...NRS-410V December 22, 2013 Approach to Care Cancer refers to disease processes involving an uncontrollable abnormal growth of cells in the body. The body is made up of many cells with numerous functions. The cells grow and divide in order for the human body to function adequately. When the cells get damage or become old they die off and are replaced by new ones. Cancer develops when the body’s normal control mechanism is no longer working. The old cells will not die and start to grow out of control, leading to formation of abnormal cells that develops into a mass of tissue known as tumors. Although, some cancers like leukemia do not form tumors ("CTCA," 2013).Cancer tumors are malignant and may invade surrounding tissues and organs. Cancer can also spread to distant organs in the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. In this paper, the writer will discuss the diagnosis and staging of cancer, complications of cancer, the side effects of treatmens, and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects of cancer and its treatments. To determine what causes cancer is very complex, but studies have suggested that the causes of cancer include, genetic risks, diet, lifestyle, tobacco use, and physical activity. Others causes are some infections, chemicals exposures and radiation ("American Cancer Society," 2013). Detecting cancer early is very crucial as it allows for early treatment and can stop the disease progression. Cancer causes many signs and symptoms depending on...
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...Approach to Care of Cancer Ahmed Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Clients' Health NRS-410V February 21, 2016 Cancer is affecting people of all races and it is everywhere into world. It is estimated that, a total of about one million five hundred thousand people are found to have cancer every year (Ignatavicius, 2010). Cancer is a genetic disease and it is referred to as the collection of related diseases that involves abnormal cells that continue to divide without stopping and spreading to surrounding tissues (Ignatavicius, 2010). Cancer is a common disease today, but it is not a new disorder. Some types of cancer happens to be more common today among certain group that are considered affluent. This is happening because of the long life expectancy and increase exposure to substances that causes cancer. Determining the cause of cancer can be complex, even though more advanced technology have made it much better now to diagnose the disease. Studies have shown that obesity, tobacco use, environmental pollutants, certain diet increases the risk for cancer (National Cancer Institute, 2014). The symptoms of cancer can vary depending on where the cancer is formed, where it has spread and the size of the tumor. The fear of dealing with the disease causes stress and depression for the patient. Understanding the prognosis of cancer is important when planning a variety of options for treatment (National Cancer Institute, 2014). This paper will focus...
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...Breakdown of Cancer Breakdown of Cancer Cancer is introduced when a single mutated cell begins to reproduce abnormally. According to Lee Copstead and Jacquelyn Banasik, cancer is a malignant neoplasm or new uncontrolled growth of invasive cells. Cancer begins when cells break from normal cell division that follows its own path. This is known as proliferation, which is abnormal cell division. According to (Copstead & Banasik, 2010) cancer develops when proto-oncogenes become inappropriately activated and this change is due to mutation in the cell’s (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA. Furthermore, cancer is an out of control cell growth. For a patient to receive an accurate diagnosis of cancer a through history and physical examination has to be done. There are many tests necessary to diagnosis cancer. According to Copstead & Banasik, 2010) the definitive diagnosis of cancer is a positive cytological or histological result. Cytological is the microscopic finding of pathological cells. This can be done by aspiration or exfoliate. Whereas histological is the examination of cells by staining and examining sections of tissue. Other diagnostic tests, such as imaging, chest radiography, computed tomography (CT scan), mammography, or (positron emission tomography) PET scan. There are numerous laboratory test that can aid in the diagnosis of cancer. Urinalysis is used detect blood or hematuria that could be an indicator for bladder cancer. Tumor markers are substances...
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...Killer Cancer is known as an unbiased killer that knows no race, age or sex of its victims. Doctor Nader (n.d.) states, “The disease lung cancer is known as the number one cause of cancer related deaths in the United States.” (Lung Cancer Information). Lung cancer takes millions of lives each year, sometimes without the slightest warning. According to "The Green Sanctuary" (2009), “Cancer may often be discovered during a routine chest X-ray or CT scan as a small solitary mass.” (What is Lung Cancer?). There are various stages of lung cancer; its treatment options and effects of the disease can impact the individual and their loved ones in many ways. There are many options offered for people diagnosed with lung cancer. Many times when people are faced with something as serious as a deadly cancer, they may not know where to begin to look for help. The effect lung cancer has on an individual is defined by the severity of the cancerous symptoms and the treatment options chosen. As stated in "The Green Sanctuary" (2009), " Symptoms of lung cancer vary depending on where and how widespread the tumor is. Warning signs of lung cancer are not always present or easily identified” (What is Lung Cancer?). In the words of Doctor A. Wax (2005-2012), “A person with lung cancer may have no symptoms, nonspecific symptoms, symptoms related to the cancer or even symptoms related to metastasis.” (Understanding Lung Cancer-Diagnosis and Treatment). Most...
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...has to go on chemo can be a very scary thing, but what I find scarier than that is Chemotherapeutic treatments are not cures for diseases, they are simply treatments. And yes I used the word diseases and not cancer nor types of cancer. Chemo is used for more than cancer even though it actually cures nothing. One of the most well known diseases that chemo is used to treat (aside from cancers) is an autoimmune disease called lupus. Chemo being used to treat Lupus is better know due to Selena Gomez being diagnosed with Lupus an Autoimmune disease, though some people think Lupus is a try of cancer due to the chemo( it’s not) but I digress. Chemo may not always be what is best for someone who has been given the option...
