...Informative Brochure ENG115 Cancer is a disease, caused by abnormalities in the genetics of transformed cells. It appears in a variety of areas throughout the human body including the lungs, heart, brain, and even the skin. In the U.S. most people with cancer have it in areas that aren’t even widely know as a main area that contracts the disease. Although there is no widely known cure for cancer, there are many ways to treat it and prolong the life of those affected by it. There are many companies involved in the research and development of new drugs for the treatment of cancer patients, many of which hope to one day accomplish the ultimate goal of curing this atrocious disease. The process of developing the drugs that treat cancer is a long and meticulous one. In order for a new treatment to become available to patients, it must first go through a series of experiments. When a company wants to market a new drug to the public, it submits an NDA (New Drug Application) to the FDA for review. The company must prove through this application that the drug has been tested and is safe and effective (1.). But, even though it may pass as a safe drug to distribute, in the best interests of the developing company, it must also be economically cost effective. When developing a new treatment for cancer patients, some companies come across treatments that come from the hormones of animals. In cases like this, harvesting the animals for these hormones becomes an economic issue...
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...----------------------- Stomach Cancer in Middle aged and Older Adults Stomach cancer is also called gastric cancer. This cancer begins in the stomach. Most of the time, the stomach cancer grows slowly over many years, and begins in the mucosa and grows into the other layers of the stomach. The stomach wall has five layers which the cancer affects, with three layers in specific because it can grow in these deeper. The innermost layer is the mucosa, which is where the cancer starts; next layer is the submucosa, a layer of muscle called the musclaris, and then the outer two outer layers, the subserosa, and the serosa, which is the wrapping for the stomach itself. Symptoms of Stomach Cancer and How It Affects Your Body Stage one is considered the early stage of stomach cancer which causes indigestion, heartburn, loss of appetite, and abdominal discomfort. Stage two is considered the middle stage of stomach cancer which causes weakness and fatigue, and bloating usually after a meal. Stage three or more of stomach cancer begins with all the symptoms mentioned above such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, weight loss, bleeding, and dysphagia. [pic] Layer of the Stomach [pic] [pic] Stomach Cancer Prevention and Detection of Stomach Cancer To help with the prevention of stomach cancer begin avoiding foods high in smoked and pickled cooking and processing, and avoid salted meats and fish. Also eat a...
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...Inclusion criteria for the cases will be: women over the age of 50 that have had a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. That means they have had a diagnosis of colon cancer confirmed by a pathologist within the last 30 days of study.Recruitment of cases will come from the Indiana university hospital based off of referrals from physicians within our research group. Cases could also be self-referred if they have seen ads or brochures in the hospitals. The rationale for deriving cases this way is to ensure that their responses to the ffq best reflect their status before they were diagnosed.In regards to the exclusion criteria, anyone with a previous diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, bowel disease, or any other form of cancer will be excluded. Obese individuals, anyone with a BMI of 30 or more, anyone with a history of smoking, and current smokers will also be excluded. The rationale behind that is that those factors could play a crucial role increasing their risk for colon cancer.The controls will be strictly self-referred. We will have fliers and brochures throughout common areas in the hospitals for ppl to see. We will also accept controls from Inresearch.org which has an online registry of healthy volunteers. The same exclusion criteria would apply for controls. | Our plan is to implement a case-control design for our study. We expect the study to take about an hour, before which informed consent will be authorized by all the subjects involved. Upon giving...
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...Cancer is very uncommon in children, but it does happen. Cancer does not discriminate. The most common types of childhood cancers are leukemia, lymphoma, and brain cancer. It takes control of your body's nutrition, strength, organs, bones, and your defense system. Most cancers in children result from mutations in the genes of growing cells. Sadly, there is no way of preventing this. Normally at your child’s regular check up, the doctor is the first to detect that something is abnormal. Some of the first symptoms you may see could be fever, swollen glands, anemia, and frequently occurring infections. Doctors and parents may suspect a more common illness before assuming cancer. If it is diagnosed as cancer, there are treatments that can help manage pain, remove or slow the growth of cancer cells, and sometimes even lead to...
