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KBU INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING BENG (HONS.) ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013

Name 1 2

Student ID

Class Code

Module

:

16-5117-00L Communication Systems & Computer Network Serene Chan Lab 2 – Frequency Modulation 28th November 2012 5th November 2012

Lecturer Coursework Title Lab Session Report Submission Date

: : : :

Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

KBU International College School of Engineering & Computing Lab Feedback Form
BENG (HONS.) ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 16-5117-00L Communication System & Computer Network Lab 2 – Frequency Modulation
Student Name 1 2 Student ID Class Code

Assessment: Criteria Experimental Results Experimental Result Plots Discussion Marks: 1st 2:1 2:2 3rd F Comments /

30 10 10 / 50

/

/

General comments: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________

Assessor’s signature: ______________________ (Name: Serene Chan )

Date : ______________________

Frequency Modulation

1

Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

LAB 2 : Frequency Modulation

Objectives: • Perform and explain calculations pertinent to FM (Frequency Modulation). Experiment Procedures 1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1. • FM Generator (to generate FM signal) • Resistor of 1k . • Oscilloscope (to view time-domain plot) • Spectrum Analyser (to view frequency domain/spectrum plot) This circuit will demonstrate frequency modulation (FM) in the time domain and the frequency domain.

Figure 1: Frequency Modulation Circuit Diagram

2.

Adjust the following settings for the oscilloscope: Time base (Scale = 20 µs/Div, X position = 0, Y/T) Ch A (Scale =1 V/Div, Y position = 0, DC) Trigger (Pos edge, Level = 0, Auto) (You can refer to the attached detailed settings of the oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer in the Appendix pg 7 at the end of the lab sheet).

3.

Run the simulation to one full screen display, and then pause the simulation. Notice that the oscilloscope screen displays a frequency-modulated carrier in the time domain. Capture the screenshot of oscilloscope and include it in the report.

4. Based on the oscilloscope plot, measure the time period for one cycle (T) of the lowest frequency and the highest frequency and record the answers. 2

Frequency Modulation

Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

Time period for lowest frequency, Tf
L

Time period for highest frequency, TfH 5. From the time periods (TL and TH) obtained in (4), calculate the lowest and highest frequencies (fL and fH). Lowest frequency, fL

Highest frequency, fH

6.

Based on the frequency fL and fH, determine the frequency deviation.

Frequency Deviation

7.

Based on the frequency deviation and the modulating frequency fm on the FM generator, calculate the modulation index (mf) for the frequency-modulated carrier. modulation index (mf)

8.

Adjust the following settings for the spectrum analyzer: Frequency (Center = 100 kHz, Span = 200 kHz), Amplitude (Lin, Range = 0.1 V/Div), Resolution = 400 Hz. Run the simulation until the Resolution Frequencies match (or above the resolution frequency), then pause the simulation. The spectrum analyzer is to display the frequency spectrum for a modulated carrier in frequency-domain plot. Capture the screenshot of spectrum analyzer and include it in the report.

9.

10. Measure the amplitude of each spectral line, including the carrier, and compare these amplitudes with the expected values from the Bessel table (referred to pg 8) for the modulation index determined in (7). Neglect the spectral lines with amplitudes less than 1% of the unmodulated carrier amplitude of 1 V. (Note: The spectrum analyser will display both negative and positive spectral lines as positive.)
Frequency Modulation

3

Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

Frequency

Amplitude

11. How did the amplitudes of the spectral lines compare with the expected values on the Bessel table (referred to pg 8)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

Frequency Modulation

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Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

12. Measure the frequency difference (fdiff) between the spectral lines and record the value.

fdiff

13. How did the frequency difference between the spectral lines compare with the modulating signal frequency? Was this expected? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

14. Determine the bandwidth (BW) of the modulated carrier : i) using the frequency spectral plot and record the answer. Neglect the spectral lines with amplitudes less than 1% of the unmodulated carrier amplitude of 1 V. BW

ii)

using Carson’s Rule, calculate the expected bandwidth of the modulated carrier based on the frequency of the modulating sine wave (fm). BW

iii)

using Bessel Table, calculate the expected bandwidth of the modulated carrier based on the frequency of the modulating sine wave (fm) and the modulation index (mf). BW

15. How did the bandwidth of the modulated carrier from the frequency spectrum (14 i) compare with the calculated bandwidth using the Carson’s Rule in (14 ii)? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Frequency Modulation

5

Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

16. How did the bandwidth of the modulated carrier from the frequency spectrum (14 i) compare with the calculated bandwidth using Bessel table in (14 iii)? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Frequency Modulation

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Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

APPENDIX
1) Instruments’ settings

Reminder
• You are NOT ALLOWED to use any figure, table, definition and / or description found WARNING from internet resources. The content of this assignment submission should be 100% of your ORIGINAL effort. Lab works submitted after the due date will be considered late. Lab works submitted not later than two weeks after the due date will be marked, but the marks will be capped to a maximum of 40%. Lab works submitted later than two weeks will carry zero mark. This institution takes allegations of plagiarism very seriously. Submissions involving plagiarism will be given zero mark. Plagiarism is the attempt to pass off the work of another as your own. Information taken from the work of others should be acknowledged by reference to obviate the charge of copying.

• • • • •

Frequency Modulation

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Communication Systems & Computer Network

Lab 2

Bessel Table
Modulation Index 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.0 J0 1.00 0.99 0.96 0.91 0.85 0.77 0.67 0.57 0.46 0.34 0.22 0.11 0.00 -0.10 -0.19 -0.26 -0.32 -0.36 -0.39 -0.40 -0.40 -0.38 -0.34 -0.30 -0.24 -0.18 -0.11 -0.04 0.03 0.09 0.15 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.17 0.12 0.07 0.01 -0.04 -0.09 -0.14 -0.18 -0.21 -0.23 -0.25 J1 0.10 0.20 0.29 0.37 0.44 0.50 0.54 0.57 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.52 0.47 0.41 0.34 0.26 0.18 0.10 0.01 -0.07 -0.14 -0.20 -0.26 -0.30 -0.33 -0.34 -0.35 -0.33 -0.31 -0.28 -0.23 -0.18 -0.12 -0.07 0.00 0.05 0.11 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.25 0.22 0.18 0.14 0.09 0.04 J2 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.31 0.35 0.40 0.43 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.36 0.31 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.05 -0.02 -0.09 -0.15 -0.20 -0.24 -0.28 -0.30 -0.31 -0.31 -0.30 -0.28 -0.25 -0.21 -0.16 -0.11 -0.06 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.24 0.25 0.25 J3 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.27 0.31 0.34 0.37 0.40 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.17 0.11 0.05 -0.01 -0.06 -0.12 -0.17 -0.21 -0.24 -0.27 -0.29 -0.29 -0.29 -0.27 -0.25 -0.22 -0.18 -0.14 -0.09 -0.04 0.01 0.06 J4 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.00 -0.06 -0.11 -0.15 -0.19 -0.22 -0.25 -0.27 -0.27 -0.27 -0.26 -0.25 -0.22 J5 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.14 0.09 0.04 -0.01 -0.06 -0.10 -0.14 -0.18 -0.21 -0.23 J6 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.03 -0.01 J7 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.22 J8 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 J9 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.28 0.29 J10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.19 0.21

Frequency Modulation

8

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