Free Essay

Carbon Cred

In:

Submitted By maheshk1412
Words 4079
Pages 17
Sponsored by: The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi.

NSWAI ENVIS FROM THE PRESIDENT’S DESK

• SEVENTH ISSUE •

FEBRUARY, 2007

Decomposition and stabilization of solid organic waste material has been taking place in th The 7 issue of NSWAI-ENVIS newsletter portrays two nature ever since life appeared on this planet. With the progress of civilization and advancements of topics : scientific knowledge, efforts are being directed 1. Carbon Credits in India 2. Bio-bin composting towards rationalizing and controlling the process in This is in continuance with the topics discussed in such a way as to make it more effective and efficient. Bio-bin is one such system of composting which is our earlier newsletters. effective in terms of time and space. This topic is Day by day the cycle of climate on earth is changing. discussed in our second article, “Bio-bin composting” Global warming has led to season shifting, changing I hope that the newsletter will serve the landscapes, rising sea levels, increased risk of drought and floods, stronger storms, increase in heat purpose of understanding the above subjects in a related illness and diseases all over the world. This better and proficient manner. has resulted due to emissions of Green House Gases – Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu (GHG’s) from various anthropogenic activities. Since the inception of Kyoto Protocol in the year 1997, Carbon Credits in India countries all over the world have become more Our earth is undoubtedly warming. This concerned about ‘Global Warming’. Industrialized warming is largely the result of emissions of countries are the major contributors to these emissions carbon dioxide and other Greenhouse Gases compared to the developing countries. India being one (GHG’s) from human activities including industrial of the developing countries has ratified the Kyoto processes, fossil fuel combustion, and changes in Protocol and is emerging as one of the leading Carbon land use, such as deforestation etc. Addressing traders under the Clean Development Mechanism climate change is not a simple task. To protect (CDM) of Kyoto Protocol. Since India generates ourselves, our economy, and our land from the enormous amount of Municipal Solid Waste, adverse effects of climate change, we must reduce implementation of CDM project for power generation emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse is incredibly viable. The article “Carbon Credits in gases. To achieve this goal the concept of Clean India”describes how open dumps in India can be Development Mechanism (CDM) has come into efficiently used as CDM activity for recovery of emitted vogue as a part of Kyoto Protocol. gases & power generation. Such type of projects could The objective is the “stabilization of be very significant for the economy of the country. Apart from improving the environment, it would not greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere only contribute substantially to the overall power at a level that would prevent dangerous generation capacity but can also give a good return anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. on investment.
NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 20007

Visit us at: www.nswai.com

NSWAI ENVIS
Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The treaty was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened for signature on March 16, 1998, and closed on March 15, 1999. The agreement came into force on February 16, 2005, under which the industrialised countries will reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year 1990 (but note that, compared to the emissions levels that would be expected by 2010 without the Protocol, this target represents a 29% cut). The aim is to lower overall emissions of six greenhouse gases - carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs(Hydrofluro Carbon), and PFCs - calculated as an average over the five-year period of 2008-12. National targets range from 8% reductions for the European Union and some others to 7% for the US, 6% for Japan, 0% for Russia, and permitted increase of 8% for Australia and 10% for Iceland. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. Under CDM, a developed country can take up a greenhouse gas reduction project activity in a developing country where the cost of GHG reduction project activities is usually much lower. The developed country would be given credits (Carbon Credits) for meeting its emission reduction targets, while the developing country would receive the capital and clean technology to implement the project. Carbon credits are certificates issued to countries that reduce their emission of GHG (greenhouse gases) which causes global warming. Carbon credits are measured in units of certified emission reductions (CERs). Each CER is equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide reduction. Its rate stood at 22 Euros in April, fell to below 7 Euros, before stabilizing at 12-13 Euros. Under IET (International Emissions Trading) mechanism, countries can trade in the international carbon credit market. Countries with surplus credits can sell the same to countries with quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. Developed countries that have exceeded the levels can either cut down emissions, or borrow or buy carbon credits from developing countries. The UNFCCC divides countries into two main groups: A total of 41 industrialized countries are currently listed in the Convention’s Annex-I , including the relatively wealthy industrialized countries that were members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1992, plus countries with economies in transition (EITs), including the Russian Federation, the Baltic States, and several Central and Eastern European States. The OECD members of Annex-I (not the EITs) are also listed in the Convention’s Annex-II . There are currently 24 such Annex-II Parties. All other countries not listed in the Convention’s Annexes, mostly the developing countries, are known as non-Annex-I countries. They currently number 145. Annex I countries such as United States of America, United Kingdom, Japan, New Zealand, Canada, Australia, Austria, Spain, France, Germany etc. agree to reduce their emissions (particularly carbon dioxide) to target levels below their 1990 emissions levels. If they cannot do so, they must buy emission credits from developing countries or invest in conservation. Countries like United States of America, United Kingdom, Japan, Newzealand, Canada, Australia, Austria, Spain etc are also included in Annex-II. Developing countries (non-Annex I) such as India, Srilanka, Afghanistan, China, Brazil, Iran, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Phillippines, Saudi Arabia, Sigapore, South Africa, UAE etc have no immediate restrictions under the UNFCCC. This serves three purposes: a) Avoids restrictions on growth because pollution is strongly linked to industrial growth, and developing economies can potentially grow very fast.