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...Scranton Intro/Lit review: Cancer is one of the most pervasive diseases in the world today. Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women, second to skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society (2008), it is estimated that 182, 460 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in the year 2008. However, the incidence of breast cancer is decreasing which may be attributed to earlier detection and improved treatment (American Cancer Society [ACS].) Methods of detection include clinical breast examination, self breast examination and mammography. Breast self-examination (BSE) allows for a woman to be aware of the regular look and feel of her breasts using a systematic approach and to consequently detect any changes in breast tissue (Budden, 1999, p. 431.) Breast self-examination is a methodical palpation of breasts to detect signs of breast cancer or detect changes in breast tissue; figure ___ depicts the process of BSE (Lowdermilk, 2007, p. 93-94.) Breast self-examinations should be performed monthly, 1 week after menstruating, because breasts are non-tender and not swollen, or on the same day each month if a regular period is not applicable (Lowdermilk, 2007, p. 94.) Early detection can improve the likelihood of the diagnosis of breast cancer, as the frequency of breast exams will allow for a woman to detect a tumor in an early stage which is directly associated with a lower stage of cancer and a better outcome(American Cancer Society [ACS], 2008.) Although...
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...National Cancer Institute U.S. Department of HealtH anD HUman ServiceS Support for People With Cancer Eating Hints Before, During, and After Cancer Treatment national institutes of Health About this Book Eating Hints is written for you—someone who is about to get, or is now getting, cancer treatment. Your family, friends, and others close to you may also want to read this book. You can use this book before, during, and after cancer treatment. It has hints about common types of eating problems, along with ways to manage them. This book covers: u What you should know about cancer treatment, eating well, and eating problems u How feelings can affect appetite u Hints to manage eating problems u How to eat well after cancer treatment ends u Foods and drinks to help with certain eating problems u Ways to learn more Talk with your doctor, nurse, or dietitian about any eating problems that might affect you during cancer treatment. He or she may suggest that you read certain sections or follow some of the tips. Rather than read this book from beginning to end, look at just those sections you need now. Later, you can always read more. Table of Contents What You Should Know About Cancer Treatment, Eating Well, and Eating Problems .........................................................................1 Feelings Can Affect Your Appetite During Cancer Treatment ......................................................................................................
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...Writing 22 November 2015 Composition in Three Genres Breast Cancer is becoming more and more well-known and almost anyone you ask can say they know or are related to someone who has or had Breast Cancer. This is a problem because Breast Cancer, to me, seems like the most talked about type of cancer at this time. I think that more people should be aware of the causes of Breast Cancer and also about where their money goes when they donate to the Susan G. Komen Foundation, the largest funder of Breast Cancer research. People should be more educated about these two things because there is so many people affected by Breast Cancer. I want my audience to learn about what the Susan G. Komen Foundation is really doing with the money they are donating to the Foundation. To do this, I created three genres of composition. These genres include a photo essay, a brochure, and a poster. I hope to reach my audience in a different way with these compositions than I did with my essay. For my three genres I chose to compose a photo essay, a brochure, and a poster. These are all unique and can reach my audience and have them understand what I am trying to have them understand. Between all of the compositions, I included photos of women who have had mastectomies, pink ribbons, and the Susan G. Komen Foundation logo. I included the mastectomy pictures because I think it is really important for people to see what Breast Cancer physically does to someone. Not many people are open about showing...
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...Visitor I had never seen something so sad. The look on her old, but young face when the doctors told her the news. She always had this glow, barely any wrinkles, make up always done, hair died a crimson red to keep the grey from peeking its way through. She was beautiful, always was. This was my grandmother who had just been told she had stage four breast cancer. The treatments were pointless, they only caused more pain when they knew death was knocking on her front door. They made the promises of many years to come, as long as she continued with the treatments. Who knew doctors could lie so well? Not any of us, all oblivious to the fact that she wouldn't be here much longer. The promise of a couple more years was enough to keep our hopes high, maybe we wouldn't lose the woman we loved the most as soon as we thought. I was there through it all, the many doctor visits, the chemo, radiation. Through the hair and weight loss, the inability to finish writing a single sentence. The frail state her body took during the course of the awful disease, everything. My grandmother had always been so strong, no one could break her. The cancer managed to, it was over before it even started. The doctors promised years, who knew it would only be months? Filled with pain, and tears. Lets start from the beginning, shall we? It all started that Christmas in South Carolina with my uncle and three cousins. We just had moved back to Torrington, in with my grandparents. I guess she must have known it...
