...Plessy v. Ferguson. Plessy v. Ferguson was a case that took place in 1896, in which the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of “separate but equal” (“Plessy v. Ferguson” 1). In a way, this served as the foundation of Jim Crow laws. The court said “separate but equal” and people referred back to this statement often when discussing Jim Crow laws. The flaw of this statement was that African Americans were not given equal quality facilities and opportunity. EXAMPLES OF JIM CROW LAWS As previously stated Jim Crow laws were segregation laws. So what exactly is segregation? Clive Gifford says “segregation is the keeping a part of different races in some, or all, areas of everyday life.” (Gifford 24). That is exactly what these laws did. They were meant to separate races in basically...
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...Cooper v. Aaron, 358 U.S. 1, 78 S. Ct. 1401, 3 L. Ed. 2d 5 (1958) FACTS: Petitioner, the school board of Little Rock, Arkansas, had sought to implement a program of desegregation of children in compliance with the Brown v. Board of Education declaring state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. However, the petitioner filed a suit to the district court to suspend court orders to implement the desegregation program for a period of two and a half years, claiming that the resistance by the state government and public hostility made it impossible to maintain a sound education program for both the American and African-American children. The state’s governor wishes to have the state legislature make it legal to segregate; he argues that the case is only binding until the state legislates otherwise. The district court granted the school board's request. On the other hand, the respondents contested that their constitutional right should not be yielded under conditions of chaos and prayed for a faster desegregation program filed a request to the Supreme Court to render decision but was denied without waiting for the appeals court to deliberate on the case. United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit's the reversed the decision of the district court. Hence, the appeal resulted. ISSUE: Whether or not state government officials are bound by federal court orders and rulings based upon the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the...
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...Brown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown v. Board of education is not a case just about education and children, it is a case of everybody being equal. Brown v. Board of Education was a beginning for American people to understand that separate but equal is not the same. The Brown case revealed this. It was the reason why blacks and whites do not have separate accomodations any more. Separate and equal does not exist any more, Brown v. Board of eduacation made everyone equal. The first case in which African American challenged the doctrine of separate but equal in the United States public education system was in Boston Massachusetts in 1849. Prior to Brown v. Board (1954), from 1881 to 1949 there were eleven cases initiated to try an integrate schools in Kansas. The schools that the African American children attended were not equal to their white counterparts. Most of the time the African American students had to travel farther than white students to get to their schools. The schools for African Americans were run down with-of-date...
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...A most important Civil Rights lawsuit, Browder v. Gayle was filed in U. S. Federal District Court in Montgomery, Alabama on February 1, 1956. This case is virtually unknown and in name not mentioned in the Civil Rights discussion. Instead, the gains realized through the success of this case are generally attributed to other factions and individuals or events, such as Brown v. Board of Education, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin L. King Jr., Rosa L. Parks, and Ed Nixon. To grasp the relevance of Browder v. Gayle to American History as it relates to Civil Rights, one must first understand the preceding history relative to the Civil Rights struggle. To enter that discussion one must recognize the changes made in American society, dictated by prevailing laws made by the laws of the land, which involved the U. S. Constitution and the courts, which interpreted...
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...The Civil Rights movement to me was the most significant challenge of this era. One of those challenges during the Civil Rights movement was Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. “Many consider this one of the most important decisions ever made by the Justices (Bowles 2011, sec. 4.4).” A man by the name of Oliver Brown felt it was not fair for his daughter to walk so far to go to an all black school when there was an all white school that was much closer for her. This is how Brown v. the Board of Ed. Developed and with this fight for equal rights for schooling this was achieved. Minorities everywhere should appreciate the fact that if it was not for the ruling for everyone to have equal educations just imagine how things could be. Even with this ruling African Americans still faced some hard times attending school. A lot of people where not use to this change so there was still allot of children being ridiculed not only by other white peers but teachers as well. When listening to the podcast by Mr. Reynolds about the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin wrote by Harriett Stowe, I did not realize the huge impact the book had on white Americans especially in the north. Once the white Americans in the north read how blacks were treated in the south it seemed to change their views on how unjust the African Americans were treated especially in the south. Now as far as the Southern States go they banned this book because they were still treating African Americans cruelly and...
