1. Introduction

In the world people are more conscious and awareness for the environment. Because of technologically world becoming a very fast and life is becoming very easier. But in sense we using technological its manufactures the product and its resources come from our nature and its becoming also polluted. We are using vehicles for our transportation for moving forward easily and very firstly. In the world we have many more automobiles company those are manufactured millions of automobiles. But that’s harmful for our environment because of fuelled are burned and also polluted environment and reduce our natural resources. So, we need to save our planet and by researched we find out Hybrid cars are very effective way to reduce carbon emission. The currently popular paradigm for discussing the environment originated in the 1970s, when the ideas of global warming and finite oil reserves were first proposed (Minton & Rose 1997; Pelletier et al. 1998). While some debate continues on the veracity of these propositions, this thinking has influenced the way people live by increasing their efforts to reduce energy use and to have fewer by-products as a result of consumption. It has been suggested that this type of thinking has led some consumers to prefer products like the Prius (Jansson, Marrell & Nordlund 2009).
An area that is related to a consumer’s choice of car is the choice of fuel. Four thousand Swedish drivers were surveyed on their level of eco-sensitivity and the type of vehicle fuel they used (Jansson, Marell & Norlund 2009).
Many manufacturers now sell hybrid and low emission vehicles with planet saving claims about their CO2 emissions. In fact, the demand for environmentally friendly cars has grown to such an extent that now almost 25% of new cars have a claimed CO2 emissions level below 140g/km and 5% claim CO2 emissions below 120g/km. Consumers are becoming gradually more aware of their role in climate change and many are dynamically looking for ways to address the problem. In UK, Auto Express magazine are published the results of road tests carried out on a number of so called ‘green’ cars that are routinely promoted by the manufacturers as eco-friendly and the results are surprising, to say the least.
Consumers pay for environmentally friendly cars for a variety of reasons, such as concern about the environment and climate change, lower running costs and of course for image. Whatever the reasons, manufacturers have cottoned on to the fact that not only does ‘green’ sell, anything ‘green’ can be sold. In our research paper we found 3, independent variables and 1, dependent variable. In Bangladesh, for our prospective it’s very effective if we are using hybrid car. The consequences of these tests expose a great deal for ‘green’ cars. The fact that manufacturers will go to such lengths to promote that cars as environmentally friendly demonstrates how much potential in the market place for ‘green’ products. Hybrid autos have combined gasoline and electric engine, familiarity with its use will require some adaptation by consumers. Consumers enter into the process of actively evaluating automobiles for purchase when they experience a strong desire or need for a car (Dholakia 2001; Frey & Jegen 2001; Villacorta, Koestner & Lekes 2003).

While the factors that are evaluated and their importance are expected to differ for individual consumers, as a group, they are expected to take into consideration some common elements. These can include cost, practicality/performance, aesthetics, the ‘lifestyle/image’ associated with some makes/models, social influence and the car’s environmental credentials like fuel economy/emissions (Griskevicius et al. 2010). And finally we can say, this product actually link between consumer behavior and environmental quality. All of the things are showing by a framework.

The framework is given bellow:

Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV)

Statement 1: Statement 2: Statement 3:

2. Statement of the Problem

Now a day’s Environmental pollution is great awareness for every country. Environmental pollution includes air pollution. The motor vehicles release pollutant airs including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. To prevent air pollution from motor vehicles, USA government introduce Hybrid car which is environmentally friendly and cause no air pollution.
This paper reveals the relationship between consumer behavior and environmental quality. The role of consumer behavior is important for improving and protecting environmental quality which is essential to sustainable community. The consumer can participate various environmental programmers such as signing, joining, supporting, and contributing to anti-pollution programs at the community, state and national level. Automobile emissions are the single largest contributors (almost 50 percent of personal pollution) to several pollutants including carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

The purpose of this research is to add to the body of knowledge on the relationship of consumer behavior and environmental quality. It includes a survey of consumers in the State of Hawaii that gauges the predisposition of Hawaii residents to purchase a hybrid auto and their level of agreement to support legislation that provides tax credits to environmentally friendly companies and consumers and increased penalties for polluters.

Hybrid autos have a combined gasoline and electric engine; familiarity with its use will require some adaptation by consumers but the overall sale of Hybrids in the USA is quite low; only 1 percent of the 17 million autos sold in 2004 were Hybrid (Durbin, 2005). Hawaii is among the first states in the US to purchase hybrid models from the start. The popularity of some hybrid models Hawaii auto dealers have reported difficulty in acquiring them and typically charge a premium. Except for the first seven months of 2007, the sale of hybrid autos in Hawaii has been and continues at a higher rate than on the US mainland, around 2 percent as compared to 1 percent of total sales. Sales of hybrids and other green vehicles increased significantly in April 2009. Several automobile manufacturer realize that hybrids, and especially improved models, are in greater demand among new car buyers. President OBAMA’s tax deduction for the purchaser of hybrid vehicles will help to improve this sector. China also enter hybrid auto industry which stimulate a competitive growth. Some company also provides opportunity which allows consumers to make the switch to electric cars at a lower initial cost and to plug into an oil-free power grid. But the charging stations are intended only to “top off” the battery’s charge during trips. Full charging would likely be done at the driver’s residence, which would require electricity traditionally produced by burning oil. The government’s growing interest in alternative-energy transportation. In 2008, Obama’s transition team, Mayor Mufi Hannemann proposed the purchase of 100 new hybrid buses the Honolulu Police Department (HPD) began a six-month trial of using hybrid vehicles. The department is evaluating six Toyota Camry hybrids for performance and cost savings. Officers who drive the vehicles provide weekly reports on their performance.

Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative, continued use of hybrid vehicles by the city’s The Bus and Handi-Van services, and the Better Place model are just a few examples of the state and county commitment to improve Hawaii’s environmental quality. This research on the role of Hawaii consumers and its relation to adapting to alternative-energy transportation represented by the hybrid auto was initiated. Hawaii consumers are aware of the need to improve environmental quality and support government intervention through environmentally friendly legislation that provides tax credits for producers and consumers of hybrid autos and other related products, and increased penalties for polluters.

In our country, we have to increase the awareness of environmental pollution, the after effect of pollution. Our contribution for preventing air pollution in several ways such as to import hybrid car which is environmentally friendly .and also motivate people to buy hybrid car.

3. Purpose of the Study

The importance of this whole study is to make relationship between consumer behavior and environment quality with each other by producing hybrid car. Consumer behavior towards the environment is really necessary to maintain the quality of environment. Consumer choices have a huge impact on the environment; others are of negligible importance. To those of us who care about our quality of life and what is happening to the earth, this is a vastly important issue.

Firstly, the purpose of the study which is on “Consumer Behavior and Environment Quality” that is based on both Bangladesh and global perspective. Although consumers do appear to be identifying small and large changes they can make in their lives to be sensitive to the environment and engaging even in activities that require moderate investments of their time and energy.

Therefore, this study is to add to the body of knowledge on relationship between consumer behavior and environment quality.

In this article, the agreement is to purchase a hybrid car which is a eco-friendly car thus it can run by both gasoline and electric engine which can actually be very handy for both Bangladesh and global environment for the consumer as well.

However, the cost of hybrid car is same as the traditional gas fueled car so again any consumer can easily buy it with the same money like traditional cars because they don’t need to pay any extra money for hybrid car. Therefore, any kind of consumer can afford it easily moreover, these kinds of cars have a huge impact on environment because these cars do not pollute environment like regular cars. On the other hand, tax is related to the price of car therefore, if government imposes more tax on these companies that produce environmentally safe products then it will decrease the consumer demand of buying those kinds of cars and products. Again, buying hybrid car will lead to consumer to those laws that support the consumer.

Lastly, for the improvement of environment quality consumers need to adapt environment friendly products and alternative-energy transportation which is represented by hybrid car. In addition, consumer should support government intervention through eco-friendly legislation that provides tax credits for producers and consumers of hybrid autos and other related products. Thus, this study will help to generate hypotheses about consumer behavior which can be helpful in further research.

4. Review of Literature

i. Independent Variables (IV) Agreement to purchase a hybrid car: 1) The cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car. 2) Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products. 3) Support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers.

ii. Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) Regardless of age and gender, respondents agreed that they would purchase a hybrid car if the cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car. There were significant correlations between agreement to purchase a hybrid car and agreement to support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers who purchased a hybrid car and other environmentally safe products, tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products and penalties for government agencies, Private organizations and individuals are who pollute the environment. The law forbids taxpayers from buying a new hybrid vehicle with the intention of reselling the car. The taxpayer must purchase the hybrid car or truck with the firm intention of using the vehicle personally. Therefore, I would caution against re-selling the car or giving the car as a gift. Here's what I suggest you do instead. The taxpayer with the highest regular tax liability should purchase a qualifying alternative fuel car or truck. The taxpayer would be the owner of the car, would register the car in his or her own name, and would be responsible for insurance, maintenance, and other car ownership responsibilities. But the taxpayer would allow you to use the car, as needed, for free. For example, Sarah wants to buy a new hybrid car, but she can use only $1,500 of the estimated $3,000 alternative motor vehicle tax credit. Her brother Steven has a substantial tax liability and can take advantage of the full amount of the alternative motor vehicle tax credit. Steven should purchase the hybrid car for his own personal use, but allow Sarah to borrow the car as she needs it. Under no circumstances should Steven sell or give the car to Sarah. The tax law might allow a taxpayer to lease a qualifying vehicle. The lease would have to be for a period of time not less than the "entire economic life of the vehicle." For example, Steven (from the example above) might write up a lease contract in which he leases to Sarah the hybrid car "for the entire economic life of the vehicle." Under such a long-term lease agreement, Steven would retain full ownership of the hybrid car, and Sarah would only be leasing it. However (and this is a big however), I would caution you to wait until the IRS releases regulations to interpret this new tax law before entering into such an arrangement, just to make sure you are fully eligible to take advantage of the alternative motor vehicle tax credit. When I suggested this strategy to CCH federal tax analyst Mark Luscombe, he responded, "Maybe we will just have to wait for the [IRS] regulations to clarify this." I agree. (Note: last I checked, the IRS has not issued regulations for the alternative motor vehicle credit.) iii. Recapture: Penalty for Selling Hybrid Car Early The new law for the alternative motor vehicle tax credit requires taxpayers to recapture their hybrid tax credit if they re-sell their hybrid car or truck. Further details will be provided by the IRS when they issue regulations to interpret and implement this new tax law. For now, I would advise against selling, leasing, or giving hybrid cars away until we find out how long you have to keep the car. Kedall (1938; Abdi (2007), (Tsai, 2009). iv. The cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car (IV) Agreement to purchase a hybrid automobile that is environmentally friendly if it cost the same as the gas-fueled automobile and their agreement to support legislation that gives tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment and consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles, and increases in penalties for government agencies, private organizations and individuals who pollute the environment. Sources: Kedall (1938; Abdi (2007). An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than "traditional" petroleum fuels (petrol or diesel); and also refers to any technology of powering an engine that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric car, hybrid electric vehicles, solar powered). Because of a combination of factors, such as environmental concerns, high oil prices and the potential for peak oil, development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many governments and vehicle manufacturers around the world. Hybrid electric vehicles such as the Toyota Prius are not actually alternative fuel vehicles, but through advanced technologies in the electric battery and motor/generator, they make a more efficient use of petroleum fuel.[1] Other research and development efforts in alternative forms of power focus on developing all-electric and fuel cell vehicles, and even the stored energy of compressed air.

