...Introduction “There is no commerce without community,” (Jennae as cited in Goodreads, n.d.). Indeed, commerce has pervaded the global stratosphere, linking countries in a communal bond of trade. Designated as trade blocs, these bonds are a type of intergovernmental agreement, usually associated with geographically aligned intergovernmental confederations, “where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs, and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states” (Boundless, n.d.). As such trade blocs enable politico-economic ventures to flourish in the benefaction of its member nations. Albeit, trade blocs also represent diverse forms of economic integration, markedly, the preferential trade area, free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and complete political integration (“What are trading blocs?”, n.d.). Customarily, the preferential trade area denotes the lowest level of commitment to reducing tariff barriers; typically member nations reduce trade barriers sans eliminating any amoung themselves (Finance Train, 2012). Whereas, the free trade area exists under the terms whereby trade barriers are removed on all member country imports, whilst independent tariff policies for non-member imports are retained (Finance Train, 2012). Comparatively, within the custom union, trade barriers are not only removed on all imports from member states, but a set of common policies are authorized in dealing with imports from non-member countries (Finance...
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...Ractaletobostandoconet Farandobetakiseloos CACM 131 December 17, 2012 Georges August Escoffier Georges August Escoffier was born on October 28, 1846, in Villeneuve-Loubet, France. He was the son of Jean-Baptiste Escoffier and his wife was Madeleine Civatte. His father was the villages blacksmith, farrier, locksmith, and maker of agricultural tools. Escoffier originally wanted to become a sculptor but he was forced to give up that dream at the age of thirteen, \ After he celebrated his first Holy Communion Escoffier was told without choice that he was going to be a cook. Escoffier started to work as a kitchen apprentice at his uncle's Restaurant Francais in Nice. He realized the significant role a good cook could play in society. Escoffier's uncle also taught him how to buy for a restaurant. Escoffier learned all of the responsibilities in a restaurant, After completing his four year apprenticeship Escoffier worked for two years at various restaurants in Nice such as Cercle Massena and Les Freres Provencaux. In April of 1865 Escoffier was recommended by M. Bardoux to work at his up-scale Parisian restaurant Le Petit Moulin Rouge in Paris.He worked his way up the ranks of the kitchen until the Franco- Prussian war in 1870. When the Franco-Prussian war broke out Escoffier was called to be an army cook in the Rhine Army General Headquarters. He was shipped to Metz, where he was in charge of the Second Division's food supply with his good friend, Bouniol....
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...A. NAFTA This agreement begins with free trade agreement between Canada and United States in 1988, which took effect in January 1, 1989. This was followed by talks among Canada, Mexico, and United States aimed to establishing free trade agreement among three countries. The talks conclude in 1992 with an agreement in principle, and ratified by the governments of all three countries. 1. NAFTA contents - Abolition within 10 years of tariffs on 99 percent of the goods traded between Mexico, Canada, and United States. - Removal of most barriers on the cross border flow of service. - Protection of intellectual property rights. - Removal of most restriction on FDI between the three member countries. - Application of national environment standards. - Establishment of two commission with the power to impose fines and remove trade privileges. 2. NAFTA case NAFTA should be viewed as an opportunity to create as enlarge and more efficient productive base for entire region. 3. The Case Against NAFTA - Ratification would be follow by a mass exodus job from the United States and Canada to Mexico as employers sought to profit from Mexico lower wages and less strict environmental and labor laws. - Environmentalist pointed out the polluted environment in Mexico. - A loss of national sovereignty. 4. NAFTA the first decade Effects of NAFTA in its first three and a half years: - The initial period since NAFTA took effect had little impact on trends already in place. - Impact on jobs...
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...An Overview of Computer Viruses in a Research Environment Matt Bishop Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 ABSTRACT The threat of attack by computer viruses is in reality a very small part of a much more general threat, specifically attacks aimed at subverting computer security. This paper examines computer viruses as malicious logic in a research and development environment, relates them to various models of security and integrity, and examines current research techniques aimed at controlling the threats viruses in particular, and malicious logic in general, pose to computer systems. Finally, a brief examination of the vulnerabilities of research and development systems that malicious logic and computer viruses may exploit is undertaken. 1. Introduction A computer virus is a sequence of instructions that copies itself into other programs in such a way that executing the program also executes that sequence of instructions. Rarely has something seemingly so esoteric captured the imagination of so many people; magazines from Business Week to the New England Journal of Medicine [39][48][60][72][135], books [20][22][31][40][50][67][83][90][108][124], and newspaper articles [85][91][92][94][114][128] have discussed viruses, applying the name to various types of malicious programs. As a result, the term “computer virus” is often misunderstood. Worse, many who do understand it do not understand protection in computer systems, for example...
