...of computers to control a particular process in order to increase reliability and efficiency, often through the replacement of employees. For a manufacturer, this could entail using robotic assembly lines to manufacture a product. Automation is the use of control systems (such as numerical control, programmable logic control, and other industrial control systems), in concern with other applications of information technology (such as computer-aided technologies [CAD, CAM], to control industrial machinery and processes, reducing the need for human intervention. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly reduces the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Processes and systems can also be automated. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the global economy and in daily experience. Engineers strive to combine automated devices with mathematical and organizational tools to create complex systems for a rapidly expanding range of applications and human activities. Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, language recognition, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory...
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...Three Automation Types Quantity Quantity A. Fixed Automation A system in which the sequence of processing (or assembly) operations is fixed by the equipment configuration. The operations in the sequence are usually simple. lt is the integration and coordination of many such operations into one piece of equipment that makes the system complex. Typical features: * Suited to high production quantities * High initial investment for custom-engineered equipment * High production rates * Relatively inflexible in accommodating product variety The economic justification for fixed automation is found in products with very high demand rates and volumes. The high initial cost of the equipment can be spread over a very large number of units, thus making the unit cost attractive compared to alternative methods of production. Examples of fixed automation include mechanized assembly lines (starting around 1913 - the product moved along mechanized conveyors, but the workstations along the line were manually operated) and machining transfer lines (beginning around 1924). B. Programmable Automation The production equipment is designed with the capability to change the sequence of operations through reprogramming to accommodate different product configurations. The operation sequence is controlled by a program, which is a set of instructions coded so that the system can read and interpret them. New programs can be...
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...Intelligent Energy Management System Mayur D. Karathia1, Jignesh G. Bhatt2, and Himanshu G. Bhavsar3 Abstract—Saving electricity in industries and building is major concern today. Hence, Energy Management System (EMS) remained preferred area for researchers recently. The paper reports the work carried out at PG dissertation level and presents the detailed design and implementation of industrial grade EMS. Sensors and MODBUS-compliant modules are wired to form an RS-485 network at field level, which is connected to a PC based main controller. The proposed system online monitors and records the data of energy consumption, helps to understand energy consumption patterns and enhance energy efficiency and reliability of the system. Offline data based diagnosis helps to plan preventive actions to save electricity and further optimize overall system. Various functionalities of the proposed system have been validated through laboratory implementation. Index Terms—Automation, Human–Machine Interface Design, MODBUS, RS-485, Virtual Instrumentation II. EMS SUBSYSTEMS The EMS can be split into various subsystems[1][2] according to the basic functionalities implemented by it as mentioned below: A. Measurement Subsystem This subsystem handles routine tasks such as measurement, display, logging, updating and availing of data as and when necessary. These operations include acquiring energy data from remote energy meters and displaying the same data using Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs)...
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...and use lots of information from many sources such as internal and external sources, including public, suppliers, and internet in order to analyze and evaluate the projects. As the Internet, it is the most easiest and effective ways to get information or databases to analyze the efficiency of projects or operations for increasing the logistic of industries. Using internet system, it is the new challenge that most of companies adapt it in order to become successful. As the internet of things, it is the new strategy for applying with business models that how business can use technology to increase profitability and efficiency of business’ operation. There are two main types of emerging applications, including information and analysis, and automation and control as the tools for develop and improve technology to increase values and opportunities’ companies. As Information and Analysis, it is using networks to collect and link all information and data among consumers and producers for gaining and improving decision making of organization or management processes of production. There are three applications of information and analysis, which consists of tracking behavior, enhanced situational awareness, and sensor-driven decision analytics. Tracking behavior, it is using tracking product to identify details, status, and movement among products, customers, and locations. As a consequence, companies can take advantages from this application for enhancing and develop the quality of production...
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...the system. Distributed Control System is a specially designed control system used to control complex, large and geographically distributed applications in industrial processes. In this, controllers are distributed throughout the entire plant area. These distributed controllers are connected to both field devices and operating PCs through high speed communication networks as shown in figure. Discrete Field devices such as sensors and actuators are directly connected to input and output controller modules through communication bus. These field devices or smart instruments are capable of communicating with PLC’s or other controllers while interacting with real world parameters like temperature, pressure, etc. Controllers are distributed geographically in various section of control area and are connected to operating and engineering stations which are used for data monitoring, data logging, alarming and controlling purpose via another high speed communication bus. Distributed Control System continuously interacts with the processes in process control applications ones it gets instruction from the operator. It also facilitates to variable set points and opening and closing of valves for manual control by the operator. Its human machine interface (HMI), face plates and trend display gives the effective monitoring of industrial processes. Distributed controller or Local control unit It can be placed near to field devices (sensors and actuators) or certain location where these field...
