...Capital structure is such a general things in finance, however, we will still confuse about it. Hence, we are going to write a literature review about the capital structure. Capital structure can be explained in many ways as it can be divided into many parts. Our main focus is the effect on capital structure and the imperfection of the market. The most general effect of the capital structure is the trade-off theory, pecking-order theory and agency cost. Besides, capital structure may influence towards the shareholders and the company taxes. An argument also occurred since there is different explanation about capital structure between Miller Theorem and Myer Theorem. The purpose of the literature review is to gain our knowledge and have a truly...
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...Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) --A Review of Capital Structure and Internal/External Analysis Introduction Bill Gates and Paul Allen had founded Microsoft in 1975 to develop and sell computer languages and microcomputers in Redmond, Washington State. The company had pioneered in operating system business and had been able to invent new technology and acquiring subsidiaries in order to produce a large range of personal computer solutions. Microsoft is currently reporting a rate of return on book assets of 13.41% last year. IPO of the company started in 1986 and has been trading on NASDAQ. Internal Financial Analysis The capital structure of Microsoft Corporation in the past 5 years have been selected and shown as in Appendix figure 1. With regards to the company’s current financial performance, the debt ratio has been reducing in the past 5 years and currently at 45.28%. That indicate a reducing risk associated with Microsoft’s operation. Compare to its competitor Apple Inc, which have a ratio of 32.86 with a similar rate of reduction, this may also indicating Microsoft have a lower borrowing capacity, which will affect the corporation’s financial flexibility. On the investor’s side, currently the stock price is $28.15, which expected return is at 3.1%. Weighted Average Cost of Capital is 11.49%. WACC considers Debt (taxable), Preferred stock and Common stock (Equity). If Microsoft’s borrowing increases, the lenders would demand a higher rate of interest on the...
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...Critical Review on ‘Revisiting the Capital Structure puzzle: UK Evidence’ Assignment for PGBS0140 Accounting & Finance for Managers Plymouth Business School Module No.:PGBS0140 Module: Accounting & Finance for Managers Group Members and Student No.: Word count: 1492 Critical Review on ‘Revisiting the Capital Structure puzzle: UK Evidence’ Al-Najjar, B. and Hussainey, K. (2011). Revisiting the capital structure puzzle: UK evidence. The Journal of Risk Finance, 12 (4), 329- 338. This essay will summarise and critically review the report of Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2011) in which the effects of potential drivers of corporate capital structure are differing for three different definitions of capital structure. The article of Al-Najjar and Hussainey is a meaning but problematic piece of research. This essay aims to critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of authors’ arguments and mainly focuses on the introduction, theoretical background, hypothesis, empirical tests, and result. Summary Al-Najjar and Hussainey found a capital structure puzzle which is involved with different definition of capital structure and determinants of corporate capital structure. They collected a sample data of 379 non-financial firms in the UK from 1991 to 2002, and investigated firms’ corporate characteristics (including firm growth rate, risk level, firm size, asset tangibility, and firm’s profitability) and corporate governance elements (including non-executive directors...
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...International Review of Finance, 11:1, 2011: pp. 1–17 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2443.2010.01125.x Two Common Problems in Capital Structure Research: The FinancialDebt-To-Asset Ratio and Issuing Activity Versus Leverage Changes IVO WELCH Brown University, RI and NBER ABSTRACT This paper points out two common problems in capital structure research. First, although it is not clear whether non-financial liabilities should be considered debt, they should never be considered as equity. Yet, the common financial-debt-to-asset ratio (FD/AT) measure of leverage commits this mistake. Thus, research on increases in FD/AT explains, at least in part, decreases in non-financial liabilities. Future research should avoid FD/AT altogether. The paper also quantifies the components of the balance sheet of large publicly traded corporations and discusses the role of cash in measuring leverage ratios. Second, equity-issuing activity should not be viewed as equivalent to capital structure changes. Empirically, the correlation between the two is weak. The capital structure and capital issuing literature are distinct. I. INTRODUCTION Leverage is defined as the sensitivity of the value of equity ownership with respect to changes in the underlying value of the firm. Empirically, leverage ratios are frequently independent variables (sometimes as part of a hypothesis, sometimes as a control). Leverage ratios are also the dependent variable in the empirical capital structure literature. This literature tries...
