...A Tutorial on Pointers and Arrays in C A TUTORIAL ON POINTERS AND ARRAYS IN C by Ted Jensen Version 1.1 (HTML version) July 1998 This material is hereby placed in the public domain Available in various formats via http://www.netcom.com/~tjensen/ptr/cpoint.htm TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Introduction Chapter 1: What is a Pointer? Chapter 2: Pointer Types and Arrays. Chapter 3: Pointers and Strings Chapter 4: More on Strings Chapter 5: Pointers and Structures Chapter 6: More on Strings and Arrays of Strings Chapter 7: More on Multi-Dimensional Arrays Chapter 8: Pointers to Arrays Chapter 9: Pointers and Dynamic Allocation of Memory Chapter 10: Pointers to Functions file:///E|/My%20eBooks/_ESSENTIALS_/A%20Tutorial%...orial%20on%20Pointers%20and%20Arrays%20in%20C.htm (1 of 2)3/18/2007 12:09:49 AM A Tutorial on Pointers and Arrays in C Epilog file:///E|/My%20eBooks/_ESSENTIALS_/A%20Tutorial%...orial%20on%20Pointers%20and%20Arrays%20in%20C.htm (2 of 2)3/18/2007 12:09:49 AM Preface PREFACE This document is intended to introduce pointers to beginning programmers in the C programming language. Over several years of reading and contributing to various conferences on C including those on the FidoNet and UseNet, I have noted a large number of newcomers to C appear to have a difficult time in grasping the fundamentals of pointers. I therefore undertook the task of trying to explain them in plain language with lots of examples. The first version of this document was...
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...The movie Inside Out showed the inner workings of a girl’s (Riley’s) mind. The writer/s packaged the movie in such a way that it would show the audience how and why a person acts in a certain manner in such an entertaining way. It used whimsical representations showing how the brain receives, processes, and lets out responses, how memories fade, and how humans develop our personalities. Expressing Riley’s consciousness are five characters, which determine her actions and thoughts: Joy, Sadness, Anger, Disgust, and Fear. These five characters are embodiments of five emotions voicing the complex workings of the human brain. It was, for me, one of the best movies Disney Pixel has ever created. There have been, however, reactions from neuroscientists regarding the metaphors or representations used in the movie. The movie according to them, though cute and entertaining, was not a neurology lesson and some important elements of the functions of the human brain were misplaced, if not missing. Hence, I am going to try and discuss the comments of some neuroscientists regarding the representations used in the movie. First is the control panel being the center of commands. There does not seem to be a control panel similar to that of the movie in the actual human brain. The consciousness, however, does not reside on a single command center but rather distributed, with each part of the brain contributing its little bit. The nearest thing the human brain has to a command center...
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...an individual who has been exposed to the same trauma variously that they cannot escape that stimuli. Learned helplessness implies that since the individual does not have control of the situation, they can be forced to behave in a helpless manner in which they are compelled to give up their control. For example, Julia’s abuse began as a child and this as a result caused her to not truly live her life to the fullest. It seemed as if she chose not to have self-awareness because she had this fear that if she did she might reminisce the abuse and actually feel the abuse. Therefore, when a traumatic event occurs in our childhood our mindset has been altered in that we create this bubble in which we are afraid to let others in or let any new memories in because we are frightened that someone might pop this bubble. Moreover, as a result of this trauma we can sometimes forget how to live. We forget...
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...assignment operations. There are several elementary and advanced sorting algorithms that are being used in practical life as well as in computation such as Quick sort, Bubble sort, Merge sort, Bucket sort, Heap sort, Radix sort etc. But the application of these algorithms depends on the problem statement. This paper introduces MQ sort which combines the advantages of quick sort and Merge sort. The comparative analysis of performance and complexity...