2

NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

NSWAI ENVIS
b) It means that they cannot sell emissions credits to industrialized nations to permit those nations to over-pollute. c) They get money and technologies from the developed countries in Annex II. Indian scenario: In recent days the third source of emission i.e. Municipal Solid Waste Dumping Grounds are emerging as a potential CDM activity despite being provided least attention till date.

Present status of dumping grounds in India: In India, due to increased population & commercial development, cities are facing problems of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) disposal. The urban population in larger towns and cities in India is increasing at a decadal growth rate of above 40%. There are no Sanitary Landfill sites in India at present. Municipal Solid Waste is simply According to Report on National Action Plan dumped without any treatment into land for operationalising Clean Development (depressions, ditches, soaked ponds) or on the Mechanism(CDM) by Planning Commission, Govt. outskirts of the city in an unscientific manner of India, the total CO 2-equivalent emissions in with no compliance of regulations. 1990 were 10, 01, 352 Gg (Gigagrams), which was The existing dumping grounds in India are approximately 3% of global emissions. If India can full and overflowing beyond capacity. It is difficult capture a 10% share of the global CDM market, to get new dumping yards and if at all available, annual CER revenues to the country could range they are far away from the city and this adds to from US$ 10 million to 300 million (assuming that the exorbitant cost of transportation. A study made CDM is used to meet 10-50% of the global demand by CPCB, (2000) shows that the cumulative for GHG emission reduction of roughly 1 billion requirement of land for disposal of MSW in India tonnes CO2, and prices range from US$ 3.5-5.5 would reach around 169.6 km2 by 2047 as against per tonne of CO 2). As the deadline for meeting the 20.2 km2 in 1997. Kyoto Protocol targets draws nearer, prices can be Various processes/technologies available expected to rise, as countries/companies save to reduce the amount of Municipal Solid Waste are carbon credits to meet strict targets in the future. as follows. India is well ahead in establishing a full-fledged system in operationalising CDM, through the 1. Physical (a. Pelletisation) Designated National Authority (DNA). 2. Biochemical (a. Aerobic Composting Other than Industries and transportation, b. Anaerobic Digestion) the major sources of GHG’s emission in India are 3. Thermal (a. Incineration b. Gasification) as follows : Among the above options/technologies • Paddy fields following are considered as favorable to implement • Enteric fermentation from cattle and buffaloes in India. India comes under the third category of signatories to UNFCCC. India signed and ratified the Protocol in August, 2002 and has emerged as a world leader in reduction of greenhouse gases by adopting Clean Development Mechanisms (CDMs) in the past few years. • Municipal Solid Waste Of the above three sources the emissions from the paddy fields can be reduced through special irrigation strategy and appropriate choice of cultivars; whereas enteric fermentation emission can also be reduced through proper feed management.
NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

1. 2. 3.

Pelletisation, Anaerobic digestion using bio-methanation technology for production of power, Production of organic manure using controlled aerobic composting.

