...Bills A comprehensive Study Copyrights : ManjRockers Food Security Bill : Important features : This law aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.2 billion people.[2] Under the provisions of the bill, beneficiaries are to be able to purchase 5 kilograms per eligible person per month of cereals at the following prices: * rice at 3 (4.6¢ US) per kg * wheat at 2 (3.1¢ US) per kg * coarse grains (millet) at 1 (1.5¢ US) per kg. 75% of rural and 50 percent of the urban population are entitled The states are responsible for determining eligibility; Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a nutritious "take home ration" of 600 Calories and a maternity benefit of at least Rs 6,000 for six months; Children 6 months to 14 years of age are to receive free hot meals or "take home rations"; The central government will provide funds to states in case of short supplies of food grains; The current food grain allocation of the states will be protected by the central government for at least six months; The state governments will provide a food security allowance to the beneficiaries in case of non-supply of food grains; The Public Distribution System is to be reformed; Criticisms: Giving people virtually free food will keep them dependent on a ‘mai baap party’, trapping them into a permanent vote bank. It is a brilliant strategy of the Congress party at the centre — both...
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...Strengths and weaknesses of rations A ration is a fixed allowance on provisions on any product that is needed but has a shortage. Most Times rations have occurred wars and other catastrophic events that involved a mass reduction. A ration also can be seen in cases where something is in high demand but because the producer wants to be fair, they put a limit on what can be given. There are strengths and weaknesses to some degree in each situation that may occur due to a ration be orchestrated. Auctions are due to the sell of merchandise for buyers to bid on, for example Storage Company’s auction off a unit due to non payment. The strength in this as related to rations is that it is open to every one and it allows everyone to bid on it. The weakness is that there are only so many units and the ratio of people to units is scarce. Then there are the ration coupons the strength in these is that it allows a big number of consumers to have a chance at certain product. The weakness to this is that it limits what people can get, these coupons were mostly used during wars and these days grocery stores just put a limit on certain items rather than go through the trouble of issuing out a coupon. The term first come first serves have a long list of pro’s and cons. One important strength would be that it creates and urgency and depending on if there is a limit it allows consumer to take advantage of a great deal. The weakness is that when it is a first come first serve basis in rations...
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...June 2014 - Context 1 - Essay Model Answer: The key here, as it always is, is to understand what the question is asking and then making sure that we answer it. An idea here would be to try to simplify the question, so that we really understand what it is asking us. I think what is asking could be summed up with: Should governments stop food from being used to produce biofuel. The main starting point has to be the structure of the essay. Here the acronym DIC ED S P A C applies: Definition In Context Explained Diagram Solutions Problems Alternatives Conclusion The obvious definition from the question is probably Government Intervention. Government Intervention occurs when a governing body decides to manipulate a market, usually to prevent a market failure. In this case the market failure could be seen to be poverty and inequality as there is evidence in the text that, due to rising food prices, more and more people are unable to afford food, one of the basic needs for survival. Clearly, as I am referring back to the text, this is in context. Next up I need an explained diagram. I need this diagram to explain why there is a problem in this market, so I will show that as more crops are being demanded for biofuels, this leaves less available for food. It is clear that as the amount of fossil fuels reduces, but the world population increases, there is more of a demand for energy sources. This is shown in diagram 1: Diagram 1: From...