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...The article “The Desegregation of Higher Education, Race Conscious Admission Policies and the Federal Constitution,” was written by Taj’ullah Sky Lark in June 2012. Lark received her PHD ED at Hampton University in Virginia and is a racial justice specialist/human rights activist who has been involved in many non profit boards throughout the years. Her article was published in The Journal of Pan African Studies, an online peer reviewed scholarly journal that focuses on building a transnational community. The journal’s main focus is also on the synthesis of research scholarship and African American experiences, thus it is meant to target audience who are interested in learning more about oppressed minorities. Taj’ullah Sky Lark’s main purpose of writing this article, is to give us an overview on important events that occurred to alter the direction of race conscious admission policies. Knowing the history will give us a better understanding of when and how affirmative action was...
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...Abstract This evaluation was conducted on a scenario centered on the politics of education. To evaluate the scenario, laws and statues as well as similar court cases will be compared and used to determine proper action for and against the presented scenario. The scenario entails about a high school principal refusing to provide special education to a severely disabled tenth-grade student. The principal is very prominent as she worked as a special education teacher and an assistant principal in a wealthy school district. Based on the presented scenario, this evaluation will assess the possibility of ruling in court as well as give an opinion on the matter. Keywords: special education, principal, parent, disabilities, court Special Education for Student with Disabilities Debbie Young is a high school principal of esteem. Not only was she a special education teacher, but she was also an assistant principal of a wealthy school district in the South. Young was approached by the parent of a disabled student named Johnathan to enroll her son in the district. Johnathan is severely disabled with multiple disabilities that require constant care by a specialized nurse. His is mentally disabled, has a seizure disorder, and has quadriplegia. Debbie Young refused to enroll the child because of the necessary expenses and the belief that the school would not be able to appropriately tend to his needs. Laws that protect the rights of students with disabilities are present, but the laws may...
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...Brown v Board of Ed. Topeka Kansas (1954) by Alexes Mercado http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/early-civilrights/brown.html The 14th Amendment states: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. In the early 1950's, racial segregation in public schools was normal all across America. Although all the schools were supposed to be equal, most black schools were far inferior in comparison to the all white schools. There was a black third grade girl named Linda Brown from Topeka, Kansas. She had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard just to get to her school all black school. Yet, there was an all white elementary school only seven blocks away from her home. When her father, Oliver Brown, attempted to enroll Linda in the white elementary school, the principal would not allow it. Frustrated, Mr. Brown then went to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People or the “NAACP. The NAACP was eager to assist the Browns, as it had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools. Other parents joined the Browns in their complaint...
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...Little Rock, there had been many fights for equality. Some of the main cases are Plessy V. Ferguson and Brown V. Board of Ed. After the Plessy V. Ferguson case it was agreed upon that every school would stay separate, but had to be equal, and this created the Plessy Doctrine. How could it be equal if they were separate? Even though they were supposed to be equal, the resources and education were dramatically different. Later in 1954 Linda Brown’s father decided he was not going...
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...Assignment 2: Special Interests What Are Special Interests Groups Special interest groups are often referred to as pressure groups, single issue groups, vested interest groups, lobbyist and several other titles. Through there are many names they essentially are all the same meaning; “An organization of people or a “letterhead” organization, sharing a common goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy” (Wilson, 2009, pp. 141). There is a lot of debate as to the negative and practical aspects of interest groups. Interest groups come in forms of Unions, Economic groups, Ideology groups, Social Policy groups or Public interest groups. They exclusively are engaged to influence the president and congress by promoting what values enforced by the government. Interest groups play a vital role in shaping public policies. They are one of four linkage groups which also include the media, elections and campaigns as well as political parties. These groups keep the citizens connected to the government. James Madison explains in Federalist #10 that public views are refined and enhanced "by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, whose wisdom may discern the true interest of their country..." (Independance Hall, 2008). This was written in the essence of how to mitigate the effects of particular interest groups. It is hard to know what he would think of this design today. Impact on Government in the Creation of Public Policy Special interest groups...
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...Civil Rights The struggle for equality has been a battle fought for hundreds of years amongst Native Americans, African Americans, and Mexican Americans. When we hear the words civil rights often we conjure images of Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his soul-stirring “I Have a Dream” speech before the nation’s capital. The truth is, minorities have been fighting for their civil rights way before the 1950’s in fact it dates way back to the early 1880’s when Native Americans lost their lands, family, culture but most importantly their rights as human beings. America deprived Native Americans of their rights and ways of living by recruiting the young children to try and stop them from growing up to become “savages,” as the USA described them and instead civilize them and turn them into men of class. The USA though they were doing the Native Americans a favor by civilizing them when instead all they were doing was destroying the most valuable thing a man has in this world which is his family. If being taken away from your family wasn’t bad enough students at federal boarding schools were forbidden to express their culture, everything from wearing long hair to speaking even a single Indian word. They lost not only their language, but also their American Indian name. In my opinion I don’t see how the USA was doing Native Americans a favor by the intent to completely transform people, inside and out, language, religion, family structure, economics, the way you make a living...