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...Alternative Methods for Cancer Treatment Kevin Moore COM/172 April 16, 2012 Darrell Haley Alternative Methods for Cancer Treatment If someone you know is being treated for cancer, you may want to learn more about what they are going through. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are the main types of cancer treatment. However there are alternative methods for cancer treatment. Surgery is often the first treatment option if the tumor can be taken out of the body. Sometimes only part of the tumor can be removed. Radiation, chemotherapy, or both might be used to shrink the tumor before or after surgery. Doctors use chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. The term chemotherapy (often shortened to "chemo") refers to the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. Usually, the drugs are given intravenously (into a vein, IV) or taken by mouth. Chemo drugs then travel through the body in the bloodstream, reaching cancer cells that may have spread (metastasized) from the tumor to other places in the body. Radiation therapy uses high energy rays (such as x-rays) to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. The radiation may come from outside the body (external radiation) or from radioactive materials put right into the tumor (internal or implant radiation). Getting external radiation is much like getting an x-ray. The radiation itself is painless, but tissue damage may cause side effects. Other, newer kinds of treatment you might hear about...
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...Lung Cancer In general, cancer kills on average 7.9 million people worldwide every year, which is 13% of all deaths. Cancer is not just one disease but rather a group of diseases, all of which causes cells in the human body to change and grow out of control. Cancers are classified either according to the kind of fluid or tissue from which it originates. One of these types of cancer is Lung Cancer, more people die from lung cancer than any other cancer. With the advances of medicine and technology, options are available to people with lung cancer to help them live a longer life, thus giving suffers more time to spend with their loved ones. Lung Cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. Most cases are directly linked to tobacco use. Around 220,000 people are diagnosed with lung cancer every year (Lung Cancer, 2012). It starts in the lungs but can quickly spread to surrounding areas. Lung cancer occurs when the cells in the lung grow at an uncontrollable rate. It will form in the tissue of the lung, most often in the cells that line the air passages and damage the tissue that surrounds it and then interferes with normal functioning of the lung. It can then quickly spread to the lymph system. Lymph nodes are small organs that link lymph vessels and contain lymph which is a clear fluid that helps fight infection and travels through the body in vessels that are like veins. The cells can also quickly spread to other parts of the body through the blood. Even though the...
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...Unit 8 Assignment 1: Mutations and Cancer GE150 Date Due: May 17,2016 Elaine Leppert Lung Cancer Lung cancer, the most common killer cancer in the world, is largely caused by smoking. New results suggest that amongst smokers, some people may be as much as 80% more at risk than others because of their genes. By scanning the entire genomes of lung-cancer patients and healthy controls, research teams identified a region on chromosome 15 that seems to influence the likelihood of developing cancer. People possessing a certain set of mutations at this genetic location are more likely than others to have the disease. Research suggests about 50% of the general population carries a single copy of this cancer gene variant, while another 10% of the population is likely to carry two copies of this set of mutations, raising cancer risk by as much as 80% relative to people with equivalent lifestyles without the cancer-linked gene variant (Hopkin,2016). The most relevant genes in lung cancer include the following: EGFR, KRAS, MET, LKB1, BRAF, PIK3CA, ALK, RET, and ROS1 (El-Telbany & Ma,2012). Lung Cancer and the effects of smoking A typical smoker who refuses or fails to give up has a roughly 15% risk of lung cancer over their lifetime, but with two copies of the genetic variant, this rises to 23%. Researchers disagree over whether non-smokers who possess the genetic risk...
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...over one hundred different types of cancer, and they all begin with the development and proliferation of abnormal cells. If untreated, cancer can cause illness, debilitation and death. In normal cell function, cells replicate and produce new cells as old cells are dying. Under normal circumstances out of control cellular reproduction does not occur. Cancer cells also grow in to other tissues invading their cellular structure. If the structural DNA of a cell is damaged, the cell then tries to repair itself and if unable the cell dies. Cancer cells do not die. They continue to replicate the cells with damaged DNA and spread the disease. Cancer cells are able to invade blood and body tissues and travel to different areas in the body where the damaged cells can invade and crowd out healthy tissue (What is Cancer, 2015). This paper will discuss the diagnosis, staging & complications of cancer, treatment options and side effects as well as methods to lessen physical and psychological effects. Diagnosis and Staging Early diagnosis of cancer is the key to early medical intervention and reduction in mortality. Diagnosing cancer can begin as simply as the discussion you have with your physician during a regular checkup. Pertinent medical history as well as family history of disease is important to identify risk factors. Laboratory data analyzing urine, blood and other bodily fluid specimens for high or low values helps in diagnosis of certain cancers. Diagnostic imaging studies looking...
