections consistent with the goals of these shorter essays. That is, you can form a large paper by organizing your ideas into short subsections that address the different issues comprising your topic. Finally, you should have writing clearly as your unambiguous goal. Consult the The Skidmore Guide to Writing for examples of how to cite, to punctuate, and to improve your ability to communicate in writing. For my seminars and classes...
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...What do I know now about the module ? Different types of written languages are studied by linguists, the logograms including both pictograms (pictures or symbols that represent an object or an idea) and ideograms (symbol that represent an idea) still used today in languages like Chinese, phonograms including syllabaries (system of writing based on syllable sounds) used today for Japanese or Cree, and to finish alphabets. The last category, alphabets, comes from the Sumerian script that was later replaced by the Phoneician Alphabet which is itself the ancestor of both Semitic (Arabic and Hebrew) and Greek writing system. The English spelling started to be development in Old English with the introduction of the Latin Alphabet, when the...
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... The year of the Captain John Smith's founding of Jamestown (1607) coincides roughly with Shakespeare's writing of Timon of Athens and Pericles, and the King James Bible (the "Authorized Version") was published only four years later, in 1611. It was not long before writers on both sides of the Atlantic began to acknowledge the language's divergence. As early as the mid-seventeenth century, Samuel Johnson, in a review of Lewis Evans's "Geographical, Historical, Political, Philosophical, and Mechanical Essays," pays the [American] writer's language a backhanded compliment: This treatise is written with such elegance as the subject admits, tho' not without some mixture of the American dialect, a tract ["trace"] of corruption to which every language widely diffused must always be exposed. (In the World, No. 102, Dec. 12, 1754; quoted by Mencken 4) Johnson's assessment was mild compared to that of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who asserted in 1822 that "the Americans presented the extraordinary anomaly of a people without a language. That they had mistaken the English language for baggage (which is called plunder in America), and had stolen it" (quoted in Mencken 28). Noah Webster attributed some of the marked features of New England speech to a conservatism engendered by the relative isolation, vis à vis the rest of the world, of the colonists, stating that New Englanders (of which he was one): have been sequestered in some measure from the world, and their language has not suffered...
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...THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE This page intentionally left blank THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SIXTH EDITION ± ± John Algeo ± ± ± ± ± Based on the original work of ± ± ± ± ± Thomas Pyles Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States The Origins and Development of the English Language: Sixth Edition John Algeo Publisher: Michael Rosenberg Development Editor: Joan Flaherty Assistant Editor: Megan Garvey Editorial Assistant: Rebekah Matthews Senior Media Editor: Cara Douglass-Graff Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Communications Manager: Beth Rodio Content Project Manager: Corinna Dibble Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr Production Technology Analyst: Jamie MacLachlan Senior Print Buyer: Betsy Donaghey Rights Acquisitions Manager Text: Tim Sisler Production Service: Pre-Press PMG Rights Acquisitions Manager Image: Mandy Groszko Cover Designer: Susan Shapiro Cover Image: Kobal Collection Art Archive collection Dagli Orti Prayer with illuminated border, from c. 1480 Flemish manuscript Book of Hours of Philippe de Conrault, The Art Archive/ Bodleian Library Oxford © 2010, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including...
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...First edition 2000 Second edition 2001 Third edition 2002 Fourth edition 2007 Published by EnglishforResearch.com The Whole World Company Press, Cambridge, CB7 5EQ, England © Stephen Howe and Kristina Henriksson 2000–2007 Printed by Biddles Limited, King’s Lynn, England The authors hereby assert their moral rights to be identified as the authors of the PhraseBook. You may not remove or alter the authors’ names, publisher’s name, copyright notice, disclaimers or, from the digital version, the End User Licence Agreement. All rights reserved worldwide Copyright is reserved in English and all other languages and countries of the world. PhraseBook for Writing, EnglishforResearch.com, EnglishforStudents.com and EnglishforSchool.com are worldwide trademarks and/or service marks of The Whole World Company Limited. Microsoft and Microsoft Word are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are hereby acknowledged. Do not make illegal, unauthorized copies of the PhraseBook. The PhraseBook and digital version are protected by copyright law and international treaties. The publisher and authors have striven to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the PhraseBook; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience as a consequence of use, information or advice contained in the PhraseBook. PhraseBook versions ISBN 978-1-903384-02-2 paperback ISBN 978-1-903384-01-5...
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...The geography of the UK. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles in the north west of Europe and is separated from the mainland by the English Channel and the Strait of Dover. Also the country is washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is deeply indented and it gives a good supply of splendid harbours for ships. In the north you can find the Cheviots separating England from Scotland, the Pennines going down England like a backbone and the Cambrian Mountains which occupy the greatest part of Wales. The highest peak is Ben Nevis which is situated in the Highlands of Scotland. The south-eastern part of England is a low-lying land with gentle hills and a coast which is regular in outline with occasional chalk cliffs. The rivers in Britain are of little value as waterways. The longest are the Severn, the Thames, the Clyde and the Bristol Avon. There are a lot of lakes in the UK for example in the Lake District in the northern part of England but the most famous lake is Loch Ness in Scotland. Great Britain is rich in coal, iron ore and oil. Such crops as wheat, sugar-beet, potatoes and others are grown in this country. The main cities are London, Bristol, Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast. The geography of the USA. The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, China and Canada. It occupies the southern...
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...United Nations, as well as in many world organisations. English arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and what is now southeast Scotland. Following the extensive influence of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom from the 17th to mid-20th centuries through the British Empire, it has been widely propagated around the world.[7][8][9][10] Through the spread of American-dominated media and technology,[11] English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions.[12][13] Historically, English originated from the fusion of closely related dialects, now collectively termed Old English, which were brought to the eastern coast of Great Britain by Germanic settlers (Anglo-Saxons) by the 5th century; the word English is simply the modern spelling of englisc, the name of the Angles[14] and Saxons for their language, after the Angles’ ancestral region of Angeln (in what is now Schleswig-Holstein). The language was also influenced early on by the Old Norse language through Viking invasions in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings from Norman French, and vocabulary and spelling conventions began to give the appearance of a...
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...The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. In 2012, it was announced that the 2010 edition was the last printed edition that would be published. It is written by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors, including 110 Nobel Prize winners and five American presidents. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia still being produced. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland as three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size: the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Beginning with the 11th edition and its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal in the North American market. In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted and every article updated on a schedule. In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer continue to publish its printed editions, instead focusing on its online version, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Its final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set.[1] ...
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...in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England as a fusion of closely related dialects, now collectively termed Old English. These dialects had been brought to the south-eastern coast of Great Britain by Anglo-Saxons settlers by the 5th century. The word English is the modern spelling of englisc, the name used by the Angles and Saxons for their language, after the Angles' ancestral region of Angeln. The language was also influenced early on by the Old Norse language through Viking invasions in the 9th and 10th centuries. The Norman conquest of England in the 11th century gave rise to heavy borrowings from Norman French: thus a layer of elaborate vocabulary, particularly in the field of governance, and some Romance-language spelling conventions were added to what had by then become Middle English.[7] The Great Vowel Shift that began in the south of England in the 15th century is one of the events that mark the emergence of Modern English. Through the worldwide influence of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom from the 17th to mid-20th centuries under the British Empire, it has been widely propagated around the world. Through the spread of English literature, world media networks such as the BBC, the American film and television industry, and the...
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