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...as 'Bikki' to his friends, topped the Young Officer's course at the Infantry School and was adjudged the 'Best Young Officer.' He was also awarded the prestigious 'Commando Dagger' for being the best commando along with 'Best in Tactics' trophy. It was during his tenure as an instructor at the Commando Wing of the Infantry School that General Singh met the woman he would marry. Then a young Captain, he met, Surjeet Kaur - popularly known as 'Bubbles' in army circles - at a family wedding. "It indeed was love at first sight," the General recalled. "Within a week, things were arranged and we got engaged. However, I was not happy with the marriage being fixed after six months. So, I called her up from Belgaum and told her to be prepared for marriage within a month. Of course, this required convincing parents and family members on both sides." Bubbles joined him at the Commando Wing of the Infantry School within the stated time-frame. "During various demonstrations that used to be organised for the public, I ensured that Bubbles was present to see and appreciate our commando skills and techniques," he shared. "Bikki's friends ensured that for nearly a month-and-half, I didn't have to cook any meal after I joined him. Either we were invited to a friend's house or they would send us meals at home," says his wife. They have two sons. After the 'Higher Command Course', he served his first tenure in the Military Operations (MO) Directorate. The tenure, as a...
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...2010 Fourth Asia International Conference on Mathematical/Analytical Modelling and Computer Simulation Clump Sort: A Stable Alternative To Heap Sort For Sorting Medical Data Visvasuresh Victor Govindaswamy Matthew Caudill Jeff Wilson Computer Science Texas A&M University-Texarkana Texarkana, USA lovebat814@yahoo.com Computer Science Texas A&M University-Texarkana Texarkana, USA Computer Science Texas A&M University-Texarkana Texarkana, USA Daniel Brower G. Balasekaran, FACSM Computer Science Texas A&M University-Texarkana Texarkana, USA Medical and Sports Science Nanyang Technology University Singapore Abstract—Sorting data sets are a thoroughly researched field. Several sorting algorithms have been introduced and these include Bubble, Insertion, Selection, Shell, Quick, Merge and Heap. In this paper, we present a novel sorting algorithm, named Clump Sort, to take advantage of ordered segments already present in medical data sets. It succeeds in sorting the medical data considerably better than all the sorts except when using totally non-clumped data. In this test using totally nonclumped data, Heap sort does only slightly better than Clump sort. However, Clump sort has the advantage of being a stable sort as the original order of equal elements is preserved whereas in Heap sort, it is not since it does not guarantee that equal elements will appear in their original order after sorting. As such, Clump Sort will have considerably better data cache performance with both...
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...USA G. Balasekaran, FACSM Medical and Sports Science Nanyang Technology University Singapore Abstract—Sorting data sets are a thoroughly researched field. Several sorting algorithms have been introduced and these include Bubble, Insertion, Selection, Shell, Quick, Merge and Heap. In this paper, we present a novel sorting algorithm, named Clump Sort, to take advantage of ordered segments already present in medical data sets. It succeeds in sorting the medical data considerably better than all the sorts except when using totally non-clumped data. In this test using totally nonclumped data, Heap sort does only slightly better than Clump sort. However, Clump sort has the advantage of being a stable sort as the original order of equal elements is preserved whereas in Heap sort, it is not since it does not guarantee that equal elements will appear in their original order after sorting. As such, Clump Sort will have considerably better data cache performance with both clumped and non-clumped data, outperforming Heap Sort on a modern desktop PC, because it accesses the elements in order. Sorting equal elements in the correct order is essential for sorting medical data. Keywords-algorithms; design; experimentation; performance I. INTRODUCTION Bubble sort, one of the simplest and one of the slowest, is a famous example used for teaching...