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...GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH SOCIAL WELFARE (EDN.2) DEPARTMENT Memo.No.10537/SW.Edn.2/2011 dated:20.10.2012. Sub: Streamlining of PMS System – Registration of Fresh Scholarships to Open from 21-10-2012 to 20-11-2012 – Instructions – Issued. Ref:1) GO.MS.No. 66 (SW.Edn.2) Dept, dated 08-09-2010. 2) G.O.Rt.No.1307 Revenue (Ser.II) Dept, dated 13-09-2010 3) G.O.Rt.No.1551 Revenue (Ser.II) Dept, dated 04-11-2010 4) G.O.Rt.No.1570 Revenue (Ser.II) Dept, dated 10-11-2010 5) GO.Ms.No.60 (Sw.Edn.2) Dept, dated 27-09-2011. 6) G.O. Ms. No. 30, SW (Edn.2) Dept., dated 31-08-2012. 7) G.O. Ms. No. 33, SW (Edn.2) Dept., dated 15-09-2012. 8) Memo No. 3637/Edn.2/2010, SW Dept., dated 10-10-2012. *** Online fresh registrations for scholarships to students pursuing college courses for the academic year 2012-13 will commence from 21-10-2012 to 20-11-2012. The scholarship process has been made fully online by the Social Welfare Department. Under the online system, to access the website, a student must enter his SSC ID and Year of Passing to retrieve his record from the SSC data base For the academic year 2012-13, students can apply online for fresh scholarships on the e-pass website from 21-10-2012 to 20-11-2012. All students belonging to SC / ST with family income of less than Rs.2.00 lakh per annum & the students belonging to BC / EBC / DW / MW with family...
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...Mr tedster Wayne Schuller managed a warehouse in Minnetonka, Minnesota. His major concern was the number of workers to assign to his single unloading dock. After he began contracting with motor carriers for deliveries, he found that they were assessing him stiff penalties if their trucks had wait time to be unloaded. Wayne started adding larger crews at the unloading dock, but often, they seemed idle because there were no trucks to unload. Wayne recalled from college that queuing theory might be applicable to such a problem. The theory of queuing is an analysis of the probabilities associated with waiting in line, assuming that orders, customers, and so on arrive in some pattern (often a random pattern) to stand in line. A common situation is that on the average, a facility may have excess capacity, but oftentimes, it is more than full, with a backlog of work to be done. Often, this backlog has costs associated with it, including penalties to be paid or customers who walk away rather than wait. If a firm expands its capacity to reduce waiting times, then its costs go up and must be paid even when the facility is idle. Queuing theory is used to find the best level of capacity, the one that minimizes the costs of providing a service and the costs of those waiting to use the service. After some further research specific to his firm, Wayne determined the following facts. 1. Trucks arrive randomly at the average rate of four per hour, with a deviation of plus or minus...
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...Queuing Theory Significance There is a very significant reason why Queuing Theory exists. Not only does it apply to a wide variety of topic, many within the business and supply chain industries, it also helps prove cause and effect. In addition to this, it provides a very logical idea of what a solution to a problem it has discovered should be. Measuring and understanding both order rate and service rate can potentially be the difference between business success and business failure. For example, if a company has too slow of a service rate, it is going to lose business because of the long wait times. On the opposite end of the spectrum, if a company focuses too much on improving its service rate instead of understanding its ratio compared to order rate, it will be misusing its very valuable resources. It is also important to have knowledge of all different types of queuing systems. Importance of Queuing Configuration As one can imagine, the importance of a queuing system configuration is very significant as well. As stated above, there are several different types of queuing systems and queuing configurations. If a business uses an improper queuing system or queuing configuration, it can suffer from one of many different negative consequences. Some examples of different types of queuing systems/queuing configurations are First Come First Served, First In First Out, Round Robin, Service in Random order, and many more. Queuing systems and configurations also vary by the number...
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...However, there are some related problems (such as congestion, mobility gaps, urban sprawl, and emissions amongst others) that come with it. In Ghana, transportation is almost synonymous with road transport as it is the major means by which peoples’ mobility needs are answered on daily basis. Road traffic congestion in the city of Accra has almost become an’ acceptable norm’ since residents have to live with this phenomenon every passing day of their lives. The factors responsible for this trend are as follows: growth in the population of Accra over the last 15 years (and this has been estimated to double in the next 20 years) associated with a continuing trend of reduction in population density; expansion in built-up area; growth in per capital income (which has also been estimated to have increased five folds over the last 15 years) with a concomitant increase in car ownership. Currently over 70% of major roads in Accra and Kumasi-the two biggest cities in the country- are said to be congested and should the afore-stated trend continue, this may get worse. More than 70% of motorized person trips in Accra depend on ‘tro-tro’ (converted minibus), which uses only 30% of the available road space, but cars and taxis which carry only 30% of the person trips in the city uses almost 60% of the road space. This situation compounds the plight of residents in the city as they would have to battle with the...