3

NSWAI ENVIS
In India the segregation of municipal solid waste at source or at centralized/decentralized centre is not in practice on a large scale. Hence, 90% of Municipal Solid Waste is dumped in a mixed form in the open dumping yards without any pretreatment. On the other hand, technology required in the above mentioned three options needs waste to be segregated first and then can be subjected to further processing. To carry out segregation of bulk amount of municipal waste at the dumping ground is practically impossible. It is not only massive but tedious. Bulk segregation requires not only substantial large scale labour but also considerable amount of investment. All these factors make the above three technologies unviable for existing dumping grounds. The waste in the dumping ground undergoes various anaerobic reactions producing offensive odorous gases such as CO 2, CH4, H2S and Mercaptans, which foster harmful pathogens and lead to environmental, social and public health issues. The approximate methane emission all over India as per 2001 census was calculated using an IPCC default (1996) method by NSWAI. The total quantity of methane emitted out of Municipal Solid Waste generated in India as a whole was approximately 4612.69 MT/day. An economic feasibility study done by IGIDR (Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research) for Mumbai city indicates that for a total population of 10 million producing 1.82 MT of MSW per year, the net methane that can be produced is equivalent to about 8.5 GJ (Giga Joules). According to TEDDY (2002-2003) the energy recovery potential from different waste is as shown in the following Fig. Energy recovery potential of MSW is 900 MWe out of total 1700 MWe amounting to about 53%. Thus, the utilization of MSW dumping grounds for energy production would mean a favorable and useful solution to the existing Municipal Solid Waste disposal problem. To efficiently recover the gases, MSW Dumping Ground Projects should primarily have a landfill gas collection technology by means of the following measures: 1. Implementation of vertical and/or horizontal pipes for collection of landfill gases. 2. Construction of vertical gas extraction domes. 3. Construction of venting equipment in order to create under-pressure in the landfill body to prevent uncontrolled emissions of landfill gas. 4. Gas Generator installed at LFG

4

NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

NSWAI ENVIS
The project can be executed using a PublicPrivate Partnership approach in which both the parties can invest and share the benefits. Investment and operating cost is recovered through sale of CERs. The project will aid in: 1. Gaining annual CER revenues for the country 2. Locally achieving: • Reduction in poverty by creating jobs for urban poor. • Safe and better working conditions for the informal sector. • Better environmental quality(Less odour, leachate, disease vectors) • Enhanced public awareness on Solid Waste Management and recycling. • Improvement in the quality of life of the city. • Efficient resource utilization • Contribution to reduction of foreign expenditures (Macro-economic Indicators) • The increase in life of the dump sites. • Considerable amount of power to the city. • Reduction in cost on Solid Waste Management by municipalities. • Reduction of ground and surface water pollution and thus reducing health hazards. 3. Globally achieving: • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) • Reduction in emissions of GHG’s from dumping grounds which are responsible for Global Warming. • Project is complying with the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).
NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

Conclusion: There is a great opportunity awaiting India in carbon trading which is estimated to go up to $100 billion by 2010. In the new regime, the country could emerge as one of the largest beneficiaries accounting for 25 per cent of the total world carbon trade, says a recent World Bank report. The countries like US, Germany, Japan and China are likely to be the biggest buyers of carbon credits which are beneficial for India to a great extent. The Indian market is extremely receptive to Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Having cornered more than half of the global total in tradable certified emission reduction (CERs), India’s dominance in carbon trading under the clean development mechanism (CDM) of the UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is beginning to influence business dynamics in the country. India Inc pocketed Rs 1,500 crores in the year 2005 just by selling carbon credits to developed-country clients. Various projects would create up to 306 million tradable CERs. Analysts claim if more companies absorb clean technologies, total CERs with India could touch 500 million. Of the 391 projects sanctioned, the UNFCCC has registered 114 from India, the highest for any country. India’s average annual CERs stand at 12.6% or 11.5 million. Hence, MSW dumping grounds can be a huge prospect for CDM projects in India. These types of projects would not only be beneficial for the Government bodies and stakeholders but also for general public. A questionnaire to provide a preliminary estimate of the potential for developing a landfill gas project under the rules of the CDM is uploaded on our website www.nswai.com References Recommended : Planning Commission Report for operationalising Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Govt. of India http://www.pewclimate.org http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2004/1-262004/cc.html http://www.unfccc.int
5

NSWAI ENVIS
Bio-Bin Composting
Developing countries like India generate more putrescible waste as compared to developed countries. The putrefying nature of the waste makes it less viable for storage and transportation. It also hinders the recovery of recyclable materials. Limited land resource available for dumping of waste which is ever increasing with increase in population has lead India to think over techniques of reducing waste at the source itself. Composting is one such and the most viable technique to serve the purpose. Composting is a biological process in which micro-organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert fast degradable organic waste into humus like substance, which is high in carbon and nitrogen. It is an excellent medium for growing plants that recycles the nutrients and returns them to the soil. The Bio-bin process involves circulation of oxygen into the Bin. Ammonia and the high temperatures combine to kill off disease causing pathogens. Nowadays micro-organism culture known as BTM (Bio Trigger Mechanism) is also added to the content of Bio-bin so as to accelerate the process of composting. The use of this technique not only eliminates foul odour but also minimizes the risk of diseases in the environment due to flies and mosquitoes. Usage of Bio-bin: 1. 2. 3. The Bio-bin can be used on a small scale in kitchens. On medium scale, Bio-bins can be brought into practice in buildings, housing- societies etc. Gardens, shopping centers, malls, canteens of commercial & industrial places, hotels & restaurants, institutions like colleges, schools etc. are the places where composting can be carried out on large scale using Bio-bins.
84 inches Corrugated Sheet T op