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...the generations there was heat generation. IV. Each generation saw improved storage and instruction levels. Contrast: 1st Generation (1946 -1956) I. Relied on vacuum tubes to store and process information. II. Consumed great deal of power. III. Used magnetic drum memories. IV. Had a maximum of 2000 bytes (2kb). 2nd Generation (1957- 1963) I. Relied on transistor technology and magnetic core memories. II. Generated less heat. III. Transistors were much stable and reliable than vacuum tubes. IV. Memory size expanded to 32 kilobytes and speed of 200,000 to 300,000 per second. 3rd Generation (1964 - 1979) I. Magnetic disk was developed for storage. II. Used intergrated circuits made of combining several transistors. III. Consisted of fast mainframe computers such as IBM 360,370 and 8-bit microcomputers. IV. Memory expanded to 2 megabytes of RAM (random access memory) and speed accelerated to 5 million instructions per second. 4th Generation (1979 - 1989) I. Used Large Scale Intergrated (LSI – combining hundreds of transistors) and Very Large Scale Intergration (VLSI – 200,000 to 400,000 transistors). II. Used memories of magnetic disks, bubble memories and optical disks. III. Memory size expanded to several hundred megabytes and a speed of 50 mips per second. 5th Generation (1990 – present) I. Used parallel architectures. II. Had 3 dimensional circuit designs and super conducting materials. III. Had improved computer net workings. IV. Saw developments...
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...ownership. The reality is, the rate of people owning their own home has fallen from 57% in 2002 to less than 52%. The reality is, Australian housing is now among the most expensive in the world. The harsh reality is, Australian first home buyers are under the greatest housing stress. So, where does that leave us. It leaves Australia trapped in a property bubble, filled with a significantly overpriced housing market, with many waiting for the bubble to one-day burst. With the rate of people owning their own home charging a downward spiral to below 50%, one must hold the anticipation that a change occurs, to keep the integrity of the Australia Dream running through numerous generations. We don’t want to be a nation in which the Great Australian dream of home ownership is just a memory, not a reality. Yet, the fact is, with widespread house price drops unlikely to appear in Australia, housing will remain unaffordable for many years to come. So, the imperative question raised here is, “Is it even still possible to achieve the Australian Dream?” Having all the odds stacked against us, the Australian Dream is becoming a distant memory. Thus, leaving the younger generations wondering as to if they too will live out the dream they once saw their parents achieve. Freestanding houses and lively land spread across quarter-acre blocks, backyards big enough to hold a BBQ’s for the whole neighbourhood. This is how Australians were raised, and this is what the younger generations will no longer...
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...desktop. There are many ports and connecters. For Example USB ports, serial ports, parallel ports, and game ports. They also mentioned connectors like a NIC also known as a Network Interface card. I could see myself using this information at work where I might need to connect something in the back of our work desktop. Video 1.11: The purpose of this video was to show us the different kinds of printers and the many kinds of hardware each printer has. Also it is meant to show is how to fix an issue with a printer. While also letting us know how a printer really works. * Dot Matrix – Is an impact printer used for printing multi-part forms. * Inkjet – There are 2 types of Inkjet printers Thermal Bubble and Piezoelectric technology. It requires special paper. Thermal bubble – Uses heat to...
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...UNIT 3 HAZARDS 1. Any situation that causes a processor to freeze is called as _____. a) Hazard b) System error c) Page fault d) None Answer:a 2. The period of time at what time the unit is at rest is called as _____. a) Bubbles b) Stalls c) Hazards d) Both a and b Answer:d 3. The disagreement for the procedure of a hardware device is called as ______. a) Structural hazard b) Data hazard c) Control hazard d) None Answer:a 4. The situation somewhere in the data of operands are not accessible is called ______. a) Data hazard b) Structural hazard c) Control hazard d) None Answer:a 5. The stalling of the processor appropriate to the unavailability of the instructions is called as ____. a) Control hazard b) Data hazard c) Input hazard d)...
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...Von Neumann architecture CIS106 11/12/13 Von Neumann architecture marks the beginning modern information system processing. To fully understand why it is so important, we must first consider the purpose of computer programs. We can then fathom the magnitude of this architecture. The von Neumann architecture allows instructions and data to be mixed and stored in the same memory module and the contents of this memory are addressed by location only. This all takes place in a sequential order. The Von Neumann machine had five basic parts comprised of memory, ALU, the program control unit, input equipment & output equipment. The programs uses a language that to the naked eye can in most cases resemble spoken language. Upper-level languages such as C and Java are designed with this in mind. However, computers understand natural language without significant human effort. The physical hardware cannot truly understand language, but instead processes electrical signals. Computer programs are a list of and data, and are represented as binary strings. We can produce a list of high level requirements that a Central Processing Unit (CPU) could execute. This then leads us to a list of functional units that implement the high-level functionality. Neumann m/c are called control flow computer because instruction are executed sequentially as controlled by a program counter. To increase the speed, parallel processing of computer have been developed in which serial CPU’s are connected...