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...Congestion has become one of the fundamental problems confronted by big cities. There are those who argue that congestion charge is the most effective way to make alleviate the situation. As I shall argue, reasons why congestion charge can reduce traffic jam will be explained in this essay. According to London transport data (2012), before 2003 more cars went to the central London than buses in the weekday morning peak. After applied congestion charge policy in 2003, the number of people using bus and motorcycle have increased dramatically while the number of people commuting by car have experienced the opposite trend. It is clear that congestion charge has had a positive impact on congestion situation of London. The charge force people to find other environment-friendly vehicles to use such as buses and motorcycles, rather than using cars to go to work (Livingstone, 2008). There are those who maintain that in spite of traffic jam reduction, the congestion charge has brought many disadvantages to the society and economy (Morris, 2008). Firstly, many retailers in the charging zone have faced problem that people tend to go shopping outside city center for their larger purchase. With regard to a report produced by the London Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a quarter of business leaders were thinking of moving their businesses outside the zone. As a result, there will be a big transformation of streets and shops in London and these streets will no longer attract visitors to...
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...countries in the world with the worst traffic. There is a population of about 18 million people with about 6.3 million cars 650,000 motor cycles, 35,000 taxis and 17,000 busses. To make things worse there are also 1,000 new cars added a day. There have been traffic jams stretching up to 293 km of traffic. Naturally, with numbers like these there is bound to be some traffic. However, there are also 19,000 trucks that pass through Sao Paulo every day. These trucks cause damage to roads and therefore, cause a chain of reaction ending in increased traffic. Of course, the government of Brazil has made effort to help reduce traffic congestion. They have introduced fast-lane buss systems. Some of which are even connected to the metro. Road space rationing is also present; each car has to be kept off the street during rush hour one day each week. Certain license numbers are restricted from using the roads during peak times. There is an estimated 6 million people that use the subway system; the government has spent $10 billion to expand the metro. Sao Paulo Brazil also has one of the highest rates of air traffic. They have provided helicopters for government officials and busy executives. However, we have some suggestions that we believe would reduce the traffic even more. Firstly, air traffic should be made more accessible to a wider number/variance of people. We have worked out that it can cost up to $5,600 for a two way trip (hourly rate) on a helicopter (1,400 an hour and 350 for each...
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...they will give contradictory results. This is so in the case of mutually exclusive investment projects. The examples of such projects are technical exclusiveness and financial exclusiveness. The term technical exclusiveness refers to alternatives having different profitabilities and the selection of that alternative which is the most profitable. Thus, in the case of a purchase or lease decision the more profitable out of the two will be selected. The mutual exclusiveness may also be financial. If there are resource constraints, a firm will be forced to select that project which is the most profitable rather than accept all projects which exceed a minimum acceptable level. The exclusiveness due to limited funds is popularly known as capital rationing. The three reasons that these two methods disagree are the size-disparity problem, the time disparity problem, and the unequal expected lives. Size disparity arises when the initial investment in mutually exclusive projects is different. Time disparity...
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...Management J. Volume 2 No. 1 (January 1989) ,' CAPITAL BUDGETING PRACTICES OF INDIAN COMPANIES I. M. PANDEY ' Objective " The objectives of this study are: (a) to document the capital bud geting policies and practices of companies in India, a developing country, and contrast them with those of USA and UK, the developed countries, and (b) to ascertain how business executives look upon the linkage between corporate strategy and investment decision-making. Capital expenditure planning and control is a process of facilitating decisions covering expenditures on long-term assets. Since a company's survival and profitability hinges on capital expenditures, specially the major ones, the importance of the capital budgeting process cannot be over-emphasized. Sample and Methodology We have followed an intensive interview-cum-questionnaire method. Two questionnaires—one dealing with investment evaluation practice and second with other phases—were sent to companies which had agreed to participate in the study. In all, 14 companies were studied. The responding companies belonged to different businesses. In terms of size (sales and number of employees), capital intensity (net tangible fixed assets), volume of spending (capital expenditure incurred), and level of technology, they represent a variety (Table 1). The study relates to 1984. •-, Capital Expenditure: How Defined Strictly speaking, capital expenditure includes all those expenditures which are expected to produce...