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...to each content area. This document also lists the topics, the level of competence for each topic, and the related learning objectives and competencies. The learning objectives have been designed to ensure that the competencies are met. In addition, information is provided on the proportion of each question type presented in the examination (that is, multiple choice, quantitative problems, and so on). Use Candidates should use the examination blueprint to prepare for the course examination. The blueprint may not include all the topics listed in the course materials; however, candidates are still responsible for acquiring a broad-based knowledge of all topics not listed in the blueprint since these topics will be tested in assignment and review questions. The topics not listed in the blueprint will also provide candidates with a greater depth of understanding of finance concepts. Examination Objectives The objective of the 4-hour comprehensive examination is to test CGA candidates on the prerequisite knowledge required for advancement into PA1 and PA2, so as to ensure that the candidates have the broad-based knowledge in finance needed to function properly in the association’s capstone courses. Examination Guidelines for Questions i) Question Type The following are guidelines on the type of questions and their approximate weightings: Question Item Multiple-choice questions Short-answer and/or short case-type problems of both a qualitative and quantitative nature ii) Description...
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...CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER I. M. Pandey Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015 India E-mail: impandey@iimahd.ernet.in W. P. No. 2002-03-01 March 2002 i CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER I M Pandey ABSTRACT This paper provides new insights on the way in which the capital structure and market power and capital structure and profitability are related. We predict and show that capital structure and market power, as measured by Tobin’s Q, have a cubic relationship. That is, at lower and higher ranges of Tobin’s Q, firms employ higher debt, and reduce their debt at intermediate range. This is due to the complex interaction of the market conditions, agency problems and bankruptcy costs. We also show saucer-shaped relation between capital structure and profitability because of the interplay of agency costs, costs of external financing and debt tax shield. To our knowledge, we are the first to uncover these results. Key words: capital structure; market structure; market power; Tobin’s Q; riskshifting; moral hazard; agency problems; pecking order; trade-off theory; asset substitution. ii CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER INTRODUCTION In corporate finance, works of Modigliani and Miller (1958; 1963) about capital structure irrelevance and tax shield advantage paved way for the development of alternative theories and a series of...
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...CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER I. M. Pandey Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015 India E-mail: impandey@iimahd.ernet.in W. P. No. 2002-03-01 March 2002 i CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER I M Pandey ABSTRACT This paper provides new insights on the way in which the capital structure and market power and capital structure and profitability are related. We predict and show that capital structure and market power, as measured by Tobin’s Q, have a cubic relationship. That is, at lower and higher ranges of Tobin’s Q, firms employ higher debt, and reduce their debt at intermediate range. This is due to the complex interaction of the market conditions, agency problems and bankruptcy costs. We also show saucer-shaped relation between capital structure and profitability because of the interplay of agency costs, costs of external financing and debt tax shield. To our knowledge, we are the first to uncover these results. Key words: capital structure; market structure; market power; Tobin’s Q; riskshifting; moral hazard; agency problems; pecking order; trade-off theory; asset substitution. ii CapStrMktPower I M Pandey CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND MARKET POWER INTRODUCTION In corporate finance, works of Modigliani and Miller (1958; 1963) about capital structure irrelevance and tax shield advantage paved way for the development of alternative theories and a series of...
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...Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo University of Bridgeport 2010 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46691/ MPRA Paper No. 46691, posted 6. May 2013 19:07 UTC The Pecking Order, Trade-off, Signaling, and Market-Timing Theories of Capital Structure: a Review Anton Miglo Associate professor, University of Bridgeport, School of Business, Bridgeport, CT 06604, phone (203) 576-4366, email: amiglo@bridgeport.edu. This version: 2013 Initial version: 2010 Abstract. This paper surveys 4 major capital structure theories: trade-off, pecking order, signaling and market timing. For each theory, a basic model and its major implications are presented. These implications are compared to the available evidence. This is followed by an overview of pros and cons for each theory. A discussion of major recent papers and suggestions for future research are provided. Introduction The modern theory of capital structure began with and the famous proposition of Modigliani Miller (1958) that described the conditions of capital structure irrelevance. Since then, been changing these conditions to explain factors driving capital many economists have structure decisions. Harris and Raviv (1991) synthesized major theoretical literature in the field, related these to the known empirical evidence, and suggested promising avenues for future research. They argued that asymmetric information theories of capital structure are less promising than control-based...