Apart from being clean, safe and economic, composting significantly reduces the amount of garbage. The compost produced from composting is a kind of organic fertilizer which can be used instead of chemical fertilizers and it is better, especially when used for growing vegetables. It has the capacity to withhold moisture content in the soil and makes the soil easier to cultivate. It supplies part of the 16 essential elements needed by the plants and helps to reduce the Small scale Medium/large scale adverse effects of excessive alkalinity, acidity. It helps to keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter. It aids in preventing soil All the generated waste should be erosion by keeping the soil covered. It prevents segregated at source and then only it can be water evaporation due to heat. transferred to a Bio-bin for composting. It should
48 inches
36 in ch es

30 inches

72 inches

9 inches

The concept of composting gave rise to a system known as ‘Bio-bin’ which is an in-vessel composting. Bio-Bin is the innovation to find a better way to dispose off the putrescible waste and turn it into compost on site in a relatively short time. It is now being used at various trial sites, expanding from greengrocer waste to becoming an effective vessel for the collection and disposal of Putrescible Food Waste.

be noted that putrescible waste, which can be degraded fast, only goes to Bio-bin. The organics which takes considerable time to degrade like paper, wood, cardboard etc. should not make their way to Bio-bin as the process of composting can become prolonged & takes more days to obtain final compost product. Besides it also alters the quality of the final compost product. Hence one should be careful while putting anything into a Bio-bin.

6

NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

9 inches

NSWAI ENVIS

Waste to be put in All leftover food Fruit and vegetable waste Coffee grounds, filters and tea bags Cooked & raw meat Egg shells, nuts and shell fish Bread, baking, pasta and rice Cheese Paper towels and tissues Shrub and grass clippings Leaves and small branches Cut flowers, bedding plants and weeds (remove soil) When in use, the Bio-Bin should be emptied and washed regularly to minimize odors. Placing dry twigs or leaves in the bottom of the Bio-bin reduces things sticking to the bottom. Excessive moisture in the Bio-bin can lead to odor from green waste thus it is necessary to ensure that no liquids are placed into Bio-bin and that the bin is dry after washing. Benefits of implementing Bio-bin system: • Quicker composting. • The optimum aeration to maintain aerobic conditions. • Minimizing odors and nuisance. • Control of leachates. • The whole process is economic and safe, compared to manufacturing of chemical fertilizers. • Optimum moisture & heat balance within the mixture. • Easy handling of the waste & Easy operation. • Safe to use & Saves lot of space (simple to install & use). • Potential economic returns from the bin (by selling compost). • Reduces amount of waste for final disposal.
NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

Waste to be avoided Household rubbish Packaging, Plastic, glass and metal Liquids – oil, milk, sauce and soup Bread bag ties and twisty ties Nappies and sanitary products Kitty litter and animal wastes Fire ash and cigarette butts Soil and stones Fabrics and textiles String and garden ties Sharp objects

Bio Bin Installation at Thrikkakara Panchayat, Cochin to process Biodegradable Solid Waste through KUDAMBASHREE a Self help Group organized by Govt of Kerala.

Conclusion: Municipal Solid Waste in India consists 3540% waste of putrefying nature, which makes ‘composting’ the most asthetical and viable technique to be practiced extensively. In developing countries like India, Bio-bin Technology offers one of the practical solutions to deal with the tremendous amount of waste generated and related problems. The concept of Bio-bin has a great scope to be promoted not only in metropolitans but also in small towns and villages. References Recommended:  http://edugreen.teri.res.in  http://www.biobin.net  http://www.ccc.govt.nz
7