Air engine

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v. Main articles: Compressed-air engine, Compressed-air vehicle, and Compressed-air car The air engine is an emission-free piston engine that uses compressed air as a source of energy. The first compressed air car was invented by a French engineer named Guy Nègre. The expansion of compressed air may be used to drive the pistons in a modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust is cold air (−15 °C), which could also be used to air condition the car. The source for air is a pressurized carbon-fiber tank. Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during which the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two stage process allows improved heat transfer rates. vi. Battery-electric
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Main articles: Battery electric vehicle and Electric car [pic]

General Motors EV1 electric car. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), also known as all-electric vehicles (AEVs), are electric vehicles whose main energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries. BEVs are the most common form of what is defined by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) as zero emission vehicle (ZEV) because they produce no tailpipe emissions at the point of operation. The electrical energy carried onboard a BEV to power the motors is obtained from a variety of battery chemistries arranged into battery packs. For additional range genset trailers or pusher trailers are sometimes used, forming a type of hybrid vehicle. Batteries used in electric vehicles include "flooded" lead-acid, absorbed glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries. Attempts at building viable, modern battery-powered electric vehicles began in the 1950s with the introduction of the first modern (transistor controlled) electric car - the Henney Kilowatt, even though the concept was out in the market since 1890. Despite the poor sales of the early battery-powered vehicles, development of various battery-powered vehicles continued through the mids 1990s, with such models as the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4 EV. [pic]

The 2011 Nissan Leaf was introduced in Japan and the U.S. in December 2010, and in several European countries in early 2011. Battery powered cars have primarily used lead-acid batteries and NiMH batteries. Lead-acid batteries' recharge capacity is considerably reduced if they're discharged beyond 75% on a regular basis, making them a less-than-ideal solution. NiMH batteries are a better choice, but are considerably more expensive than lead-acid. Lithium-ion battery powered vehicles such as the Venturi Fetish and the Tesla Roadster have recently demonstrated excellent performance and range, but they remain expensive, nevertheless is used in most mass production models launched in the late 2000s. As of May 2011, several neighborhood electric vehicles, city electric cars and highway-capable electric cars are available in several countries, including the Tesla Roadster, GEM cars, REVAi, Buddy, Th!nk City, Mitsubishi i MiEV, Nissan Leaf, Smart ED, and Wheego Whip LiFe. Due to the premium price of electric cars because of the high cost of the battery pack, several countries and local governments have established tax credits and other incentives for early buyers of electric vehicles. Other models expected to reach the market between 2011 and 2012 include the CODA Sedan, REVA NXR, Renault Fluence Z.E., Ford Focus Electric, Hyundai BlueOn, Tesla Model S, and BMW Active E. There are also several pre-production models and plug-in conversions of existing models that are currently undergoing field trials or are part of demonstration programs including the Mini E, BYD e6, Audi A1 e-tron and Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric.

Solar

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See also: Solar vehicle, solar car racing, and List of solar car teams [pic]

Nuna solar powered car, which has travelled up to 140km/h (84mph). A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the car. Solar panels cannot currently be used to directly supply a car with a suitable amount of power at this time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles. They are raced in competitions such as the World Solar Challenge and the North American Solar Challenge. These events are often sponsored by Government agencies such as the United States Department of Energy keen to promote the development of alternative energy technology such as solar cells and electric vehicles. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students engineering and technological skills as well as motor vehicle manufacturers such as GM and Honda. [pic]

Trev's battery lasts over 250,000 kilometers The North American Solar Challenge is a solar car race across North America. Originally called Sunrayce, organized and sponsored by General Motors in 1990, it was renamed American Solar Challenge in 2001, sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Teams from universities in the United States and Canada compete in a long distance test of endurance as well as efficiency, driving thousands of miles on regular highways. Nuna is the name of a series of manned solar powered vehicles that won the World solar challenge in Australia three times in a row, in 2001 (Nuna 1 or just Nuna), 2003 (Nuna 2) and 2005 (Nuna 3). The Nunas are built by students of the Delft University of Technology. The World solar challenge is a solar powered car race over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) through central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide. The race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations although some are fielded by high schools. Trev (two-seater renewable energy vehicle) was designed by the staff and students at the University of South Australia. Trev was first displayed at the 2005 World Solar Challenge as the concept of a low-mass, efficient commuter car. With 3 wheels and a mass of about 300 kg, the prototype car had maximum speed of 120 km/h and acceleration of 0–100 km/h in about 10 seconds. The running cost of Trev is projected to be less than 1/10 of the running cost of a small petrol car.

Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products (IV): It is in the context of this commitment to improve environmental quality that this research on the role of Hawaii consumers and its relation to adapting to alternative-energy transportation represented by the hybrid auto was initiated. While exploratory, the results of the research suggest that Hawaii consumers are aware of the need to improve environmental quality and support government intervention through environmentally friendly legislation that provides tax credits for producers and consumers of hybrid autos and other related products, and increased penalties for polluters. (Durbin, 2005).

➢ Should Your Janitorial Company Use Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Products?

Why the Demand for Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Products and Services?

a) Becoming LEED certified is good business. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a program that has recently gained momentum in building practices throughout the United States. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council, it establishes standards for sustainable buildings. It also strives to promote integrated, whole-building design practices and recognizes environmental leadership in the building industry. LEED certified buildings enjoy government incentives, marketing benefits and increased property value. Buildings that apply for certification earn LEED points for using environmentally friendly cleaning products and practices. If you don't become LEED certified, you could soon face tough competition. The number of buildings constructed to LEED standards, as well as those gaining LEED-EBOM (Existing Building: Operations & Maintenance) certification, continues to grow. As of February 2009, more than 2000 projects have received LEED certification, with nearly 18,000 more registered to become certified. b) Environmentally friendly cleaning creates healthier surroundings. Environmentally friendly cleaning products help improve indoor air quality and reduce the health problems that traditional products cause. Building occupants, visitors and janitorial staff experience fewer incidents of skin, eye and respiratory irritations or burns; allergies; multiple-chemical sensitivities; headaches; nausea or other gastrointestinal ailments; poisoning; cancer; reproductive hazards and/or damage to internal organs. c) Healthier environments increase productivity and marketability. Healthier employees mean happier employees. Statistics show increased worker satisfaction, improved morale, reduced absenteeism, and increased productivity and efficiency. Employees and customers appreciate knowing that green practices and environmentally friendly cleaning products are used in the building. Going green helps you market your business as a socially conscious one. d) Green cleaning helps the earth. Implementing a green program can reduce the negative effect your cleaning and sanitary operations have on the environment. Using environmentally friendly cleaning products in the right manner helps decrease air pollution, water pollution, ozone depletion and global climate change. Green practices also promote recycling, reduce the use of raw materials and minimize toxic products requiring disposal. e) Environmentally friendly cleaning reduces costs. Janitorial companies who are well-trained on environmentally friendly cleaning practices and products can positively impact the facility's budget. An effective program can reduce costs to building management, tenants, and/or the janitorial company, including costs associated with sick leave, health care, productivity loss and litigation. In addition, environmentally friendly cleaning practitioners use energy-efficient equipment (e.g., vacuum cleaners) and perform preventative maintenance to reduce future expenses. The actual cost of environmentally friendly cleaning products has become more competitive with the price of conventional counterparts, especially when other factors are considered in determining the true cost. For example, a conventional product that is extremely high in alkaline could burn a janitor, which would result in additional medical and sick leave costs, and these increased operating costs may be passed on to the facility. f) Going green increases the safety of the building and protects property values. While the crux of using environmentally friendly cleaning products is about reducing health risks -- for humans and other living things -- the process provides other benefits to the facility. Green procedures, including proper use, storage and disposal of materials, actually reduce the likelihood and frequency of fires, explosions, spills and splashes. Environmentally friendly cleaning products are less hazardous and reduce the risk that janitors, the facility or an occupant will be harmed by the product. An expert green cleaning company also trains their staff to use correctly diluted products and the right product for each job. This means, for example, that stains on carpets or upholstery are treated with the mildest, effective cleaner, thereby prolonging the life of expensive furnishings and reducing exposure to harsher chemicals. In addition, green programs focus on preventative practices that are environmentally friendly. Cleaning products can be used less frequently if the building stays cleaner to begin with, and well-maintained equipment is safer and works more efficiently. If you desire to make your building more green, finding the right janitorial company will prove vital. Make sure that they don't just boast of using environmentally friendly cleaning products; their entire approach to your facility should be considered. The field of green cleaning continues to expand, and with the right partner, you can expect greater financial rewards and a happier, healthier environment for all. Tsai, M. (2009). i. Support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers (IV): Agreement to support legislation giving tax credits for purchasing environmentally friendly cars. All age groups also agreed with legislation for tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment, and tax credits to consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles. Further, all respondents, regardless of age or gender, agreed that they would purchase an environmentally friendly automobile if the cost was the same as a traditional gas-fueled car. Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995).

