...MODULE 7: FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF EDUCATIONAL PLANNING BUDGETNG: its IMPLICATIONS TO EDUCATIONAL PLANNING A national budget indicates, in terms of manpower, money, machines and materials, the country’s total resources to be utilized for various activities during a specified period. It is scrutinized by the country’s legislature; it becomes a piece of legislation when the legislature approves its adoption. The annual budget of an educational institution is approved by the institution’s governing board. The approved budget becomes the legal authority by virtue of which executives, agency heads or administrators can initiate or carry out activities designed to achieve organizational objectives. What is Budgeting? Budgeting is the process of systematically relating expenditure to achieve planned goals and objectives. It follows five phases and has three major functions. The phases of budgeting are as follows: Phase I – identification of programs/projects/activities to be accomplished during the budget period; Phase II – identification of resources in terms of manpower, money, machines and materials; Phase III – costing of resources, which is the most important activity in budgeting since the budget is fundamentally a financial statement; Phase IV – presentation of the budget in accordance with guidelines periodically issued by the proper authority, e.g., the Department of Budget and Management in the case of the Philippines; and Phase V – obtaining the...
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...The Capital Budgeting Practices of Listed Irish Companies Insights from CFOs on Their Investment Appraisal Techniques George Kester and Geraldine Robbins Pendahuluan Adanya keterbatasan kredit dan sumber pendanaan lainnya yang saat ini tidak menentu dan memberikan tantangan bagi lingkungan ekonomi. Prinsip kehati-hatian dalam mengevaluasi profitabilitas dari investasi modal yang diusulkan dan alokasi kelangkaan modal menjadi jauh lebih penting dari sebelumnya. Survey dilakukan pada bulan November 2009 yang ditujukan kepada CFO perusahaan masuk bursa Irlandia, yaitu bagaimana pandangan CFO tentang beberapa isu secara teori, kebijakan financial dan prakteknya di tiga area utama : kebijakan struktur financial dan keputusan financial, dividen, dan capital budgeting. Dalam survey ini juga ingin mengetahui pengaruh krisis global financial terhadap area tersebut. Sebelumnya telah dilakukan survey pendahuluan penerapan capital budgeting pada tahun 1989 dan 1993. Hasilnya tercermin dalam peningkatan kecanggihan tehnik evaluasi profitabilitas modal investment yang digunakan. Terdapat peningkatan perusahaan yang menggunakan metode Discounted Cash Flow (DCF), seperti Net Present Value (NPV) dan Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Diterapkan masing-masing maupun kombinasi dengan Metode non DCF lainnya seperti Payback. Masalah Peneliti ingin mengetahui seberapa jauh praktek penerapan capital budgeting dalam perusahaan, sehingga dapat meningkatkan wawasan dalam penilaian investasi. Selain...
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