NSWAI ENVIS
UPCOMING EVENTS
National Conference on Innovative Practice for Sustainable Energy and Waste Management Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India. 27 and 28 th April, 2007. Email: ipsewm2007@rediffmail.com The Ninth International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium Baltimore, Maryland, 7-10 May, 2007 E-mail: biosymp@battelle.org Web: www.battelle.org/biosymp WasteExpo, 2007 Atlanta, GA, 7-10 May, 2007 E-mail: registration@primediabuisness.com Web: www.wasteexpo.com Waste to Energy-International Exhibition & Conference for Energy from Waste and Biomass Bremen, Germany, 9-10 May 2007 E-mail: rohde@messe-bremen.de Web: www.wte-expo.de 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference (NAWTEC) May 21-23, 2007 - Miami, Florida Web: www.swana.org 5 th International Trade fair and Congress on Waste Management, Recycling and Environmental Technologies Moscow, Russia, 29 May-1 June, 2007 E-mail: waste-tech@sibico.com Web: www.waste-tech.ru 12th Annual Solid Waste Managers Conference: Trends & Challenges Conference San Diego Marriott Mission Valley, June 25-30, 2007 Web: www.swana.org International Conference on Sustainable Waste Management Anna University, Chennai, India, 5-7 September, 2007 Email: landfill@annauniv.edu Web: www.swlf.ait.ac.th/ICSSWM.htm Recycling and Waste Management Birmingham, UK, 11-13 September 2007 E-mail: lucy.vanrenselar@emap.com Web: www.rwmexhibition.com ISWA World Congress 2007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 24-28 September, 2007 E-mail: iswa2007@congrex.nl Web: www.iswa2007.org 11 th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium Sardinia, Italy 1-5 October, 2007 E-mail: eurowaste@tin.it Web: www.sardiniasymposium.it WASTECON 2007 Reno, Nevada, USA 16-18 October 2007 E-mail: info@WASTECON.org Web: www.swana.org Ecomondo, 2007 Rimini, Italy 24-27 October 2007 E-mail: d.bernabe@riminifiera.it Web: www.ecomondo.com

Managing Committee of NSWAI for the Year 2006-2008
President Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu (M.Sc, PhD) Managing Director, Econ Pollution Control Pvt Ltd. Vice President Mr. I. U. Pai Director, Earth Crop Biofertilizer Pvt Ltd. General Secretary Dr. Rakesh Kumar (M.Tech, PhD) Deputy Director, NEERI, Mumbai. Joint Secretary & Treasurer Ms. Anita Sethi Social Scientist, Mumbai. Members Dr. M. V M. Desai (M.Sc, PhD) . Ex-Scientist BARC, Mumbai. Ms. Ragini S. Jain Director, Geetanjali Environment Solutions. Mr. Ashok Jain Law Officer, MPCB, Mumbai. Dr. Sudhir Patawardhan President, Pollution Control Committee (NGO), Birwadi, Mahad, Raigad Mr. Ramdas Bhattacharya Head, Industrial Plants Safety Division, AERB. Advisory Committee Mrs. Almitra H. Patel (M.S. MIT USA) Member, Supreme Court Committee Solid Waste Management. Mr. Ajit K. Jain, IAS, Senior Advisor, All India Local Self Government – SWM Cell. Mr. R. K. Garg Ex – CMD, Indian Rare Earths Ltd. Emeritus President, NSWAI.

Address for correspondence: National Solid Waste Association of India (ENVIS) 14/25 Unique Industrial Estate, Veer Savarkar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai-400 025, INDIA. Phone: 91 22 66603487 • Telefax: 91 22 24375363 E-mail: econpcpl@vsnl.com / nswai@envis.nic.in

Editor: Dr. M. V. M. Desai ENVIS Core Group: Dr. Amiya Kumar Sahu, Convener Dr. M. V. M. Desai Dr. Rakesh Kumar

This Bulletin of NSW AI-ENVIS is published by the National Solid Waste Association of India in Mumbai

Visit us at: www.nswai.com
8 NSWAI ENVIS • SEVENTH ISSUE - FEBRUARY, 2007

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Personal Change

...existence of God and eternal life though the study of nature. Romans 1:20 "For since the creation of the world God's invisible qualities--his eternal power and divine nature--have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse." You want to find God then look no further than the heavens, study the stars, the life and death of the Suns of God. How does a Son(Sun) of God become flesh? One of the last elements a Star produces before it dies is the carbon atom. As Stars go Supernova these atoms explode out into the Universe. We are carbon based life forms. Meaning the very carbon atoms that make up our being only came into being through the death throes and final ANNILIATION of Suns of God. So like The character of Jesus,Thor and Heracles, we are Suns of God made flesh. Revelation 13:18 In this situation wisdom is needed. Let the person who has insight figure out the number of the beast, because it is a human number. The beast's number is 666. The carbon atom is the 6th most abundant element in the...

