Canada Global Cultural
José A. Rivera Osorio
GRST 500
Research Paper
Prof. Jared Mink
April 8, 2014

Abstract
Canada is the second largest country in the globe with population of over 32 million, the largest and most important industry Canada has is oil and logging. For businesses who want to expand towards Canada they are eight dimensions of business culture that will be detail in this analysis, and how NAFTA was formed. The agreements between U.S. and Canada with provisions that will benefit both countries, Canada also has bilateral agreements in trade with European Union and Asia, however we will only analyze U.S.-Canada cultures in business.

Canada’s History The first inhabitants of Canada were native’s Indian people, primarily the Inuit “Eskimos. The Norse explorer Leif Eriksson reaches the shores of Canada at Nova Scotia in the year 1000, but the country actually begun 1497 with the introduction of the white man, John Cabot Italian at the service of King Henry VII of England reaches Nova Scotia. Canada was lost to the English in the year 1534 by Jacques Cartier which was the settlement of New France 1604, but was then was Nova Scotia in 1608. Quebec was founded, France’s colonization were not successful and ended at the end of 17th century. They penetrated beyond the Great Lakes to the western prairies and south along the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. The English Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670 establishes themselves because of the abundance of fisheries and fur trade, a conflict that England and France had between each other for the control of the region in 1713. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay were lost to England. During the seven year war (1756-1763), England extended territory and the British General James Wolfe won the famous victory over his French counterpart General Louis Montcalm outside Quebec in 1759, the Treaty of Paris 1793 gave English control.
Government
Canada is formed of a Federation of 10 provinces and 3 territories, which consider a constitutional monarchy, Canada is govern by its proper the House of Commons, while the govern-general is the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, but the governor-general acts only on the orders of the prime minister.