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...laboratory for their supervision, advise and patience. Special thanks my hardware teachers Daw Ohnmar Myo, U Thein Moe, U Min Thu and U Win Naing Oo. 2 CONTENT Page CHAPTER – 1 1.1 1.2 INTRODUCTION 6 6 7 9 Computer data storage Storage Type 1.2.1 1.2.2 Primary storage Secondary storage CHAPTER – 2 2.1 2.2 STORAGE TECHNOLOGY 12 The basic components of data storage system Interaction with a storage system and other computer Components 12 13 13 14 15 16 17 18 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Online storage vs. External hard drives Off-line storage Memory hierarchy Memory organization Main memory Secondary memory Type of storage technology CHAPTER 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 MAGNETIC STORAGE 19 20 21 23 23 24 24 How to work magnetic storage History Design Magnetic recording classes 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 Analog recording Digital recording Magneto-optical recording 3 3.5 3.6 Domain propagation memory Technical details 3.6.1 3.6.2 Access method Current usage 25 25 25 26 26 26 3.7 3.8 Future Magnetic tape units CHAPTER – 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 OPTICAL STORAGE 28 29 30 31 32 33 33 Optical media Dimensions and capacities Optical disk types (ROM, R, RW, RAM, + and -, DL, DS) Optical drive...
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...1. The Berwyn Company is considering the addition of a new product to its product line. The firm has plenty of excess manufacturing capacity to produce the new product, and its total fixed cost would be unaffected if the new product were added to its line. Nonetheless, the firm’s accountants decide that a reasonable share of the firm’s present fixed costs should be allocated to the new product. Specifically, they decide that a $300,000 fixed charge (cost) will be absorbed by the new product. The variable cost per unit of making and selling the new product is $14, which is composed of the following: Direct labor $8.20 Direct materials $1.90 Other $3.90 Total $14.00 a. Should the Berwyn Company add the new product to its line if it can sell about 10,000 units at a price of $45? Explain. (5 points) b. Should it add the new product to its line if it can sell about 10,000 units at a price of $25? Explain. (5 points) c. Should it add the new product to its line if it can sell about 10,000 units at a price of $20? Explain. (5 points) d. What is the minimum price (that the firm can get for the new product) that will make it worthwhile to add the new to its line? (5 points) 2. In early 1995, there was a sharp increase in the price of newsprint, the paper used by newspapers. Since newsprint is the second-largest expense for American newspapers (after salaries), publishers were concerned about the price hike. Suppose that the demand for newsprint can...
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...The characteristics of contemporary processors, input, output and storage devices | Structure and function of the processor | The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit and registers: Program Counter (PC), Accumulator (ACC), Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR), Current Instruction Register (CIR).Buses: data, address and control: How this relates to assembly language programs.The fetch-decode-execute cycle, including its effect on registers.The factors affecting the performance of the CPU, clock speed, number of cores, cache.Von Neumann, Harvard and contemporary processor architecture. | The use of pipelining in a processor to improve efficiency. | Types of processor | The differences between, and uses of, CISC and RISC processors.Multicore and parallel systems. | GPUs and their uses (including those not related to graphics). | Input, output and storage | How different input output and storage devices can be applied as a solution of different problems.The uses of magnetic, flash and optical storage devices.RAM and ROM.Virtual storage. | | 2 Software and software development | Operating systems | The need for, function and purpose of operating systems.Memory management (paging, segmentation and virtual memory).Interrupts, the role of interrupts and Interrupt Service Routines (ISR), role within the fetch decode execute cycle.Scheduling: round robin, first come first served, multi-level feedback queues, shortest job first and shortest remaining...
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