Words: 1188 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Silicon

...Silicon Silicon is an element in the periodic table. Silicon is a metalloid, which means it has both properties of a metal and non-metal, so it is a member of Group 14(IVA)/the carbon family. Its atomic number is 14, its atomic mass is 28.0855 and its density is 2.65g/cm3. Silicon is a solid at room temperature with a boiling point of 3265⁰ C and a melting point of 1414⁰ C. Silicon exists in two allotropic forms, which means it has two forms that have different physical and chemical properties. The amorphous form is a brown powder and the crystalline form has a metallic luster and a grayish colour. Silicon is very hard, very brittle and is a semiconductor, meaning it is able to allow an electrical current pass through it better than a non-conductor, like glass or rubber, but not as good as a conductor, like copper or aluminum. Silicon always occurs as a compound, so it is always combined with other elements. Silicon dioxide is the most abundant compound in the earth’s crust, most commonly taking the form of sand. This compound is used in the manufacture of glass and bricks, paper and rubber, as a food additive, as an insulating material, in cosmetics, and many more! The compound of silicon with other elements like boron, gallium or arsenic is used in the making of electronic devices such as transistors, rectifiers, microchips, etc. Silicon carbide is one of the hardest substances known which can be used as an abrasive or as a refractory material. Silicones, which include silicon...

Words: 354 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Memo

...ABC Inc. 72 Colonnade Parkway Atlanta, GA 37158-4132 Mr. Stan Anderson 2425 South Park Blvd Stockbridge, GA 30013 Dear Mr. Anderson, Thank you for contacting ABC Inc. on July 12 regarding your Dale Jr. Replica Go-Kart. We want to ensure customer satisfaction with premium products and quality service. ABC Inc. six month warranty covers all engine parts and service with proper maintenance of the go-kart’s engine. The owner’s manual states for the warranty to be in effect:  Use SAE 30 oil at engines proper level to avoid a burnt engine and change oil every fifteen hours.  ONLY use regular unleaded gasoline.  Tap paper filter gently to clean. Water and compressed air will damage the filter. An inspection by our service department found 5W30 oil and an alcohol based gas had been used and the paper air filter was washed. The combination of the wrong oil and gas has damaged your engine and repairs are unable to be covered by the warranty. Our service department can repair the go-kart’s engine at cost and replace the air filter free of charge. Any repairs performed are guaranteed for 60 days. ABC Inc. is certain our technicians can have your engine running like new. They will also provide you with a detailed maintenance plan for your karts engine and answer any other questions. Please contact the service department at 404-555-2112 to advise on how you would like to proceed. We want this resolved as soon as possible so you can once again enjoy...

Words: 271 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Requirements Necessary to Form an Oil Deposit

...organic material liquefies during the heating event, converting to hydrocarbon in the process. The first hydrocarbons to form are called Kerogen, which consists of carbon (69–80%), hydrogen (7-11%), Nitrogen (1.25-2.5%), Sulfur (1-8%) and Oxygen (9-17%). Kerogen becomes crude oil when the oxygen and nitrogen are removed in some manner. The Petroleum System consists of a mature source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The formation of hydrocarbon liquids from an organic rich source rock with kerogen and bitumen to accumulates as oil or gas. Generation depends on: the presence of organic matter rich enough to yield hydrocarbons, adequate temperature, and sufficient time to bring the source rock to maturity. Pressure and the presence of bacteria and catalysts also affect generation. Generation is a critical phase in the development of a petroleum system. Petroleum Generation:- A source rock is one rich in organic matter which heated sufficiently, will generate oil or gas. Rocks of marine origin tend to be oil prone. During the oil generation process, and simultaneous with the increase of the hydrocarbon/noncarbonate carbon ratio, the composition of the shale normal paraffins and naphthenes boiling above 325°C gradually changes and eventually becomes very similar to that of the waxy...

Words: 535 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Chemical Elements Paper

...Elements of the Periodic Table Krystal Fauvie CHM110 Monday June 10, 2013 Tobey Tam Elements of the Periodic Table Elements The two elements that will be discussed are Iron (FE) and Potassium (K). The paper will discuss the periodic nature and properties of each of these elements, where each are categorized on the periodic table and how each is classified. The importance of each of these elements in nature and its use. Any drawbacks with the elements will also be discussed. Periodic Nature and Properties The first element is Iron (Fe) its atomic number is 26, it is silver in color, a lustrous metal and is a very magnetic solid. Iron is very strong and malleable. It has a very high melting point of 2800 °F and a boiling point of 5182 °F. (Winter, 1993-2012) The atomic mass of Iron is 55.87 and has a density of 7.87g/cc. It is in the transition metal category of the periodic table. Iron has very high oxidation properties and when exposed to air will react with the oxygen and form rust. The second chemical element that will be discussed is potassium (K). Potassium’s atomic number is 19, its atomic weight is 39.0983. It has a boiling point of 146.08 °F, a melting point of 1398 °F and a density of856 kg m-3. (Winter, Web Elements, 1993-2012) Potassium like iron is a silvery white color and is in the alkali metal group on the periodic table and oxidizes very quickly. It is very reactive and the least dense known metal. Importance in Nature Iron is found in nature...