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...movement peaked in the 1950’s and lasted through the ending of the 1960s. Through the numerous arrests of individuals, protests, and sit-ins around the country, marchers for a better way of living marched on. The main country that was mostly affected by the Civil Rights Movement was the United States of America. The 1954 decision of Brown v. Board of Education, 1963 March on Washington was just a corner piece of one of the biggest movement to ever happen in the US. One of America’s most notable court cases, Brown v. Board of Education, changed the mindset of so many people. From December 1952-May 1954 the case brought different viewpoints that supported the case, but it also brought negative support as well. Before the 1954 decision that ruled separate educational institutions unequal, that was the court case of Plessy vs. Ferguson of 1896 that argued that state laws should establish separate public schools for black and white children. Many people thought that Plessy vs. Ferguson was the backstage scene for the Civil Rights Movement, but others disagree. The “Separate but Equal” idea remained in America until the historic case of Brown v. Board of Education. The Civil Rights Movement called for a time of change and many people wanted their voices to be heard and wanted their equal rights to be met. Many protestors marched numerous days with little to no respect or with their demands for equal rights being met. Some protestors wanted to march in a peaceful demonstration while...
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...The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee exhibited a classic parent child relationship. The baby is born, you do your best to shape their minds and show them good v evil; then it happens one day that they grow up and the ideas, once known as the wisdoms of mom and dad, are suddenly reshaped by the environment surrounding them. The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. along with other ministers and civil rights leaders founded the SCLC, whereas African American college students with the support of and a small donation from the SCLC founded the SNCC. Thus the idea that the SCLC the parent of the civil rights movement whilst the SNCC was looked at as the youth movement for the cause. For a time, the two organizations shared the same philosophies of especially with respect to the overall mission of both the SCLC and SNCC which was to redeem “the soul of America” through non-violence. Though sharing a common purpose, the two groups operated very differently which would perhaps play a role in the ideology which would later come from the SNCC. The SCLC operated as an umbrella organization of affiliates. Rather than seek individual members, it coordinated with the activities of local organizations like the Montgomery Improvement Association and the Nashville Christian Leadership Council. ‘‘The life-blood of SCLC movements,’’ as described in one of its pamphlets, ‘‘is in the masses of people who are involved—members of SCLC and its...
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...and their obligations to a labor union. The first part of this paper will discuss the Railway Labor Act and its regulation of union membership or dues as requirement of employment in the railroad and transportation industry. The National Mediation Board was established to administer union membership requirements and the collective bargaining process required by the Railway Labor Act. The second part of this paper explores the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA; Wagner Act). The NLRA is the key labor law that governs union activities and collective bargaining in the private sector in the United States (Katz, 2008). The NLRA gives private sector unions the right to organize and regulates the private sector collective bargaining process that allows unions to collect Agency Fees. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) administers the NLRA. The third part of this paper explores the individual state laws that regulate the public sector right through collective bargaining to negotiate an agency shop agreement between a public agency and its recognized union, specifically California. In California it is the Meyers-Milias-Brown Act of 1968 (MMBA) that governs public sector collective bargaining. The Public Employee Relations Board (PERB) administers the MMBA. This paper will review the frame work of these land mark legislative acts and the litigation that has been brought in front of the courts in an attempt to interpret the...
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...Tetmyer Movers and Shakers in Education In the next few paragraphs I will discuss the Common School Movement, Brown v. Board of Education, No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), and Common Core State Standards Initiative. I will give a brief summary of each event and how they each impacted the history of education. [pic] The Reformers of the Common School Movement vision was that of schools being the cornerstones of the community. The schools were to be free and opened to everyone. They were to be the place where every student could come together on equal terms, where the high achiever and the low achiever could learn in the same class, use the same text books, and be taught by the same teachers. The common school would have a relationship with the community and its surroundings. They would be controlled, funded, and maintained by the people of the community who took interest and pride in their progress and accomplishments. Public schools today are controlled by the local government and the Federal government and not by the communities in which they are located. Standardized testing and the curriculum in public schools today are controlled by the state and how well a school performs in those areas are determined by the federal government. Local control is a thing of the pass and so is the Common School Movement (Baines & Foster, 2006). [pic] Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was one of the main events at the beginning of the Civil Rights Movements and helped...
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