ALEXANDRIA, VA -- The Outdoor Power Equipment Institute had announced its support of legislation from Sens. Patrick Leahy (D-VT) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT) and U.S. Rep. Peter Welch (D-VT) that provides consumers with a 25% tax credit towards the purchase of alternative energy powered lawn, garden, and forestry power equipment. According to the Leahy, Sanders and Welch offices, this "tax credit to purchase clean lawn and garden equipment would give Americans a powerful incentive to operate clean, alternative energy power equipment that will reduce our dependence on imported oil." Outdoor power equipment manufacturers currently offer a wide range of alternative energy powered equipment from battery, electric, hybrids, propane and solar to compressed natural gas and diesel. At the same time, gasoline-powered equipment uses the latest technologies to produce the cleanest, lowest-emission products ever and is fully regulated by the EPA. The agency began regulating outdoor power equipment emissions with its Phase I in 1997, followed by Phase II in 2002. In August, 2008 EPA announced its Phase III emissions regulations for outdoor power equipment. Once fully implemented, the outdoor power equipment industry will have reduced emissions by 95% in just 15 years since it first became regulated. "We are pleased to support this new tax credit that truly incentivizes consumers to seek out a range of alternative energy sources when operating outdoor power equipment," said Kris Kiser, OPEI executive vice president. "Our members are responding to stated public policy that aims for energy independence with innovative, technology-driven product." Product purchases that qualify for the 25% tax credit include equipment that: • is powered by a motor drawing current from solar, electricity, or rechargeable or Replacement batteries, • has a hybrid-electric drive train and/or cutting system powered by a generator or electrical storage device combined with a small engine, or • is powered by alternative power sources and regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency. Wilson, C. (2008). ii. Link between dependent variable and statement 1 independent variable: Regardless of age and gender, respondents agreed that they would purchase a hybrid car if the cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car. Significant correlations between the respondents’ agreement to purchase a hybrid automobile that is environmentally friendly if it cost the same as the gas-fueled automobile and their agreement to support legislation that gives tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment and consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles, and increases in penalties for government agencies, private organizations and individuals who pollute the environment. Sources: Kedall (1938; Abdi (2007).

iii. Link between dependent variable and statement 2 independent variable: Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products. The overall sale of Hybrids in the USA is quite low; only 1 percent of the 17 million autos sold in 2004 were Hybrid (Durbin, 2005). Analytical Solutions for R.L. Polk & Company collect and analyze car data; they maintain that federal and state tax credits have given the consumer an incentive to purchase hybrid cars (Durbin, 2005).

Hawaii is among the first states in the US to purchase hybrid models from the start. The Toyota Prius, the most popular hybrid-only model, was the 21st most popular car sold in Hawaii in 2006, up from 23rd in 2005. Because of the growing popularity of some hybrid models, Hawaii auto dealers have reported difficulty in acquiring them and typically charge a premium. Except for the first seven months of 2007, the sale of hybrid autos in Hawaii has been and continues at a higher rate than on the US mainland, around 2 percent as compared to 1 percent of total sales (Mendoza, 2008). When the gas prices reached over $4.00 a gallon, it created an immediate demand for hybrid cars. Sales of hybrids and other green vehicles increased significantly in April 2009. Honda’s Insight sold 2,096 units in its first full month of sales and Honda’s Civic Hybrid was up almost 17 percent in March 2009. In May of 2009, Ford Motor Company was up 20 percent over April 2009 figures (Product Team, 2009). Its combined sales for the Fusion and Milan hybrids and the Ford Escape and Mercury Mariner hybrids set a company record for hybrid sales in a single month. Auto manufacturers realize that hybrids, and especially improved models, are in greater demand among new car buyers. In 2010, Honda’s Hybrid Insight is expected to compete well with the popular Toyota Prius in terms of price and performance. President Obama’s tax incentives for purchasers of efficient green vehicles, including hybrids, plug-ins, and other green car alternatives should help to accelerate growth in the hybrid sector. Similarly, China’s entrance into the hybrid auto industry is expected to stimulate competitive growth. Chinese auto manufacturer, BYD Company Ltd. Already has a hybrid car that can be mass-produced. It will be interesting to see what happens when it is launched in the US in 2010 (Product Team, 2009).

In 2008 US car sales decreased dramatically and the major US automakers reported an 18 percent decrease in overall auto sales. However, Hawaii government services and many Hawaii consumers continue to invest in the long-term promise of hybrid and other alternative-power transportation. Although auto sales in Hawaii dropped an estimated 22 percent through October 2008, Servco Hawaii reported that its sales of hybrid vehicles seemed to have bucked the local and national trends. Sales of Toyota hybrids Prius, Camry, and Highlander increased in 2008 to where they now account for 10 percent of all Toyota sales (Tsai, 2009).

iv. Link between dependent variable and statement 3 independent variable There were significant correlations between agreement to purchase a hybrid car and agreement to support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers who purchased a hybrid car and other environmentally safe products. The respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the eight questions in Table I. Of the 298 responses (85 percent) to the questionnaire, 39 percent was male and 61 percent female. The breakdown in ages: 31 percent was 18-26 years old, 21 percent was 27-35, 20 percent, was 36-45, 23 percent was 46-65, and 5 percent was 66 years and older. The purpose of this exploratory survey was to determine the predisposition of Hawaii residents, measured in terms of level of agreement, to purchase a hybrid auto, advocate for other environmentally friendly products, and support legislation which provides tax credits to improve and protect environmental quality, as well as penalties for environmental polluters. It is hoped that the results of this exploratory study will help to generate hypotheses to be more fully tested by further research. Based on gender, there was no significant difference in the respondents’ level of agreement to the questions (Table II). All age groups were in agreement to support legislation giving tax credits for purchasing environmentally friendly cars. All age groups also agreed with legislation for tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment, and tax credits to consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles. Further, all respondents, regardless of age or gender, agreed that they would purchase an environmentally friendly automobile if the cost was the same as a traditional gas-fueled car. Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995).