Words: 628 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Photosynthesis

...very similar in their functions and creating an end product as well as there are a variety of differences between them. First we need to look at photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants, algaes and cyanobacteria absorb sun light and convert it to sugar. In the photosynthesis processes, the plant absorbs the sun light then in complex processes converts the intake of carbon dioxide to the end results to sugar (carbohydrates) and releases water and oxygen. The oxygen is what humans and all living animals use to survive and breathe in. Humans and animals release the carbon dioxide which is what the plants absorb in with as well as the light rays from the sun. According to Mader, “if the amount of carbohydrate were instantly converted to coal, and the coal loaded into standard railroad cars (each car holding about 50 tons), the photosynthesizers of the biosphere would fill more than 100 cars per second with coal” (2010, p.86). During my research on semiconductor-based solar cell energy, I found that the solar cell energy is capture in about the same means that the plants absorb light rays and carbon dioxide. The solar cells are made up of usually silicone. In 2010, Heindl stated, “the second most abundant element in earth`s crust, silicon has the advantage, of being available in sufficient quantities, and additionally processing the material does not burden the environment” (e.g., Heindl, 2010, para. 3). With the layers of semiconductor, positive and negative side charged...

Words: 446 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Not a Symbian

...Dictionary says Symbiosis means "any interdependent or mutually beneficial relationship between two persons, groups, etc.".But do I really belong to that category? I have many faces - red , green , blue,white and so on.Am I myself aware of those faces?Sometimes yes and most of the times no!They keep on changing like masks.They make me puzzled. I remember once I dreamt of being a carbon atom where my face goes for substitution reaction.Perhaps that was an overdose of organic chemistry in the early years of your life when you just begin to "make" masks.But now I find how true that was.Now I can make,wear and sell masks.My faces are not individuals, some of them like parasites.Creeping creatures who constantly struggle with each other, in an unending endevour to defame each other.And not only this, I sometimes even forget which one is my real face?May be that lies below all these masks!!And why is it so shy to make its presence felt ?May be because the new faces are so much overpowering.But sometimes when in the lonly hours I look at myself I feel desperate, desparate to tear off all those .None of the faces are in symbiosis, none of the faces want each other.How true that is when we see things around us.I may sound skeptic.I may sound pessimistic.But isnt that true?We all have faces, we all are constantly struggling to project the best face.Illusion, they say sometimes makes you happy.True.We human beings are living life in a kind of illusion.We are utmost sensitive to our own...

Words: 615 - Pages: 3

Free Essay

Omnivores Dilemma

...1. Pollan means that with so many contradicting facts being thrown at people, instead of doing what is right people want to be told what to buy. So if a commercial or someone tells us a fact about a certain food to make it seem healthy people will buy it. People will hesitate from just doing what is right like eating balanced will let someone pursued them into buying something that actually isn’t that healthy for them. This is how the question has become confusing. 2. Pollan means that nationwide we are obsessed with the fact of looking healthy instead of actually being healthy. I completely agree with this because people base what they buy off of what it is supposed to make them look like instead of just plane eating right and exercising. 3. Pollan thinks this because “it never would have happened in a culture in possession of deeply rooted tradition of food and eating”. We are more vulnerable because we are so ethnically and culturally different. We as Americans have no massive religious and cultural ties to food so it makes us more vulnerable to be persuaded into eating no necessarily healthy things. 4. The American Paradox is the people here that are unhealthy and are obsessed with the idea of being or becoming healthy. The French paradox is a healthy group of people that live and eat in ways that we look at as unhealthy. 5. An omnivore eats both other animals and plants. 6. The omnivore’s dilemma is that as omnivore’s we have such a huge selection of possible items...