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...Concept Paper Submitted to Northcentral University Graduate Faculty of the School of XXXXXXXXXXX In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF XXXXXXXXX by NAME Prescott Valley, Arizona Month Year Table of Contents Concept Paper 1 Introduction 3 Statement of the Problem 4 Purpose of the Study 4 Research Questions 4 .Hypotheses 5 Brief Review of the Literature 5 Research Method 6 Data collection 7 The Sponsor Pay Case Study. 9 Measurements and Results 11 Web 2.0 tools in the SponsorPay 11 The impact of Business Capabilities on Performance 12 Conclusions and Further Research 12 Introduction The social media has gained popularity in the recent past and has been used in many companies in their daily activities, ranging from small start-ups to large and medium enterprises (Bell & Loane 2010). Despite the use of this trend on the social media, little has been known on the specific impact on the companies and the business processes performance (Bell & Loane 2010). The purpose of this paper is to list the benefits of social media and its negative impact on the business performance (Bradbury, 2010). The business impact of the social media on management (Bradbury, 2010) on the knowledge management (Barney, 1991) on governance (Brocke & Rosemann, 2010) and on the strategic competitiveness of the companies (Bughin, 2011). This paper concentrates on exploring the social media’s impact and how the organization...
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...I. LEVELS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION A. THE FREE TRADE AREA—ALL BARRIERS TO TRADE AMONG MEMBER COUNTRIES ARE REMOVED, BUT MEMBERS MAY DECIDE THEIR OWN TRADE POLICIES TOWARD NONMEMBERS B. The Customs Union—Free Trade Area plus a common trade policy toward nonmembers C. The Common Market—Customs Union plus free flow of labor, capital, and technology among members (factor mobility) D. The Economic Union—Common Market plus integration of economic policies such as monetary policies, taxation, government spending, and a common currency II. Arguments Surrounding Economic Integration A. Trade Creation and Trade Diversion 1. Trade creation—increased exports by new member to other members resulting from membership 2. Trade diversion—decreased exports to members of the economic union by nonmember nations often resulting in the advantage shifting away from the lower-cost producer to the higher cost producer B. Reduced Import Prices can result from importers efforts to remain competitive despite tariffs imposed C. Increased Competition and Economies of Scale 1. The larger market created also means more competing firms which can result in greater efficiency and lower consumer prices 2. Economies of Scale—lower production costs resulting from greater production for an enlarged market D. Higher Factor Productivity 1. Factor mobility leads to movement of labor and capital from areas of low productivity to areas of high productivity 2. Poorer countries may lose badly needed investment...
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...CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Importance of international trade 1 International trade impact on the Syrian economy: 2 Joining International trading organISATION (tRADING bLOCS) 2 Trading blocs with Syria 3 Suggested bloc for Syrian to join 3 Final words 4 INTRODUCTION: The buying and selling of goods and services across national borders is known as international trade. International trade is the backbone of our modern, commercial world, as producers in various nations try to profit from an expanded market, rather than be limited to selling within their own borders. There are many reasons that trade across national borders occurs, including lower production costs in one region versus another, specialized industries, lack or surplus of natural resources and consumer tastes. ..{1} IMPORTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE International trade that occurs among many countries is not a new a concept, as history shows that there were several instances of international trade. Traders used to import and export different raw material of final product like silk, spices, coffee and textiles. {2} International trade is important to the modern, commercial world, by expanding the market limits for traders and producers to the markets out of the domestic boarders. Low production costs in one country versus another, specialized industries, lack or surplus of natural resources and consumer tastes are reasons why international trade occurs. {3} International trade is essential for economy...