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...Independent variable-knowledge and attitudes as measured by face to face interviews with closed end questions, reasons for non adherence (Doctor didn’t recommend it), belief statements about breast cancer, depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale No Intervention/ questionnaire only 2. Farmer et al: Cross-sectional survey Dependent variable-increasing mammography adherence to screening within last 12 months Independent variable-Questionnaires, questions designed to elucidate perceptions of beliefs and barriers to screening, susceptibility and seriousness of breast cancer, knowledge of screening guidelines. Social support, cancer fatalism, dispositional optimism, perceptions of general health, screening guidelines. No Intervention/ questionnaire only 3. Levy-Storms: Cross-sectional survey Dependent variable- three levels of nonadherence; Never had a mammogram (never), more than 2 years ago (lapsed), in the last 1-2 years (due) Independent variable- based on self report; demographics, knowledge (of risk factors and screening guidelines), beliefs (perceived norms, perceived severity, perceived susceptibility, and perceived efficacy of early detection and mammography), psychological (concern about pain and about finding breast cancer) and access barriers (not in a health maintenance organization (HMO), regular checkup, transportation difficulties, cost, and difficulty making an appointment), referral from a provider, and...
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...Breast Cancer COM/156 May 3, 2012 Breast Cancer Breast Cancer is the most common cancer that women may face in their lifetime. It can occur at any age, but is more likely to occur after the age of 40 and as we get older. Breast cancer is an unrestrained growth of breast cells, which take places as a result of modifications, or abnormal changes in the genes, that is responsible for stabilizing the growth of cells and keeping them healthy. The genes are in each cell’s nucleus, which acts as the “control room” of each cell. Normally, the cells in our bodies replace themselves through a systematic process of cell growth: healthy new cells take over as old ones die out. But over time, transformations can turn on certain genes and turn off others in a cell. That changed cell gains the ability to keep dividing without control or order, producing more cells just like it and forming a tumor. Breast Cancer affects many women during their lives. Also, there are a number of risk factors that can cause this disease, besides inherited traits. Because of certain factors, some woman may have a greater chance of developing breast cancer than others, whether it is by heredity or not. As you get older your best defense is to know about this disease and learn what you can do about it and save your life. A risk factor is anything that affects your chances of getting breast cancer. There are different kinds of risk factors to be aware of. Some factors, such as a person's age or race, can not...
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...character is Jack McKee, who is a gifted but arrogant surgeon. He cares little about the emotional welfare of his patients and is little more than a benign stranger to his wife Anne and his son Nicky. He has been suffering from a nagging cough for some time, and when he begins coughing up blood one morning, he finally allows another doctor to take a look at him. The doctor discovers that he has a malignant tumor in his throat that could rob him of the ability to speak, or even kill him. He now becomes a patient instead of a doctor, and learns first hand about the long stretches in the waiting room, the indignity of filling out pointless forms, and the callous attitude of the professional medical community. He also gets to know June, a terminal cancer patient whose joyous embrace of life as her time draws to a close is an inspiration to him. After recovery, Jack becomes more determined to be a caring healer and strives to be a better husband and father. But his new outlook on life turns former friends into foes, and dislike co-workers in to friends. His fellow surgeon Murray, who wants Jack to lie under oath for him in a major malpractice case becomes an enemy when Jack refuses to testify on his behave at the trail. He also gains a new respect for Eli, an ear-nose-throat man he used to ridicule for his empathetic treatment of his patients, who performed the surgery to safe his ability to speak and voice. Through out the movie,...