Elements and Dimensions of the Culture in Canada has a unique culture, when celebrity Isaiah Thomas (Detroit Pistons) was hired as the general manager he mentioned to the “Toronto Globe” he made a mistake coming to Canada because the business system of the U.S. and Canada are different. Isaiah Thomas didn’t research the business landscape, he was unaware of the differences in business cultures, and this situation had Mr. Thomas resigned from the ball club “Toronto Raptors”, because the leaders of the business fail to understand Mr. Thomas as an American entrepreneur and Mr. Thomas as well to understand the Canadian business. Canada shares some similarities with U.S. in business communication; Canada is a country undergoing changes in order to define itself. Canada is moving from a colonial status to a post-colonial condition, looking for a cultural identity. Moving from a natural based economy country to the information technology age. Canadians are creating a viable research site, which researchers have concluded that Canada is an interesting and productive research site with no affiliation with Canadian academe or Graham Smart one of Canadians top researchers in applying his work to a reform in Canadian business site. This research site will aid Canada to identify them and improve communication skills which is under a cultural crisis in the country. In the past the in-house writing trainer at Bank of Canada applied techniques for improving written communication in the workplace. Using the Canada Bank as the main resource, it shaped the ways in which context-sensitivity and process approaches showed knowledge and decision making in the workplace. In Canadian professional sites the mayor theme of research is building a professional ethos for potential communication. Communication creates, renews and sustains business and professional cultures, building a professional identity which Canadians lack (Sutcliffe, 1998). Canadian researchers must find the way to link Canada’s business communication with improvement in trading between U.S. and Canada, making Canadians unique in their effort to maintain intercultural translation that could add a new perspective with counter parts around the world including U.S., Roger Graves a Canadian researcher at DePaul University has already begun to work with what would be Canada’s uniqueness in business relations and what is the difference between U.S. and other countries in the trade market. Graves has risen the awareness between Canada and Americans to identify the differences in communicative practices, providing important information on culture variables for defining the deference’s between American and Canada business practices. Graves define the Canadians individualism, power distance, and directedness as variables which are unique in Canadian culture, Canadians have a unique attitude towards authority which transform the definition of evidence, credibility, and rewards. Grave has said that the differences among U.S. – Canada go far beyond just spelling; just by examining the letters we can identify those genres that contain encode cultural activity. We can discover more differences just by paying closer attention to cultural objects such as business text which encloses the formation of Canadian culture identity. Researchers are challenged by understanding the national building activity that will transform a nation (Sutcliffe, 1998). An ongoing struggle to define Canada’s socially, politically and economically, has established programs in managerial communication and courses in the art of professional communications in business. Since 1994, the North American Free Trade Act has made US-Canada relations much easier, but there are still critical points to be worked with in the business communication as Canada continues to strive in the pursuit of recognition as a nation. NAFTA can reach a full potential if universities and U.S. colleges from convert together and interacted between each other with an exchange in studies and cross border research projects (Sutcliffe, 1999). Canada’s can explore global focus because of it relation with Great Britain, it ongoing affair with France by French Canada (Quebec), and its growing relationship with the Pacific Rims nations, as a diverse multicultural nation. Canada has a unique advantage for multinational business communication practices that no other country has on the globe. Fostering the communication business research can bring closer the boundaries of U.S.-Canada together and integrate our universities, businesses and disciplines (Sutcliffe, 1998).
Canada’s Culture in Religion Every Canadian will want to believe that Canada opens its doors to cultural diversity, but the fact is, that not until 1960 that Canada was discriminating against Native Canadian cultural and religious practices and toward non-white immigration, due to a third force of non-English and non-French Canadians on the Royal Commission is that a Biculturalism takes place to set pace for acceptance in the government on a multiculturalism policy. The Statistics have shown that growing diversity populations of religious Canadians in the last decades of the twentieth century have reported religious practices among the second generation Canadian youths (Nixon, 2010). Much historical religious intolerance have occurred in Canada because of discrimination on basis of religion, ranging from the suppression of Komagata Maru (1914) through the persecution of Jehovah Witnesses in the Second World War to the late twentieth century preoccupation with polygamy in a Mormon commune, and an Islamophobia. Establishing a comparison of approaches towards religious diversity in the United States, Canada and France there is no attempt to manage religious activity through the state interference as in France; however there is a mainstream of Christian hegemony (Nixon, 2010). Nevertheless Canada has an open door policy and welcomes all religious and cultural diversity.
Religion in Canada A continuous drop in church attendance among the population of Canada, these recent studies have portrayed a phenomenon practice that is among the younger generations, however the elder and women still continues to assist services as well as immigrants. This doesn’t mean that is not important it’s just the newer generation doesn’t go to church. The adult segment of Canadians attend religious services at least once a month, immigrants who arrive in Canada have a 41% of attendance rate between the years of 1982-2001, (Edmonton Journal, 2006).
History of Religion in Canada in the 17th century Canadian life has been profoundly by Christianity, this contours has influenced the live of Canadians, in the middle of 19th century Canadian Catholicism and Protestantism have been present in the Canadians lives more than in the U. S., the last two centuries in Canada a growing space between these primarily religions, however this has not destroyed the Canadian Christianity faith with a remarkable transformation of Canadian religious life. More and more Canadians are privatizing their faiths and abandoning Christianity for Evangelism, but a residue of 18th and 19th century still to be found in Canadian Christianity (Rawlyk, 1995).
Today’s Religion in Canada Finally Canada has still a vast majority of Catholic religion followers, almost 7 million French speaking Canadians, and the other half of Catholics 54% live outside the province of Quebec. Among the immigrants it is less likely to be Protestant Church; this more or less maintains the weight of the Catholic Church. The protestant church tends to be older than Catholic members, which have not been successful to renewing membership. The two main Protestant churches are the Anglican Church and the United Church of Canada, which the first one is linked to the English colonial history and was granted the official state church in the Upper Canada which is consists of the English speaking colonies which later became Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. The churches have influenced political attitudes in Canada and explain the cultural between American and Canadians primarily speaking. Canadians are less individualistic and more confident in the government to find collective solutions. This official policy of the Canadian country towards multiculturalism of beliefs has develop a tolerant response toward immigrants that Catholic and Protestant (Veenstra, 2010).
Canada’s Ethics and Values
During the 1980’s and the 1990’s North America needed to awakened their response to ethical guidelines, even though corporations are faced with a multiplicity of external codes and of ethics or conduct. An analysis of external codes and internal codes behind the development of the codes with an identification of problems with them. It is a recent phenomenon the advent of corporate code of ethics in the field of corporate governance, the vast majority of America’s largest corporations adopted their own codes in the 70’s and 80’s. In today’s society professionals must understand fully the issues related to corporate codes of ethics, or else the role of leader will be taken over by others (Brooks, 1997).
Movement of ethical guidance is an evolution of the corporate social contract; corporations can’t do what they want. Corporations are regulated by the government, through the right to pursue objectives; corporations are given the opportunity to operate in return for legal accountability through directors to shareholders to the public. This relation between the society and the corporations is called “the corporate social contract”, as corporations have evolved the corporations in the western and capitalist societies have changed dramatically.

Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice is a foundation of marketing community’s self-regulation; it is mandatory for members and a comprehensive regulatory framework for governing member’s conduct. The Canadian Marketing Association is the largest marketing association in Canada; it includes organizations and corporations which directs Canada’s sectors of business which represent the convergence of all marketing disciplines (Boyd, 1997).
The purpose of CMA code of Ethics and Standards is design to establish and maintain standards for the conduct of marketing of Canada. The high standards of practice are fundamental responsibility to the public, earning the consumers’ confidence is the main objective of CMA. The members of CMA recognize an obligation to the consumers and businesses, and practice the highest standards of honesty, fairness, professionalism, and truth (Brooks, 1997).
Business Ethics in Canada annual meeting of the Society of Business Ethics, for the first time had their meeting in Canada, knowledgeable people in the field of ethics participated in a panel of business ethics in Canada. In comparison with U.S. about the distinctiveness of Canada and the direction Canada is taking in business ethics. Canadian ethos which consists of Canada’s vast geography which relevant to understanding business and government relations in Canada, secondly the social continuity of democratic traditions weakens U.S. individualistic style, and last but not least the relativism in international business (Di Norcia, 1997).
The Canadian business and professional ethics network is run by Colin Boyd with a important background in economic history of Canada, it is rooted in resource industries then the fully develop manufacturers from U.S., the history of Canada is a succession of export fish, fur, wheat, lumber to paper, electricity and oil. One of the most decentralized systems in the world is Canada, far more than the constitution of U.S. (Di Norcia, 1997).
In order to understand Canada’s political economic geography, and business-governmental with corporate social performance you must think of Canada as not intelligible. Canada’s land extension are the third most populous state in the world, comparing with China, Russia, and the U.S. the population is stretched like a federation of feuding provincial, which Quebec is the winner and coming ahead. Canadians federalism and Quebec nationalism rest on the public enterprise culture with mixed economy, as business ethics supports government and business cooperation.

Annotated Bibliographies Roumiana, L. (2012). Culture as site of identification: Exploring cultural tools normalization in immigrant ESL adults ‘engagements with Canadian culture. TESL Canada Journal, 29 (3-4), 230-240. Retrieved from http://www.teslcanadajournal.ca/index.php/tesl
The author of this journal is Co-Director, Centre for Research on International Education, graduated from Simon Fraser University and holds a PhD. In Curriculum Theory and Implementation, 2005, her forte is in applied linguistics and second/additional language education. She has stated the internalization of education, migration, and integration which will help me research on my interest about the country of Canada in respect of building a business and relating on her investigation in concern of communicating.

Johns, C. M., O'Reilly, P. L. and Inwood, G. J. (2007), Formal and informal dimensions of intergovernmental administrative relations in Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 50 (1), 21–41. DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-7121.2007.tb02001.x
The authors outline the transformations that for the past two decades of Canada’s federalism and intergovernmental relations, this article also investigates how developments in federalism and public administration in the 1990’s have affected formal and informal structures, functions and resources of in governmental administrative machinery. This report can help me to find what conditions I will find in my cultural analysis for establishment of business from U.S. to Canada.