5. Questions and Hypotheses

In this article there are some dependent and independent variables. All of this dependent and independent variables are related to each other. • Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) is related with The cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car (IV).

Because of regardless of age and gender, respondents agreed that they would purchase a hybrid car if the cost was the same as a traditional gas fueled car. Significant correlations between the respondents’ agreement to purchase a hybrid automobile that is environmentally friendly if it cost the same as the gas-fueled automobile and their agreement to support legislation that gives tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment and consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles, and increases in penalties for government agencies, private organizations and individuals who pollute the environment. Sources: Kedall (1938; Abdi (2007).

• Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) is related with Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products (IV).

Because of, when a company, which company made environmentally safe products get tax credits and discount rate on their product materials the company easily can sales their car at a lower price.

• Agreement to purchase a hybrid car (DV) is related with Support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers (IV).

Because of , there were significant correlations between agreement to purchase a hybrid car and agreement to support legislation that provides tax credits to consumers who purchased a hybrid car and other environmentally safe products. The respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement with the eight questions in Table I. Of the 298 responses (85 percent) to the questionnaire, 39 percent was male and 61 percent female. The breakdown in ages: 31 percent was 18-26 years old, 21 percent was 27-35, 20 percent, was 36-45, 23 percent was 46-65, and 5 percent was 66 years and older. The purpose of this exploratory survey was to determine the predisposition of Hawaii residents, measured in terms of level of agreement, to purchase a hybrid auto, advocate for other environmentally friendly products, and support legislation which provides tax credits to improve and protect environmental quality, as well as penalties for environmental polluters. It is hoped that the results of this exploratory study will help to generate hypotheses to be more fully tested by further research. Based on gender, there was no significant difference in the respondents’ level of agreement to the questions (Table II). All age groups were in agreement to support legislation giving tax credits for purchasing environmentally friendly cars. All age groups also agreed with legislation for tax credits to companies that produce products that are safe for the environment, and tax credits to consumers who purchase products that are environmentally safe for the community, such as hybrid automobiles. Further, all respondents, regardless of age or gender, agreed that they would purchase an environmentally friendly automobile if the cost was the same as a traditional gas-fueled car. Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995).

6. The Research Design – Methods and Procedures

A research design is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions. The plan is the overall scheme or programmed of the research. It includes an outline of what the investigator will do from writing hypotheses and their operational implications to the final analysis of data.

In this case, for the research design on “Consumer Behavior and Environment Quality” will express both the structure of the research problem-the framework, organization or configuration of the relationship among variables of this study and the plan of investigation used to obtain empirical evidence on those relationships.

A study may be viewed as exploratory or descriptive. The essential distinctions between those two options are the degree of structure and the immediate object of the study. In terms of this research-“Consumer Behavior and Environmental Quality” is an exploratory research. An exploratory study tends toward loose structures with the objective of discovering future research tasks. Moreover, exploratory research is to develop hypotheses or questions for further research. In addition, through exploratory research one can determine the predisposition of some specific residents, measured in terms of level of agreement, to purchase a ‘hybrid auto’ advocate for other environmentally friendly products and support legislation which provides tax credits to improve and protect environmental quality, as well as penalties for environmental polluters. Therefore, it is hoped as a result of this exploratory research will help to generate hypotheses to be more fully tested by further research. By using exploratory research we can gain the background information of hybrid car therefore we can clarity problem and develop hypotheses to establish research priorities, to develop question to be answered. The case of doing exploratory research is because we do not know much about the problem and needs additional information, however, exploratory research is most commonly unstructured. For this, we have the primary data canalization and experience surveys, case analysis and projective techniques. In addition, research designs are concerned with turning the research question into a testing project. The best design depends on one’s research questions. Every design has its positive and negative sides. The research design has been considered as a "blueprint" for research, dealing with at least four problems: what questions to study, what data are relevant, what data to collect, and how to analyze the results. On the other hand, the process of analysis that is used for this research is quantitative research. Quantitative experiments all use a standard format, with a few minor inter-disciplinary differences, of generating a hypothesis to be proved or disproved. This hypothesis must be provable by mathematical and statistical means, and is the basis around which the whole experiment is designed. Randomization of any study groups is essential, and a control group should be included, wherever possible. A sound quantitative design should only manipulate one variable at a time, or statistical analysis becomes cumbersome. Quantitative research design is an excellent way of finalizing results and proving or disproving a has not changed for centuries, so is standard across hypothesis. The structure many scientific fields and disciplines. Furthermore, the method that is used for this research is SPSS, which is a process of Statistical Pack for Social Science. Basically, SPSS is a computer program used for survey authoring and deployment (IBM SPSS Data Collection), data mining (IBM SPSS Modeler), text analytics, statistical analysis, and collaboration and deployment (batch and automated scoring services).

a) Sampling :

Sampling is a process of doing a number of item or part of a larger population to make conclusion about the whole population. To design a sample the characteristics of the population it purports to represent. In measurement terms, the sample must be valid. Moreover, a sample should be accurate. Therefore, an accurate (unbiased) sample is one in which the under estimators offset the over estimators. In survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly stratified sampling (blocking).Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population.