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...xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxx English 101 25 March 2011 Student/Teacher Memo 1. What was your purpose? What effect were you trying to achieve? My purpose was to write about tanning as a cause of the skin cancer, and about skin cancer as a consequence of tanning. 2. What was interesting about the process you went through in writing this paper, and what did you learn from it? It was very interesting to research about skin cancer, as I am particularly interested on the subject. I also did not know tanning or any ultraviolet radiation exposure can have such serious consequences. 3. What was the most difficult aspect about this paper, and what did you learn from the attempt? It was difficult to give it a clear structure on cause/effect, although the subject clearly illustrates this structure. 4. What do you see as the strengths of the paper, and what would you try to do if you were to revise it some more? The strength of the paper is the very reliable sources. 5. What’s not a part of your paper that you think might help a reader understand or appreciate it more? What didn’t you put in? I did not further develop on skin cancer, how it presents and develops. 6. What kind of grammar or formatting feedback would you like from your instructor? I would appreciate full feedback on both. 7. When using the APUS Online Library article databases, did you evaluate the credibility of the sources you chose? Yes. 8. Are your memo and essay in correct MLA format? Yes. 9. Did you save...
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...Chemotherapy is a term used to describe the therapeutic intervention of disease with drugs. It is a common term used in cancer treatment circles. With the incidences of cancer disease on the rise, doctors have embraced chemotherapy as a modern technology to control body cells that turn cancerous and multiply at an uncontrollable rate (Epstein & Samuel, 26). The chemotherapy treatment process is one that has balanced positive and negative implications on the patient's quality of life. Besides the process offering a second chance to patients who are almost giving up on the cancer disease, it has equally many side effects that often turn unbearable to the soft-hearted. More than one hundred drugs are available and can be used singly or in combinations to eradicate any remaining cancer cells after a radiological or surgical treatment of the same (Greenwald & Edward, 9). The mention of chemotherapy shifts our thinking to cancer matters. Cancer has...
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...Lung Cancer In general, cancer kills on average 7.9 million people worldwide every year, which is 13% of all deaths. Cancer is not just one disease but rather a group of diseases, all of which causes cells in the human body to change and grow out of control. Cancers are classified either according to the kind of fluid or tissue from which it originates. One of these types of cancer is Lung Cancer, more people die from lung cancer than any other cancer. With the advances of medicine and technology, options are available to people with lung cancer to help them live a longer life, thus giving suffers more time to spend with their loved ones. Lung Cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. Most cases are directly linked to tobacco use. Around 220,000 people are diagnosed with lung cancer every year. It starts in the lungs but can quickly spread to surrounding areas. Lung cancer occurs when the cells in the lung grow at an uncontrollable rate. It will form in the tissue of the lung, most often in the cells that line the air passages and damage the tissue that surrounds it and then interferes with normal functioning of the lung. It can then quickly spread to the lymph system. Lymph nodes are small organs that link lymph vessels and contain lymph which is a clear fluid that helps fight infection and travels through the body in vessels that are like veins. The cells can also quickly spread to other parts of the body through the blood. Even though the cancer may spread to...
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...Drug Development for Melanoma As the director of the drug development unit in a biotech company we are always looking for new drugs to treat a variety of different cancers. There are many things that have to be considered when trying to get a drug to go from being an idea in a laboratory to something that can be used by cancer patients everywhere. The process of getting a drug development can be very lengthy. It could take many years and a lot of money before it could get approved to be used by doctors. In order for a drug to be developed it has to go through many testing periods. In order for a new drug to be taken by people, there must be an application submitted to the Investigational New Drug (IND) to the Food and Drug Administration....
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...The Late Effects of Childhood Cancer 1. Children diagnosed with cancer are more likely able to develop emotional difficulties and secondary cancers. A secondary cancer can be defined as a cancer that appears in the body after the diagnosis of the first cancer (“Late Effects,” 2013). In the article “Late Effects” (2013), it is explained that secondary cancers are often caused by chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Another main contributor resulting in a secondary cancer is medications that are intentionally used to cure the first type of cancer that has taken over the body. It is known from testing that each patient reacts differently with the treatment they are receiving (Bayliff & Moscow, xxxx, p. 162). The doses of the medications have a...
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...this complex information there are certain chemicals or forms of energy that can damage or alter this special coding. In process of damaging or altering the coding of DNA the most dreaded situation of a cancerous cell can be formed. To start let’s look at the different kinds of radiation that may or may not effect DNA. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation Ionizing Radiation can change the way our body’s work and develop. Direct includes covalent linkage between nitrogenous bases, and creating structure like thymine dimmers. Indirect is when it interacts with water to create free radicals which can interact with a person’s DNA. It can cause single or double stranded breaks in the sugar- phosphate backbone. (Buttons, n.d.) Alpha Radiation is a process that needs to be swallowed, inhaled, and or absorbed into the blood stream. This can increase the risk of cancer also known as lung cancer. Radon is a silent but deadly killer. To determine if one has been affected by alpha particles testing would be completed with special equipment and gear to prevent those from any exposure. Beta Particles can be a helpful process of treatment to many, such as treating thyroid disorders, cancer, and Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). It also is part of agricultural such as live stock, and/or farming. Yes we as humans have beta emitters in our systems, but they are very weak. We can look back at Chernobyl, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki; whether it be an atomic bomb or a nuclear reactor failing and or contamination...
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