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...Social tourism According to the survey in 1985, there were nearly 40% of respondents in the UK could not participate in an annual trip because of economic barriers. Furthermore, another important reason for 14% respondents could not take an annual trip was “personal disability”. Even though there is a connection between poverty and disability, large amounts of poor people whose poverty proved to have no connection with disability. Therefore, it is highly possible for low income families to take trips annually by adopting some measurements. It is necessary for people to take trips annually. 63% of respondents considered leaving home and taking a one-week trip yearly is essential, and fail to take trips annually may cause a sense of deprivation (Hughes, 1991). Moreover, the benefits of participation in tourism have been proved in terms of economy and social life. In addition to benefits of economy and society, individuals in society can get rest and recovery as well as the chance for learning and intercultural communication through the tourism experience. In order to provide equal chances for low-income and disabled families to enjoy tourism, social tourism as a part of social policy has been developing over the years. Hunziker explains Social Tourism as the phenomenon in tourism industry caused by participation in tour by economically disadvantaged or other disabled elements in society (Hunziker, 1951). Though there are various explanations to the concept of social tourism,...
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...Human Resource Accounting as “the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties”. HRA, thus, not only involves measurement of all the costs/ investments associated with the recruitment, placement, training and development of employees, but also the quantification of the economic value of the people in an organisation. Flamholtz (1971) too has offered a similar definition for HRA. They define HRA as “the measurement and reporting of the cost and value of people in organizational resources”. CONCEPT OF HUMAN RESOURCE ACCOUNTING Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is a new branch of accounting. It is based on the traditional concept that all expenditure of human capital formation is treated as a charge against the revenue of the period as it does not...
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...question. ____ 1. Which of the following is NOT a basic economic question? |a. |WHAT to produce |c. |WHEN to produce | |b. |FOR WHOM to produce |d. |HOW to produce | ____ 2. What is the fundamental problem of economics? |a. |Scarcity |c. |capital | |b. |the factors of production |d. |labor | ____ 3. Which of the following lists the four factors of production? |a. |land, labor, wants, entrepreneurs |c. |land, labor, capital, scarcity | |b. |labor, needs, capital, entrepreneurs |d. |land, labor, capital, entrepreneurs | ____ 4. Which of the following is NOT a capital good? |a. |a bulldozer at a construction site | |b. |an oven at a bakery | |c. |a cash register at a clothing store | |d. |a television set for sale at an appliance store ...
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...Define and Describe the Four Factors Of Production In every society there are so called 'factors of production,' that are used to manufacture goods and services. These are often referred to as limited resources: The first factor of production is land. This refers not just to land itself but to all natural resources - the surface of the earth, forests, mineral deposits etc... These resources can be split into two different types: non-renewable and renewable. Non-renewable resources are resources such as coal, oil, gold and copper which once used up can never be replaced as their formation took millions of years. Renewable resources include fish stocks, water and wind power and these can be renewed and replaced. However these sources require careful management as misuse can lead to destruction of the source. Some nations are endowed with natural resources and exploit this by specialising in the extraction and production of these resources LAND This category sometimes extends over all natural resources. It is intended to represent the contribution to production of nonhuman resources as found in their original, unimproved form. For the French physiocrats led by Francois Quesnay in the 1750s and 1760s, land was the only factor yielding a reliable gain to its owner. In their view, laborers and artisans were powerless and in excess supply, and hence they earned on average only a subsistence-level income; and in the same way what they produced outside of agriculture fetched enough to...
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