However, in terms of our sampling it is probability sampling. In a probability sampling scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. The combination of these traits makes it possible to produce unbiased estimates of population totals, by weighting sampled units according to their probability of selection. Basically, a "sampling unit" is typically thought of as an object that has been sampled from a population. In this case, the unit of our sample is 25 this term is commonly used in opinion polling and sampling. Moreover, every sample has a size. It means the number of elements in the obtained sample. Therefore, our sample size is 40. For a sample to be useful, it should reflect the similarities and differences found in the total group. The main objective of drawing a sample is to make inferences about the larger population from the smaller sample. According to the law of large numbers, the larger the sample size, the better the estimates, or the larger the sample the closer the "true" value of the population is approached.

b) Instruments :

A research can not be completed without some questionnaire. A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Although they are often designed for statistical analysis of the responses, this is not always the case. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap, do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. However, such standardized answers may frustrate users. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical.
For this particular research we develop questionnaire based on consumer preferences on purchasing and supporting “hybrid cars”. Therefore, we deliver these questions among both male and female from aged 15 to 46+.

c) Data Collection A semi-structured questionnaire and interview session will be used to collect data. The survey-questionnaire design to part will intend to acquire the demographic profile of the respondents. In our respondent 25 persons are involved in our assignment. The purpose of the set of attitude statements is to determine the level of agreement or disagreement using a five-point like scale.
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d) Data Analysis (SPSS) IBM is providing Business Research software with the SPSS. We are using this software for our data analysis for our assignment. It’s very effective and attractive to do easily analysis and it’s clearly understanding and helping for decision making easier.
Reliability
Warnings

|The space saver method is used. That is, the covariance matrix is not calculated or used in the analysis. |

Case Processing Summary

| |N |% |
|Cases |Valid |25 |100.0 |
| |Excluded(a) |0 |.0 |
| |Total |25 |100.0 |

a Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

|Cronbach's Alpha |N of Items |
|.749 |8 |

Descriptives Descriptive Statistics

| |N |Minimum |Maximum |Mean |Std. Deviation |
|Q1 |25 |2 |6 |3.76 |1.091 |
|Q2 |25 |2 |6 |4.28 |.980 |
|Q3 |25 |2 |6 |4.40 |.913 |
|Q4 |25 |3 |6 |4.88 |.971 |
|Q5 |25 |2 |6 |4.52 |1.005 |
|Q6 |25 |3 |6 |4.56 |.821 |
|Q7 |25 |3 |6 |4.40 |.866 |
|Q8 |25 |2 |6 |4.68 |1.108 |
|Valid N (listwise) |25 | | | | |

Correlation:

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.

Regression

Model Summary

|Model |R |R Square |Adjusted R |Std. Error of the |
| | | |Square |Estimate |
|1 |.984(a) |.968 |.964 |.11167 |

a Predictors: (Constant), cost, tax_incn, lagisl

Variables Entered/Removed(b)

|Model |Variables Entered|Variables Removed|Method |
|1 |cost, tax_incn, |. |Enter |
| |lagisl(a) | | |

a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: agr_pur

ANOVA(b)

|Model | |Sum of Squares |df |Mean Square |F |
| | |B |Std. Error |Beta | |
|Between Groups |5.428 |15 |.362 |1.153 |.428 |
|Within Groups |2.826 |9 |.314 | | |
|Total |8.254 |24 | | | |

T-Test

Group Statistics

| |SEX |N |Mean |Std. Deviation |Std. Error Mean|
|agr_pur |Famale |7 |4.2500 |.65352 |.24701 |
| |Male |18 |4.5069 |.56143 |.13233 |

Independent Samples Test

| | |Levene's Test for |t-test for Equality of Means |
| | |Equality of Variances | |
| | | | |

| |F |Sig. |t |df |Sig. (2-tailed) |Mean Difference |Std. Error Difference |95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | | | | | | | | | | |Lower |Upper | |agr_pur |Equal variances assumed |.468 |.501 |-.983 |23 |.336 |-.25694 |.26140 |-.79770 |.28381 | | |Equal variances not assumed | | |-.917 |9.658 |.382 |-.25694 |.28022 |-.88433 |.37044 | |

7. Limitations:

✓ The web sites we gone through do not provide all the relative information ✓ Due to lack of time.

