...(Name) (Instructors’ name) (Course) (Date) Action on Climate Change Problem Definition and Knowledge on Climate Knowledge The world is continuously experiencing the terrifying impacts of climate change. Most recently, portions of Northeastern, Mid-Atlantic and Caribbean United States of America were hit by Hurricane Sandy, which later developed into a super storm. Scientists had previously warned that climatic changes have increased the likelihood of occurrence of hurricanes of such magnitude. Other effects of climate change that continue to be experienced include increased frequency of droughts, decrease in crop productivity, water stress and the rising of sea levels. The problem is that these effects of climate change are predicted to worsen since the global average temperature continues to increase. Governments have set and embarked on a global goal, aimed at limiting the degree of warming to below 2oC above pre-industrial levels by 2100. From a scientific standpoint, it is unfortunate that there continues to be a significant gap between the actualities of global emissions, and the level of mitigation on climate change that is required to stay below 2oC by 2020 (Bowen and Ranger, 16). From a political and philosophical context, there are actions and commitments for both the short and long-terms, which had been agreed upon in previous conferences such as Copenhagen 2009, and agreements such as the Bali Road Map of...
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...commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol will come to an end. The international climate community is currently working on finding its replacement, a new regime that will determine the future basis upon which global cooperation on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change impacts will take place. While formal negotiations are taking place under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, numerous parallel initiatives lead by national governments and research institutes are shaping the nature of this discussion. Determining the future of the climate regime is a complex process—influenced by the need to: balance the diverse interests and national circumstances of developed and developing countries; enable continued economic development in all countries; and promote significant energy development in developing nations. Progress is critical, if the global community is to achieve the substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions needed to avoid significant, adverse climate change. It is time that we take meeting this challenge out of the hands of environment ministries and put it into the hands of those who truly make the critical development decisions, including finance ministries and central planners. IISD is providing assistance in informing and facilitating the emergence of a post-2012 climate regime and the integration of climate change considerations across policy spheres. These efforts are undertaken...
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...against global climate change. Like all other things, global climate change also got a strong basis of global agenda in international relations specificly in 1972. Since then international relations and global climate change have become very intimate to one another to be discussed. By 1972 and having a remarkable benchmark in 1992, global environment as well as global climate change is being practiced almost with every aspect of international relations which include state, non-state actors, domestic international relationship, various political approach, several global accord, security and world trade as well. In this paper, we will try to find out the intensity of the intimacy between international relations and global climate change through several different approaches. In the beginning of the paper we will survey on the theories of international relations through which both international relations and global climate change can be explained then the discussion will be shifted to the role of state and non state actors on climate change, which will be pursued to the effect of climate change on human activities and the history of global climate change co-operation. Then we will move to an analysis of the global climate change regime through the several grand theories of international relations. Having theoretical analysis the paper will look forward to the domestic-international relationship on the global climate change negotiation and the political approach to climate...
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...and has consequently provided the Arctic with strong regional significance. This global issue of climate change is presenting numerous challenges to Canada and the United States. The Yukon Territory and Alaska, both located in the northwest, are directly experiencing the consequences of this meltdown. The neighboring allies will definitely witness a change in their special relationship while combating this issue of climate change. The three fronts which affect the Canada and U.S. relationship are environmental degradation in Alaska and Yukon, sovereignty and border disputes, and lastly the battle for the natural resources in the Arctic. The two approaches which will facilitate in comprehending and further analyzing these issues are realism and complex interdependence. Realism describes international politics as a struggle for power dominated by organized violence in an anarchic international system. Complex interdependence challenges the realist assumption while synthesizing elements of realism and liberalism. Complex interdependence rejects the realist notion of an anarchic international system, and instead works towards a system of cooperative security, instead of just a balance in power. To deal with the rising concerns in the Arctic, Canada and the United States will most likely resort to cooperation which will then bring forth compromises. This paper argues that the Canada and U.S. relationship in the Arctic is best...
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...a borderless world” (McBride, 2011, p. 10). To fully understand globalization one should consider all aspects such as, social, culture, technology, economic and political. Globalization has mainly impacted foreign policy, but it has also had an effect on domestic policies. Both policies are not only influenced by globalization, there are various other factors that contribute to the formation of public policies. Often times it can prove difficult to separate the effects that impact both forms of public policy because they are intertwined. Need thesis statement – what are you arguing or exploring in this paper. Also, should there be definitions in your intro? Maybe consider breaking the intro into 2 paragraphs. Governmental policies in Canada today continue to change and evolve along with the needs of people and the consequences of globalization. More recently were the creation of polices that resulted from the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The aftermath of this event caused a significant shift in politics all around the world. One of the most...