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...1 IS 247, Spring 2011, Coding Guidelines & Pair Programming • Suggestion: start homeworks early and send e-mail if you get stuck. Cell phones & laptops off. Reminder: if printing the notes, consider printing 4-up (4 pages per side) or 2-up or 6-up or some such. Generated 2015-01-26, 08:25:40 2 Java Operators ++ -~ ! * + / % > >>> = > < >= >> 1; b = b >>> 1; } // while something’s nonzero return count; } // hammingDistance() public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println( hammingDistance(Integer.parseInt(args[0]), Integer.parseInt(args[1]))); } // main() } // class HammingDistance 4 A Refinement That version of Hamming Distance was fine, but can we take advantage of the fact the exclusive-or can be thought of as a not equals function? So if we take the exclusive-or of two integers, the result has a one in every bit position in which the numbers differ, and zeroes everywhere else. public static int hammingDistance(int a, int b) { int count = 0; // bits has a one wherever a and b differ int bits = a ^ b; while (bits != 0) { if ((bits & 1) == 1) // is the low bit one? ++count; bits = bits >>> 1; // done w/this bit } // while something’s nonzero return count; } // hammingDistance() This simplified the loop condition and took one shift out of the loop body. 5 Hamming Distance—Final Version It turns out we can simplify things a bit more through the use of the Java library. public static int hammingDistance(int...
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...Financing the Mozal Project Li Hongru, Ji Bian & Frantz Moudoute Analysis of an Project Finance case in Mozambique The University of Hong Kong, MBA Class of 2016 Summary Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 2 The Mozal project – Presentation ........................................................................................... 3 Project Financing – Definition ................................................................................................. 3 Project finance -‐ Advantages and disadvantages ............................................................. 4 Advantages ................................................................................................................................ 4 Disadvantages .......................................................................................................................... 4 Project Financing -‐ A solution for Mozal ............................................................................. 5 “Hujambo Mozambique!” .......................................................................................................... 5 Risk assessment ........................................................................................................................... 6 Sovereign risk..............................................................................
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...Chapter EIGHT CROSS-NATIONAL COOPERATION AND AGREEMENTS OBJECTIVES • To profile the World Trade Organization • To discuss the pros and cons of global, bilateral, and regional integration • To describe the static and dynamic effects and the trade creation and diversion effects of bilateral and regional economic integration • To define different forms of regional economic integration • To present different regional trading groups, such as the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) • To describe the rationale for and success of commodity agreements Chapter Overview Regional economic integration represents a relatively new phenomenon in the history of world trade and investment. Chapter Eight first examines the roles of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization in determining the ground rules of the world trade environment. It then introduces the basic types of economic integration and explores the potential effects of the process. Next it examines in detail both the European Union (its structure and its operations) and the North American Free Trade Agreement and briefly describes a variety of other regional economic groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion of various commodity agreements and producer alliances, including the Organization for Petroleum Exporting Countries. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: TOYOTA IN EUROPE Known for...
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...71 What factors lead to software project failure? June Verner NICTA Alexandria Sydney Australia june.vemer@nicta.com.au Jennifer Sampson NICTA Alexandria Sydney Australia jennifer.sampson@nicta.com.au Narciso Cerpa University olTalca Talca Chile n.cerpa@utalca.cl. It has been suggested that there is more than one reason for a software development project to fail. However, most of the literature that discusses project failure tends to be rather general, supplying us with lists of risk aod failure factors, and focusing on the negative business effects of the failure. Very little research has attempted an in-depth investigation of anum ber of failed projects to identify exactly what are the factors behind the failure. In this research we analyze data from 70 failed projects. This data provides us with practitioners' perspectives on 57 development and management factors for projects they considered were failures. Our results show that all projects we investigated suffered from numerous failure factors. For a single project the number of such factors ranges from 5 to 47. While there does not appear to be any overarching set of failure factors we discovered that all of the projects suffered from poor project management Most projects additionally suffered from organizational factors outside the project manager's control. We conclude with suggestions for minimizing the four most common failure factors. Abstract - Index terms software project failure, software...
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...The Ontology problem in eCommerce applications Rasheed M. Al-Zahrani Information Systems Dept., KSU PO Box 51178, Riyadh, 11543 rasheed@ccis.ksu.edu.sa Abstract Originating in AI semantic networks, ontologies are becoming an essential component of many modern systems. An ontology is a set of specifications, relationships and constraints that describe a certain domain. These specifications capture the concepts pertaining to the domain. Research in this domain is now witnessing intensive efforts due to the growth and success of distributed computing systems in real world applications such as eCommerce, eHealth, eLearning and other eServices. Though at the core of modern distributed technologies, such as multi-agent systems, the ontology issue has sometimes been considered secondary and related issues are underestimated. In this paper, we attempt to address the ontology issue in modern distributed services, and the various problems to be investigated, with special emphasis on eCommerce systems. Our paper illustrates how the semantic-web initiative integrates with ontology. It critically appraises existing solutions, and offers ideas for tackling major ontological issues in eServices. 1. Introduction Distributed systems is the future computing model. This fact is proved by the success of the client-server model and the recent extensions to that model. Maturity of cheap PC, networking and communication technologies contributed to the wide spread adoption of this model. The advent...