8. References

Abdi, H. (2007), “Kendall rank correlation”, in Salkind, N.J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics, Vol. I, Sage Publishing, Newbury Park, CA. Durbin, D.A. (2005), Hybrid Car Sales Soar in U.S. in 2004, Associated Press, available at: www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0425-03.htm (accessed February 20, 2009). Gatersleben, B. and Steg, L. (2002), “Measurement and determinants of environmentallysignificant consumer behavior”, Environment and Behavior, Vol. 34 No. 3, pp. 335-62. Consumerbehaviour inHawaii

Hawaii Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1990 and 2007 (2008), ICF International for the HawaiiDepartment of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, Hawaii & PacificSection/Hawaii Documents Center, Manoa. Mendonza, J. (2008), “Fuel cost driving hybrid sales”, KGMB9 News. Minton, A. and Rose, R. (1997), “The effects of environmental concern on environmentallyfriendly consumers behavior: an exploratory study”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 40, Olander, F. and Thogersen, J. (1995), “Understanding of consumer behavior as a prerequisite for environmental protection”, Journal of Consumer Policy, Vol. 18, pp. 345-85. Perico, M. (2005), Consumer Behavior (COMM3211), National Resource Canada (NRC), Ontario, Fall. Product Team (2009), Reporting US Hybrid Car Sales (post on Feb 15, 2009 and June 3, 2009), available at: admin@hybridcar.com (accessed March 10 and June 4, 2009). Roberts, J. (1996), “Green consumers in the 1990’s: profile and implications for advertising”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 36, pp. 217-31. Roberts, J. and Bacon, D. (1997), “Exploring the subtle relationships between environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 79-89. Tsai, M. (2009), “Hawaii consumers, businesses still keen on hybrid vehicles”, available at: www. honoluluadvertiser.com/article/20090125/BUSINESS/901250355 (accessed April 25, 2009). United Nations (2005), Framework Convention on Climate Changes, available at: www.unfeee.int (accessed February 15, 2009). Wilson, C. (2008), “EPA approves safer refrigerant developed by Hawaii man”, Honolulu Advertiser, available at: www.hcr188c.com/documents/EPA Approves Safer Refrigerant PDF.

Chan, T.S., 1996. Concerns for environmental issues and consumer purchase preferences: A two-country study. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 9 (1), 43-55.

Jansson, J., Marell, A., Nordlund, A., 2009. Elucidating green consumers: a cluster analytic approach on proenvironmental purchase and curtailment behaviors. Journal of Euromarketing 18 (4), 245 - 267.

Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2), 179-211.

Anable, J., 2005. Complacent car addicts or aspiring environmentalists? Identifying travel behaviour segments using attitude theory. Transport Policy12 (1), 65-78.

Bamberg, S., 2003. How does environmental concern influence specific environmentally related behaviors? A new answer to an old question. Journal of Environmental Psychology 23 (1), 21-32.

Toyota Australia, 2010. Toyota Prius: pricing. Available from: http://www.toyota.com.au/home, accessed 16 April 2010.

Mick, J., 2010. Toyota Prius Was Top-Selling Vehicle in Japan for 2009. Available from: http://www.dailytech.com/Toyota+Prius+Was+TopSelling+Vehicle+in+Japan+for+2009/article17360.htm, accessed 11 January 2010.

MacKenzie, S.B., Lutz, R.J., Belch, G.E., 1986. The role of attitude toward the ad as a mediator of advertising effectiveness: a test of competing explanations. Journal of Consumer Research 18 (March), 519-529.

9. Appendixes

Appendix 1 -

|4 September |11
September |25 September |11
0ctober |18 October |20 |30 October |27 November | |PROPOSAL | | | | | | | | | |Statement of the Problem & Purpose of the Study | | | | | | | | | |LITERATURE REVIEW | | | | | | | | | |Questions and Hypotheses | | | | | | | | | |The Research Design – Methods and Procedures | | | | | | | | | |DATA COLLECTION | | | | | | | | | |PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS | | | | | | | | | |FINAL ANALYSIS | | | | | | | | | |SUBMISSION OF PROJECT | | | | | | | | | |

Appendix 2

REVOLUTIONIZE FUTURE SURVEY CENTER Your feedback is important to us

Hello,
A research group of School of Business at IUB will survey on ‘Consumer behavior and environmental quality in Bangladesh’
We would like to thank you for your time and assistance in filling in this questionnaire. Your feedback is greatly appreciated and will be helpful in deciding the future management of multinational corporations. The questionnaire should take less than 20 minutes to complete and your responses will remain anonymous. Please note any queries whilst filling in the survey and I will be happy to go through these with you when I come to pick up the completed questionnaire and conduct interview as well.

Thank you,
J. Sarif
IUB, Dhaka Campus
Bashundhara, Dhaka.
Mobile # +01671786524

Appendix 3 - Questionnaire

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The cost was the same that as a traditional gas fueled car. (IDV)

Tax credits to companies that produce environmentally safe products. (IDV)

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éêñÔÕ&'CDX¬àã-6K¥üñâÙÒËÒËÒËÒËÒËÒËÄËÄ˽¹½µÄ±­¥±¹±¡?¡?¡­–­–­–¹‹ƒxƒh€Fþhr^AmH sH hr^AmH sH hr^Ahr^AmH sH hšN0hšN0h«/¾hhLhšN0h?%
6?hšN0h?Support legislation provides tax credits to consumers. (IDV)

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