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...POST GRADUATE PROGRAMME IN MANAGEMENT AY 2015-16 TERM: III TITLE OF THE COURSE: FINANCE II CREDITS: 4 Name of the Faculty Arnab Bhattacharya Gaurav Singh Chauhan Kousik Guhathakurta Radha M. Ladkani Faculty Block/ Room No. J BLOCK C-102 A-106 J BLOCK Email Telephone Number arnabb@iimidr.ac.in gauravs@iimidr.ac.in kousikg@iimidr.ac.in; radhal@iimidr.ac.in; 0731-2439589 0731-2439592 0731-2439518 0731-2439698 COURSE DESCRIPTION The second core course in Finance deals with the core corporate finance functions in an applied setting. The participants are exposed to real world corporate finance decisions to be taken up by managers for creating value. Such an exposure is accomplished through a mix of theory and practice. The pedagogy employed reflects a judicious mix of case discussions, lectures and problem solving approach. COURSE OBJECTIVES The objective is to familiarize participants with the three major decision areas of Corporate Finance, viz. the investments, financing and earnings distribution decisions. Subsequently the participants are to be offered an integrated view of the decision areas by discussing the issues in corporate valuations and risk management. The course aims at sharpening the financial decision making skills of the participants. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES AND ASSOCIATED MEASURES At the end of the course student is expected to accomplish the following learning outcomes. Alignment of Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)...
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...4-5 | | (a) Limitations | 4 | | (b) Future direction of research | 5 | BEST PRACTICES IN ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL 1. THE SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH PAPER: It is a survey research paper presenting the results of the cost of capital survey of advisors, corporations etc showing a close alignment among the groups on the use of common theoretical framework and on many aspects of estimation. Variations are found on large number of joint choices regarding cost of capital. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC: The paper is about presenting evidence that how some of the most financially sophisticated companies and financial advisers estimate capital cost. The evidence to be presents is valuable in several aspects. First is to identify the most important ambiguities in the application of cost of capital theory and the second is helping interested companies benchmarking their cost of capital estimation practices against best practice peers. Third is that the evidence sheds light on the accuracy with which the capital costs can be reasonably estimated. The cost of capital can be computed by the following, i. The weighted average cost of capital. ii. Sample selection. iii. Survey findings. iv. Impacts of various assumptions for using CAPM. 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: This paper presents the results of cost of capital survey of 27 highly regarded corporations, ten leading financial advisors, and seven best-selling text books and trade books. In this...
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...2Kashif-Ur-Rehman 1 2 Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Abstract: This study measures the relationship between organizational performance and financial management practices like capital structure decision, dividend policy, investment appraisal techniques, working capital management and financial performance assessment in Pakistani corporate sector. Sample of the study consisted of forty companies operating in Pakistan, related to different sectors and listed at Karachi Stock Exchange. The finance executives and financial analysts of the companies responded to questionnaire that identified through company profiles and references. The questionnaires were self administered to collect the data from respondents. The results show a positive and significant relationship between financial management practices and organizational performance in Pakistani corporate sector. Key words: Corporate sector % Financial management practices % Karachi stock exchange % Organizational performance INTRODUCTION The corporate sector plays a vital role in the economic outlook of any country. Financial literature suggests that capital structure has a greater impact on the economic system [1] and managers should identify the ideal corporate structure for the company [2]....