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...contributing to climate change emanations, and then profiting from those activities are campaigning to increase their access to international negotiations like the upcoming COP17 meeting in Durban. These carbon-intensive industries are working to defeat progressive legislation on climate change and energy around the world. Our new report, “who’s holding us back” is about how carbon-intensive industry is preventing helpful climate legislation and it reveals that our biggest obstacle to accomplishing successful, progressive policies at the international, national, and even sub-national levels is the powerful carbon-intensive industry with its vast army of lobbyists, front groups, and political circle. The behavior of these powerful corporations flies in the face of common sense with all of the signs telling us that it would be smarter to bring in strong climate laws, and focus on clean, green energy. Earlier this month we heard that Solar PV had tripled in China over the past year with cost projections far below what was expected. This news was coherent with other exciting news on plunging costs and technological breakthroughs in the endorsement of clean, safe, and renewable energy around the world this year. Analysis by the European Commission and several independent research institutes indicate that it would now be in Europe’s economic interests to introduce more firm climate legislation. Actually there are numerous examples now exist that prove that fighting climate change creates...
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...org Cover photos from iStockphoto. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, not-for-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. Trade and Environment: A Resource Book The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD, http://www.iisd.org) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects with global partners, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries and better dialogue between North and South. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has...
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...ITA Occasional Paper August 2007 “Above-Ground” Issues Affecting Energy Development in the Arctic By Rachel Halpern Office of Energy and Environmental Industries Overview As opportunities to develop energy resources in the Arctic grow as a result of climate change and technical advances, companies wishing to participate will face not only technical challenges, but political, legal, and regulatory challenges, as well. The five Arctic countries considered in this paper (defined here as the countries that border the Arctic Sea – the United States, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland, and Russia – see Figure 1 on next page for map) will likely see increased interest in the development of their Arctic resources in the coming decades and will have to begin considering how to address these challenges in order to take advantage of this interest. Each Arctic country has different policies, laws, and regulations regarding oil and gas development and transportation, and these differences will affect how and by whom resources are developed, and how and where they are transported. This paper describes 1) the reasons that energy companies will likely focus more of their attention on the Arctic; 2) the current state of knowledge of Arctic oil and gas resources; and 3) issues that will affect the development of Arctic oil and gas resources including boundary issues, access to resources, environmental restrictions, tax and regulatory issues, transportation challenges, and regional...
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...2-International trade policies formation and implementation. On a first time The Republic of Korea has been a APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) member since 1989. APEC aims at improving international trade and investment liberalization by reducing trade barriers, business facilitation thanks to business transactions cost reduction and finally increase economic and technical collaboration between countries. Then in 1995 South Korea became a member of WTO (World Trade Organization) which intend to supervise international trade. It provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements The year after the country became a member of OECD (composed by 34 nearly all developed countries) which provides each country members tools to monitor and analyze their economic policies. As an example, in 2012 during the OECD's Ministerial Council Meeting, held in Paris, The Republic of Korea participated to the adoption of policies regarding international growth and employment. This means South Korea decided to increase its globalization and overall competitiveness of its economy. Since the creation of the Free Trade Area Roadmap (2002-2003), Republic of Korea has vigorously pursued collaborations with its most important partners. Up to now, FTA (Free Trade Agreement) were signed with India, Peru, Singapore, Chile, ASEAN, European Union, United States and EFTA (European Free Trade Association) which is an intergovernmental organization composed by Iceland, Liechtenstein...
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...current scenario, working relationships comprise the relationship between employers and employees in unionized workplaces, or those who could unionize, and laws that affects the workplace. This includes processes and rules related to collective bargaining. The government provides a fair and balanced framework of labor relations and dispute settlement. With policy development and analysis of trends and issues of labor relations, the government provides facilitation and education, dispute resolution services and information for collective bargaining. The Canadian Labour Congress is releasing this study to show just how much better the union advantage truly is – both nationally and in 30 communities across the country. This study shows that in Canada on an average, unionized workers get almost $5 more an hour than non-union workers. A union is a group of workers who come together for making collective decisions about their work and working conditions. There is a democratic union in which the members elect the leaders through voting process. With the help of collective bargaining, these leaders negotiate with the employer in terms of wages, safety, working conditions, hours, and other benefits, on behalf of the members. The rights of unionized workers may vary extensively depending on the country, region and industry. Also rules, regulations and laws can also be amazingly complex. These rights are constantly evolving, and state governments adopt national laws to defend or diminish the...