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...Automation was a word first used in the automobile industry of the 1940's to describe the increase use of automatic controls and devices with in the production line. Although not introduced formally until the 1940's, automation wasn't something new. It was the culmination of mans scientific achievements, bringing into light a new way of working with the world. Automation began to be more of a topic starting in the industrial revolution. With the increase of the world population new ways were needed to help produce more food and consumer goods in an ever more optimized way. The great minds at the time quickly began developing methods and technology that would decrease the use of in labor and increase production along with quality. This was beginning of mass...
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...Ch05 ControlSys-4e-A&S 03-21, 03-22-2013 Chapter 5 INDUSTRIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS REVIEW QUESTIONS 5.1 What is industrial control? Answer: As defined in the text, industrial control is the automatic regulation of unit operations and their associated equipment as well as the integration and coordination of the unit operations in the larger production system. 5.2 What is the difference between a continuous variable and a discrete variable? Answer: A continuous variable is one that is uninterrupted as time proceeds, and it is generally considered to be analog, which means it can take on any value within a certain range. A discrete variable is one that can take on only certain values within a given range, such as on or off. 5.3 Name and briefly define each of the three types of discrete variables. Answer: The three types of discrete variables are (1) binary, (2) discrete other than binary, and (3) pulse data. Binary means the variable can take on either of two possible values, ON or OFF, open or closed, and so on. Discrete variables other than binary are variables that can take on more than two possible values but less than an infinite number. Pulse data consist of a series of pulses and each pulse can be counted. 5.4 What is the difference between a continuous control system and a discrete control system? Answer: A continuous control system is one in which the variables and parameters are continuous and analog. A discrete control system is one...
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...Laboratories report SAND2003-1772C. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. ABSTRACT Sandia National Laboratories, as part of its mission to ensure national security, has engaged in vulnerability assessments for IT systems with the main focus on control and automation systems used in United States critical infrastructures. Over the last few years, diverse customers from the electric power, petroleum, natural gas, and water infrastructure have partnered with us to gain insight into their critical vulnerabilities and learn mitigation strategies. This report describes the generalized trends in vulnerabilities observed from the assessments, as well as typical reasons for these security issues and an introduction to an effective mitigation strategy. Overall, most security vulnerabilities in infrastructure include failures to adequately define security sensitivity for automation system data,...
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...Mechatronics BASIC MEASUREMENT TOOLS MTX 103 Fall 2 Credits 11 hours of lecture - 22 hours of lab Fundamentals of measurement tools. Topics include basic measurement, S.I. and U.S. customary measurement, precision measurement tools and dimensional gauging. Prerequisite: A grade of "C" or better in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or concurrent enrollment in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or consent of Instructional Unit. BASIC HYDRAULICS MTX 105 Fall 2 Credits 11 hours of lecture - 22 hours of lab Fundamentals of hydraulics. Topics include hydraulic power systems, hydraulic circuits, principles of hydraulic pressure and flow and various types of hydraulic valves. Prerequisite: A grade of "C" or better in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or concurrent enrollment in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or consent of Instructional Unit. BASIC PNEUMATICS MTX 107 Fall 2 Credits 11 hours of lecture - 22 hours of lab Fundamentals of pneumatics. Topics include pneumatic power systems, basic pneumatic circuits principles of pneumatic pressure and flow and pneumatic speed control. Prerequisite: A grade of "C" or better in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or concurrent enrollment in ELEC 101, 102, and 121; or consent of Instructional Unit. ELECTRIC MOTOR CONTROL 1 MTX 110 Fall 4 Credits 22 hours of lecture - 44 hours of lab Fundamentals of electric motor control. Topics include electrical safety, control transformers, overload protection, ladder logic, control relays, electronic sensors, and other topics related...
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...http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBOeWylSMfM 1) List the business processes displayed in the video: _ The identification of the package that follows a very standardized process. . _Secondly the way packages are handled on the conveyor belts is also very repetitive. _Last the shipping process: packages are transferred to airports. 2)Lists the types of information systems listed in the video. The types of information systems shown in the video are the transaction processing system and office automation systems. Indeed the transaction processing system is highlighted by the billing systems to send invoices to customers automated on the conveyor belt with the scanners. The office automation system allowed to improve greatly the productivity thanks to technology .Knowledge management system seems also efficient since the employees filmed knew very well their jobs and the functioning of the factory and the organization of FedEx. 3)Why is fedEx an entreprise system? FedEx is an entreprise system. It offers high quality of service, dealing with large volumes of data and is capable of supporting some large organization. The amount of packages handled is indeed significant. The sorting center is a technology platform that enables organizations to integrate and coordinate their business processes. There is no information fragmentation since the succession of business processes is very clear (see question 1). 4)How important is technology to FedEx business processes? Technology...