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...≈√ Guidelines on Credit Risk Management C r e d i t A p p r ova l P r o c e s s and Credit Risk Management These guidelines were prepared by the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB) in cooperation with the Financial Market Authority (FMA) Published by: Oesterreichische Nationalbank (OeNB) Otto Wagner Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Austrian Financial Market Authority (FMA) Praterstrasse 23, 1020 Vienna, Austria Produced by: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Editor in chief: Gunther Thonabauer, Secretariat of the Governing Board and Public Relations (OeNB) ‹ Barbara Nosslinger, Staff Department for Executive Board Affairs and Public Relations (FMA) ‹ Editorial processing: Gabriela de Raaij, Heidi Koller, Markus Lietz, Wolfgang Spacil, Doris Wanka (all OeNB) Ursula Hauser-Rethaller, Karin Zartl (all FMA) Design: Peter Buchegger, Secretariat of the Governing Board and Public Relations (OeNB) Typesetting, printing, and production: OeNB Printing Office Published and produced at: Otto Wagner Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Inquiries: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Secretariat of the Governing Board and Public Relations Otto Wagner Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Postal address: PO Box 61, 1011 Vienna, Austria Phone: (+43-1) 40 420-6666 Fax: (+43-1) 404 20-6696 Orders: Oesterreichische Nationalbank Documentation Management and Communication Systems Otto Wagner Platz 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria Postal address: PO Box 61, 1011 Vienna, Austria Phone: (+43-1)...
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...STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS BABEŞ-BOLYAI, NEGOTIA, L, 1, 2005 LEASING, CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND DEBT DISPLACEMENT MARIA – ANDRADA GEORGESCU1 ABSTRACT. Brealy and Young (1980, p. 1249) remind us: “…the use of any lease valuation model involves a general theory of capital structure”. If a user purchase an asset with a given combination of cash and borrowing, there is a clear impact on corporate capital. The impact is not so clear if the user leases the asset. A brief review of the evolution of theories on corporate capital structure – presented by Myers (1984) will assist in our discussion of how leasing analysis “involves a general theory of capital structure”. The work of Modigliani and Miller (1958) concluded that the debt-equity mix made no difference. In 1963, Modigliani and Miller corrected their earlier work by including the effect of taxes and the era of “borrow all you can” began. By the mid 1970’s, “borrow all you can” was being slowly modified by the consideration of agency costs by Jensen and Meckling (1976) and bankruptcy costs. Myers (1977, p. 174) concluded his paper “Determinants of Corporate Borrowing” with “The firm should not attempt to borrow as much as possible”. Turnbull (1979, p. 939) proved “…that for a firm maximizing market value, the optimal capital stucture always occurs before the firm’s debt capacity”2. In other words, if you “borrow all you can” the resulting debt level will be greater than the debt level that maximizes stockholders’ market...
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...Asia-Pacific Business Review Vol. VI, No. 2, April - June 2010 pp. 41-49, ISSN: 0973-2470 Capital Structure and Product Market Determinants: Empirical Evidence from the Indian Automobile Industry Himanshu Joshi This paper provides insights into the way in which the capital structure is determined by product market determinants, research and development activity and profitability. This paper is an attempt to test relevance of empirical evidences found in matured markets to the Indian market condition. Automobile industry is taken up for the study because of its oligopoly nature and easy availability of product prices. Some of the results are very different from the similar studies conducted in the advanced economies. It is found that the firms in the same industry can have different capital structures and there is a negative correlation between the profitability and capital structure of the companies. Interestingly, no correlation is found between R&D expenses and capital structure of the company. It was also concluded that no extra market power is attained because of high leverage. Keywords: Capital Structure, Product Market, Market Structure, Profitability, Market Power, Capital Expenditure Introduction Capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firm’s capital structure is thus, the composition or ‘structure’ of its liabilities. The modern theory of capital structure began with the...
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...A Theory-Based Approach to the Relationship between Social Capital and Communities of Practice El-Sayed Abou-Zeid John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada el-sayed@jmsb.concordia.ca Abstract: There is almost a consensus that tacit component of organisational knowledge is of critical strategic importance because, unlike explicit knowledge, it is both inimitable and appropriable. Because of its characteristics, organisational tacit knowledge is usually created and shared through highly interactive conversation and shared experience, i.e., through a socialisation process. At the firm’s level, the effectiveness of the socialisation process depends on the firm’s social capital. At group level, it has been argued that communities of practice form the basis of a firm's ability to create and share tacit knowledge. Therefore, investigating the relationship between social capital, communities of practice and individual human action is crucial in understanding the dynamic of cross level knowledge creation and utilisation and in understanding organisational learning process. In order to study this relationship Giddens’ theory of structuration is used as it provides an integrating meta-theory that recognises social reality as constituted by both subjective human actors and by objective institutional properties and attempts to articulate a process-oriented approach that relates the realm of human action and institutional realm. Based on Giddens’ theory a model...
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