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...Use of Storage as Service for Online Operating System in Cloud Computing Piyush Saxena M.Tech (CS&E) Amity University, Noida, India piyushisgenius@gmail.com Satyajit Padhy M.Tech (CS&E) Amity University, Noida, India satayjitpadhyewit@gmail.com Praveen Kumar Assistant Professor, Amity University, Noida, India pkumar3@amity.edu Abstract— Cloud computing has made it possible to make system boot using online operating system thus saving both primary and secondary memory because the data is on centralized data centre located outside the organization which is highly secure. It is not in computer memory so that it can be accessed anywhere. It also saves money as one doesn’t need to buy any expensive hardware to access the particular software in your computer. Cloud computing is a highly scalable pay-per-use IT capabilities. Now a days, software is very much expensive which even MNC’s don’t want to purchase it due to various factors which is:-Not reliable, Highly expensive which is very costly to install it on 1000’s of computers, If any error occurrence it takes 1-2 days to solve which is a big loss for organization. So, here is the simple solution i.e. cloud computing which makes organization more productive due to low cost of software with high-end features, highly reliable, low maintenance cost, problems solving immediately and Highly secure. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use application without installation and access their...
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...1. INTRODUCTION Does increased security provide comfort to paranoid people? Or does security provide some very basic protections that we are naive to believe that we don't need? During this time when the Internet provides essential communication between tens of millions of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for commerce, security becomes a tremendously important issue to deal with. There are many aspects to security and many applications, ranging from secure commerce and payments to private communications and protecting passwords. One essential aspect for secure communications is that of cryptography, which is the focus of this chapter. But it is important to note that while cryptography is necessary for secure communications, it is not by itself sufficient. The reader is advised, then, that the topics covered in this chapter only describe the first of many steps necessary for better security in any number of situations. This paper has two major purposes. The first is to define some of the terms and concepts behind basic cryptographic methods, and to offer a way to compare the myriad cryptographic schemes in use today. The second is to provide some real examples of cryptography in use today. I would like to say at the outset that this paper is very focused on terms, concepts, and schemes in current use and is not a treatise of the whole field. No mention is made here about pre-computerized crypto schemes, the difference between a substitution and transposition...
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...Economy of Venezuela Contents *Executive Summary 2 1 Venezuela Profiles 3 1.1 Geography 3 1.2 Population 4 1.3 Political System 4 1.4 Economic System 4 1.5 Market Spotlight 5 1.6 Trade Agreements 6 2 Doing business in Venezuela (Compare with China) 6 2.1 Starting a business 7 2.2 Dealing with construction permits 8 2.3 Employing workers 8 2.4 Registering property 9 2.5 Getting credit 9 2.6 Protecting investors 10 2.7 Paying taxes 11 2.8 Trading across borders 12 2.9 Enforcing contracts 12 2.10 Closing a business 13 2.11 The ranks trend of 10 Factors from 2007 to 2010 in Venezuela 13 2.12 The ranks trend of 10 Factors from 2007 to 2010 in China 14 3 Global Competitiveness Index 15 3.1 The comparison (Score) of GCI with Venezuela and China in 2010 16 3.2 The comparison (Rank) of GCI with Venezuela and China in 2010 16 3.3 The trend of GCI (Rank) 2 countries from 2002 to 2010 17 3.4 The trend of GCI (Score) 2 countries from 2005 to 2010 18 4 Conclusion 18 4.1 Market Challenges in Venezuela 18 4.2 Market Opportunities in Venezuela 19 4.3 Experience from China 19 4.4 Recommendation of Strategy 20 4.5 Venezuela Economy: Impact of Nationalization 20 *Executive Summary My selected country Venezuela is the worst rank, in order to evaluate the business environment, first, I do some research for Venezuela profiles, which include basic information...
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