Burbidge, J. W. (1987). Religion in Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies, 22 (4), p. 162. http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/203503960?accountid=12085
John W. Burbidge is a professor Emeritus in Philosophy at Trent University, Peterborough, Canada. Author of several books on Hegel’s Science of Logic and Philosophy of Nature, he has been President of Hegel Society of America and was elected to the Royal Society of Canada. This author will help me in the dimensions of religion for my cultural analysis.

Brooks, L. J. (1997). Business Ethics in Canada: Distinctiveness and Directors. Journal of Business Ethics, 16 (6), 591-604. Retrieved February 20, 2014 from website http://www.jstor.org/stable/25072927
Leonard J. Brooks has an MBA degree at University of Toronto with countless publications in ethics and a professor of Business Ethics & Accounting at the University of Toronto, with his knowledge I will be able to understand Canadian ethics lifestyle and accumulated the necessary skills to maintain a critical view on business relations with Canada and other countries.

Veenstra, G. (2010). Culture and class in Canada. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 35 (1), pp.83. From http://www.ualberta.ca.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/~cjscopy/subinfo.html
Gerry Veenstra Professor of Sociology at the University of British Colombia in Social Inequality and health-cultural sociology with multiple articles in Sociology. Has defined social spaces of capitals and classes in Canada society, this author will help me build my analysis in sociology side of Canada. With an in depth understanding on how Canadians conduct business with out of the country nationals.

Adams, M. (2008). Is Canada Anti-American? List of Review of Canada, 16 (6), 22.
From http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/222618001
Michael Adams born in Walkerton, Ontario, is a Canadian writer and a researcher in public opinion. Graduated from North Albion Collegiate Institute and founder of a Model United Nations club, served as a leader of Student Conservatives of Ontario. Receive a B. A. in political studies in 1969, and an M.A. in sociology from the University of Toronto in 1970. As an international student I must maintain a reality check on my views of U. S. and other nations conducting business.
VanNijnatten, D. L. (2003). Analyzing the Canada-Us Environmental relationship: a multi-faceted approach. The American Review of Canada, 33 (1), 93
From http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/214003620
Debora L. VanNijnatten is Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at Wilfrid Laurier University, and a past Director of the Masters of International Public Policy at the Balsillie School. Her research focuses on cross-border regions as policy actors in North America, environmental policy including air quality policy, climate change policy and sub national policy innovations. This information will show how business in Canada will function in relation to U.S. laws for local companies that want to operate in Canada, as for my analysis this will help me understand what kind of requirements are needed for U.S. company operating outside the main continent.

Jones, S. (2004). Canada and the Globalized Immigrant. American Behavioral Scientist, 47 (10), 1263-1277 doi: 10.1177/0002764204264254
Dr. Sharon Jones joined the faculty in August of 2006. Dr. Jones received a Ph.D. and MA in Comparative Politics from Syracuse University; plus a MA in International Relations from University of South Florida. She also received a BA in International Relations and BS in Business Administration from the University of South Florida. With the professors insight I can surely have a clear view on how the Canadians react to American doing business in their country.

Boscariol, J. W., Karas, S. R., Roberts, J. C., Walker, S., Katz, M., Kearney, E. (2010). International Law, 44 (1), pp.613. From http://www.abanet.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/
Financial and banking law; Business law and regulation; International law; Law; Business and industries; Banking, finance and investment industries. These authors publish articles related to international business transaction and private and public international law and comparative law which will help me with my analysis in how business is conducted in the financial side of Canada when U.S. company expand to the territory

Terpstra, V. (1993). Border Crossings: Doing business in the U.S., 24 (3), 608-610. From http://www.jstor.org/stable/154783 Vern Terpstra is a professor Emeritus of international business at the Ross Scholl of Business, University of Michigan. He is a fellow of the Academy of International Business. Also holds a PhD, University of Michigan, 1965 MBA, University of Michigan, 1951 BBA, University of Michigan, 1950. The business education is vital for any investigation and furthermore is crucial for comparisons of two countries conducting business considering the levels of education in the fields of study.