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...********************* In today’s “tech” and competitive world, businesses are in transformation from manual inventory system to automated inventory system, including small businesses. Automated Inventory systems can reduce costs, retain the existing customers and gain profits. It can replace the time consuming manual process by providing more accurate data. Every business should have a proper inventory system in order to track whether the store is running out of the stock of an important item or there are some items that are obsolete. Nowadays, automated system is used almost by all the retailers, grocery stores and manufacturing companies. A good inventory control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder (www.barcodesinc.com). Automated inventory system will keep the competitive advantage of your company and increase the value of your business. This plan will describe all the necessary equipment required for a low-cost automated inventory system for a small clothing store. It will also explain the costs involved in creation of the system and describe the ongoing maintenance that will be required for the smooth running of the system and provide a workflow diagram of how the system will work. The equipments required to install a low-cost automated inventory system in small clothing store consists of a computer- desktop or laptop whichever is more cheaper, system requirements that can handle and store the inventory system, backup/recovery/portable hard disk...
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...AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY 1 WHAT IS AUTOMATION? • Automation is the use of machines, control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services. • The correct incentive for applying automation is to increase productivity, and/or quality beyond that possible with current human labor levels so as to realize economies of scale, and/or realize predictable quality levels. 2 AUTOMATION • In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements while increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. 3 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION • Increased throughput or productivity. • Improved quality or increased predictability of quality. • Improved robustness (consistency), of processes or product. • Increased consistency of output. • Reduced direct human labor costs and expenses. 4 METHODS WHERE AUTOMATION MAY BE IMPLEMENTED TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, QUALITY OR ROBUSTNESS • Install automation in operations to reduce cycle time. • Install automation where a high degree of accuracy is required. • Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work. • Replacing humans in tasks...
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...Memo for S-S Technologies a) S-S Technologies’ organizational purpose is for manageable growth, focusing on products within the company’s scope and skills. b) Using the framework in CoCo’s guidance on control to evaluate S-S, in my view, the control system of S-S is not efficient in some area. Firstly, from the aspect of purpose, s-s has its objectives, but as we can know from the consultants’ interviews, few employees were aware of SST’s goals and strategies. SST also don’t have specific policies to support the achievement of its objectives, for instance, there was no policy regarding bonus or merit pay. Secondly, from the aspect of commitment, SST has high commitment and employees loved the work environment. However, as we can know from the consultants’ interviews, the responsibilities are not clear among the managers or workers. Some employee felt cheated because SST could not afford to pay bonus. Thirdly, the employees in SST do have necessary knowledge and skills and knew whom to contact for technical information. However, in terms of performance appraisal, it was not done at regular intervals, people also don’t know whom to contact about benefits and salary ranges. The decisions and actions of different parts of the SST are not coordinated. What’s more, it doesn’t have efficient monitoring processes. SST can’t reassess its related information systems as condition change. c) Example of market: in early 1990, the North American economy was in a recession...
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...300.365 HARMONIC FILTERS: Harmonic filters shall be designed to meet the intent of EA BS G5/4, EN 61000-3-4, AS2279 and IEEE-519. Harmonic Filter Systems shall be a low pass harmonic filter intended for use with one or more 6-pulse variable frequency drives and other 6-pulse, 3-phase diode or SCR rectifiers to eliminate as far as possible the input harmonic current reflected onto the power system. Harmonic Filters shall treat all of the characteristic low frequency harmonics generated by a 3-phase, 6-pulse rectifier load including the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th, 23rd, 25th, etc. 3-phase characteristic harmonics shall be suppressed without the need for tuning the filter or adjusting capacitors, inductors or other components. Harmonic mitigation shall be by passive, series connected, low pass filter network consisting of inductors and capacitors plus damping resistors to prevent the possibility of filter excitation and resonance. IGBT based active filters shall not be used. Harmonic traps shall not be used. Harmonic attenuation shall be accomplished without the need for phase shifting loads against other harmonic sources. To assure quality control and proper performance, the filter shall be manufactured in the supplier's own manufacturing facility, not by a contract manufacturer. Filters shall be fully tested prior to shipment. The supplier shall provide evidence of relevant application experience of not less than 5 years upon request. The harmonics...
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...In today's business environment, even many smaller businesses have come to rely on computerized inventory management systems. Automated systems can replace the cost and time consuming processes that were once completed by hand while providing companies with more accurate data. Inventory control is important to ensure control in businesses that handle transactions revolving around consumer goods. Without proper inventory control, a store may run out of stock on an important item. A good inventory control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder (www.barcodesinc.com). It will also aid in the prevention of theft and product loss. Overall, a good inventory system will increase the value of your business, satisfy your customers and create more freedom in your life. In this paper, I will describe all the necessary equipment for a low-cost automated inventory system for a small clothing store. I will also explain the costs involved in the creation of the system, describe the ongoing maintenance that will be required and provide a workflow diagram to illustrate how the system will work. An inventory control system that I feel best provides the need of a small clothing store consists of a PC (laptop), backup/recovery and archive device, wireless router, inventory control software, mobile scanning device, and barcode printer. The system shall provide versatility and reliable performance application demands. This system will make tracking inventory simple and intuitive...
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