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...Genetic testing is a scientific process in which an individual’s DNA can be screened for mutations or variations that may cause certain diseases or dysfunctions. It is my opinion that standard genetic testing for disease or the predisposition to disease is purely beneficial. Having clear answers as to whether or not a person may carry a higher risk for some diseases may in fact save their life, or the lives of their current or future children. However, over the years of development of the science, more and more controversial types of testing have developed. In this paper, the science of genetic testing will be introduced by going through a brief history, the different types of genetic testing available, as well as the controversies that surround them. History Genetic testing had a very positive and productive start. The first usage of Genetic Testing occurred over half a century ago, beginning with the testing of infants for PKU, or Phenylketonuria, “an inborn error of metabolism in which an amino acid buildup in the blood causes mental retardation.” (Lewis) To test infants, a drop of blood was taken from their heel while at the hospital after birth. If a child was found positive for PKU, dietary treatment was used to prevent loss of brain function. Testing was reliable and results were accurate. The disease being tested for was easily treatable, and every child that came through was tested without a problem. (Lewis) In the 1970’s, doctors began the process of testing...
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...The chronic disease that I have chosen to write about is breast cancer. Breast cancer is a group of cancer cells that starts in the cells of the breast. It is a malignant tumor is a group of cancer cells that can grow into surrounding tissues or spread to distant areas of the body. Now for females breast cancer is the second leading cause of death for them and can even happen for guys. This pertains to both genders males and females, who are born with some breast cells and tissue that can become a possibility where it can develop into cancer. But, for guys it is very rare for them to get breast cancer and with a number of guys that can get diagnosed with breast cancer each year is 2,190. Risk factors are anything that affects your chance of getting a disease like getting breast cancer. These are some risk factors of getting breast cancer like being young when you have your first period, having menopause at a very late age, by being older at the birth of your first child, being able to never give birth, not able to breast feed your child, getting older, having a family history of breast cancer being passed down to their children, being overweight can increase the risk for breast cancer after menopause, drinking alcohol more than once a day, and not getting any exercise for your body. But, if people did not know this risk factors do not tell us everything that we need to know which not every single detail is pertaining to that disease. Having a risk factor does not always mean that...
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...In this day and age, people of all races and sex’s, are becoming increasingly overweight. This main problem stems a number of medical and economical concerns as the “obese” continue to suffer greater probability of heart disease, high blood pressure, and reduced work productivity. It is obvious that this matter cannot continue lest the world be strained by easily averted medical disasters. I wholeheartedly believe that society would be better off without them and even better then that if they are put to use. Therefore I propose that anyone that is currently in the obese category, along with those that enter after my proposal take effect, shall be rounded up and put into work camps. When the obese first enter the camps, their weight shall be taken and recorded into official records for future use. After the check in process is complete, the workers will be delegated to a variety of manual labor jobs that would seem “unpleasant” to the average weight individual. The work itself will be beneficial to society. For example, employers will not have to pay reluctant workers by the hour to slack off most of the day but instead be able to train them for more skilled positions of the workforce. These now skilled average weight workers will prove more effective in society and thus contribute to a growing economy. Also, the manual labor will contribute to the better health of those obese. By getting into better shape, these individuals will reduce their risk of various medical conditions...
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...Justin Thomas Research Paper ENGL 1302 P. K. Muana 3 January 2012 “Radiation and Cancer: The Connection between Cell Phone Use and Brain Cancer” According to a Baltimore neurologist, Christopher J. Newman, Motorola is the cause a life frightening tumor that has developed overtime in his brain. Newman sues Motorola for “a direct and proximate result of the defective and unreasonably dangerous condition of the relevant products” (Parascandola). The court system and scientist are feuding on the matter of using scientific data as evidence in court cases. The courts argue whether or not the data is applicable and reliable. Hence, the association of cellular phone radiation and brain cancer is still under dispute on whether there is a correlation in between the two. Worldwide there are over 4.3 billion cell phone users (web). This substantial number of cell phone users also causes generous amount of radiation to be generated. The radiation that is discharged through these devices is to as radio frequency (RF) energy. The measure of RF energy that is taken in by users is known as its Specific Absorption Rate or SAR. SAR is what researchers use to compare radiation given off by cell phones to cancerous tumors. Scientist research the amount of SAR that is exposed in different mobile phone models. For a phone to pass the Federal Communication Commission its SAR must be less than 1.6 W/kg (web). Researchers from CNET in 2007 did a study to show the quantity...
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