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...Nuclear Revelations and Carbon Dioxide Enigma This upcoming election calls for a candidate who can help Canada continue to thrive and blossom as it has for many generations. The future of this extraordinary country relies on intelligent decision making and a unique outlook on tackling significant dilemmas that are up and coming. As Prime Minister, I would confront these problems in an idiosyncratic manner which would sanction for a cleaner, healthier, and brighter future for our children, and our children’s children. Together, through wise choices and a little time and effort, we can attain a more self-sufficient country and assist in the effacement of carbon dioxide emissions and dangerous greenhouse gases. In such, I plan to implement a radiant and greener future by manifesting the instalment of additional nuclear energy plants, and effective strategies among the government and citizens to help reduce the dangerous and rising carbon dioxide emissions in the atmosphere. Canada is increasingly growing in it’s involvement in the nuclear sector. Soon, we will need to make major decisions regarding the construction of new nuclear reactors and other applications in this field such as uranium milling and mining and processing. As Prime Minister, I will make sure to implement the development of nuclear facilities as soon as possible as they not only contribute to these applications, but also, ameliorate growth in the aerospace, automotive, manufacturing and engineering sectors...
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... Political: Government institutions, political parties, and organizations Legal: Laws, courts, attorneys, and legal customs and practices Regulatory: Governmental and nongovernmental agencies Political Environment Nation-states and sovereignty: ①a country’s stage of development ②the political and economical system Political risk: The less developed a county, the greater the political risk. Dilution of equity control: Follow the law; leave the country; negotiate under the law; take preemptive action. Expropriation: The ultimate threat a government can pose Taxes: An Overview of International Business Negotiation Negotiation ->the action and the process of reaching an agreement by means of exchanging ideas with the intention of...
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...Bộ Giáo dục và Đào tạo TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI THƯƠNG COSTA RICA A brief study on public FDI facilitation by means of trade agreements and trade liberalization Nguyen Phuong Khanh Tung Student ID: 0951040062 ------------------------------ Costa Rica: A brief study on public FDI facilitation by means of trade agreements and future political adjustments. Abstract Being probably the most economically-advanced countries within the region of Central America, Costa Rica is a very interesting example of a how a developing country would manage and regulate its economic growth and stability, much thanks to its unique regime to attract and allocate FDI efficiently. Despite having little natural endowments and regional advantages, Costa Rica has ever since been the economic vanguard among the Latin America community for the last past half decade, with remarkable level of development within knowledge-intensive industries. Furthermore, the country’s early acceptance and adoption of various trade liberalization schemes have created a destination that a number of economists have been referring as ‘investment haven’ for exported products and services. The case of Costa Rica, henceforth, is exemplary for developing countries, not only in regard to attracting pure FDI, but also supervising its spillover effects as a means to stimulate the economy. This paper does not quantify in detail the effects, but rather focuses on a sweeping analysis on Costa Rica’s political historical...
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...ECONOMICS WORLD TRADE AND ENVIORNMENT ISSUES AND POLICIES SEPTEMBER 2015 BY VIDUR KANODIA HR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND ECONOMICS MCOM – I DIVISION – M ROLL NUMBER – 28 Objective This paper provides an overview of trade, environmental, and related public issues and policies. It discusses the pollution problem, the recent global warming trend, the attempts of world’s various levels of institutions such as the UN, the WTO, regional, national, and other organizations to solve the global trade and environmental issues. It also discusses a number of basic theoretical issues and empirical findings such as the free-rider problem, tragedy of the commons, theory of second best, relative efficacy of price and quantity control, carbon leakage, border carbon adjustments, cap-and-trade system, pollution haven hypothesis, optimal social discount rate and the environmental Kuznets curve. Some computable general equilibrium models are reviewed and several notable WTO environmental and health-related trade dispute cases are analyzed, including the tuna-dolphin, shrimp-turtle, eco-labeling, beef- hormone, and GMOs cases. Introduction Trade liberalization can have substantial ramifications for the global environmental policy regime. Lowering trade barriers and opening new markets can boost economic growth and development, which may help or harm the environment. On the one hand, growth and development tend to increase resource and energy demands, degrade natural resources, and bring forth...
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...The world trade organization is an organization can be looked at in a number of ways; firstly the WTO is an organization for trade opening; a forum where governments discuss trade agreements; and as platform for solving trade disputes. Further on, the WTO functions as a system of trade rules and as a place where member states sort out their trade issues among themselves. This organization was founded out of negotiations and its modus operandi is that of negotiation. Today, most of WTO’s current operations stem from the Uruguay Round as well as other negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It is currently hosting the new negotiations that were birthed from the “Doha Development Agenda” of 2001 (Wto.org,. 2014). Where states have been confronted with trade barriers and want them lowered, deliberations at the WTO have facilitated opening of markets for trade. In conjunction, the WTO is not only about opening of new markets, it also supports maintenance of trade barriers- for instance where consumer rights are threatened or to prevent harm to the consumers. At the core of WTO are the agreements that have been negotiated and sealed by the majority of the world’s trading states. These agreements present the legal guidelines for international trade. They are in essence contracts that bind governments to maintain their trading rules within the set limits (Wto.org,. 2014).. While they are signed and negotiated by states, the aim remains to help the providers...
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