Words: 2621 - Pages: 11

Free Essay

Shoe Polish

...Used Cartons, Plastics and Sachets as an Additive of the Production of Hollow Blocks A Research Paper Presented to Cebu City National Science Highschool Salvador St. Labangon, Cebu City In partial fulfillment Of the requirements of Gen Sci Subject Submitted by: Bacatan, Niña Faye U. Bajarias, Therese Grace S. Dinglasa, Ericka Minette M. August 2014 Table of Contents: Chapter 1 Introduction Background of the Study Plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. The vast majority of these polymers are based on chains of carbon atoms alone or with oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen as well. A sachet is a small disposable bag or pouch, mad from plastic, tin foil, or mylar, often used to contain single-use quantities of foods or consumer goods such as shampoo. Used cartons are boxes usually made of paperboard and sometimes of corrugated fiberboard. Many types of cartons are used in packaging. This three materials are one of the causes in having pollution in our community. More trashes are produced including the three of this. To lessen the trashes in the community researchers figure out the three materials: used cartons, plastics and sachets can be an additive of the production of hollow blocks. Statement of the Problem: This study aims to test if used cartons, plastics, and sachets can be...

Words: 432 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Physical Change

...properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change of durability, changes to crystal form, textural change, shape, size, colour, volume and density. An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to form a knife blade. A steel blank is repeatedly heated and hammered which changes the hardness of the steel, its flexibility and its ability to maintain a sharp edge. Methods Heating and cooling Many elements and some compounds change from solids to liquids and from liquids to gases when heated and the reverse when cooled. Some substances such as iodine and carbon dioxide go directly from solid to gas in a process called sublimation. Magnetism Ferro-magnetic materials can become magnetic. The process is reversible and does not affect the chemical composition. Crystallisation Many elements and compounds form crystals. Some such as carbon can form several different forms including diamond, graphite, graphene and fullerenes includingbuckminsterfullerene. Crystals in metals have a major effect of the physical...

Words: 497 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Hardhabit

...Laboratory Activity 1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS          Compounds that consist of carbon atoms and their molecules are known as organic compounds. This is the reason why Organic Chemistry is basically defined as the study of compounds of carbon. The electronic structure of the carbon atom shows that it has four valence electrons or electrons that are capable of forming chemical bonds. An atom, to be stable, must have four pairs of valence electrons or a total of eight electrons at its outermost energy level. There are two ways by which atoms can complete this configuration in the outermost energy level:  1. An atom may share electrons with other atoms so that with the shared electrons it acquires a complete outermost shell. The chemical bond formed is called a covalent bond. 2. An atom may lose or gain enough electrons to acquire stability of configuration. In the process, one atom becomes positively charged and the other negatively charged. These charged atoms are called ions. Therefore the chemical bond formed is known as ionic bond, a very strong chemical bond.        Most organic compounds are covalent compounds. They are weaker or they easily yield to chemical reactions, e.g. combustion, and substitution. They have higher melting points compared with most inorganic compounds. They decompose and produce charcoal at moderate temperatures. Due to the nature of their chemical bonds, few ionize in water, therefore most organic compounds...

Words: 752 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Variety Resources on Earth

...Science Form 1 note GOOD LUCK Teacher zaidi@maher2010 CHAPTER 4 : THE 4.1 1. 2. 3. Air 1. 2. 3. 4. VARIETY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH THE DIFFERENT RESOURCES ON EARTH Human beings, animals and plants need food, water, air and shelter in order to survive. The Earth has the resources needed to sustain life. The resources are air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels and living things. Air is needed by all living things to survive. The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the Earth. Air is a mixture of gases. Air contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important gases that support life on Earth. a. Oxygen i. Used for respiration by living things ii. Used in combustion of materials iii. Used in industries iv. Released during photosynthesis. b. Carbon dioxide i. Used by green plants to carry out photosynthesis ii. Used in fire extinguishers iii. Released during respiration and combustion. Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earth. The sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, rainfall and ground water. Importance of water a. To animals/human i. It provides a medium for chemical process and body metabolism ii. It is the main component of the blood iii. It transports nutrient to all cell in the body iv. It caries excretory products to the kidneys for excretion. v. It helps to control the body temperature. b. To plants i. It helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells. ii. It is used...

Words: 1762 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Grignard Lab

...Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and Reaction of a Grignard Reaction 03/03/2014 Nucleophilic Carbon-Formation and reaction of a Grignard reagent Abstract: In this experiment, phenyl benzoate was made in order to react it with methyl benzoate in order to produce the compound triphenylmethanol via a grignard reaction. There was a 37.2% yield of triphenylmethanol, and the melting point obtained was 161-163°C. Introduction: Grignard reagents are usually formed when alkyl halides and magnesium react together. The carbon and magnesium have a very large difference in electronegativity. This allows the carbon to withdraw the electron density from magnesium through the process of induction.1 Grignard reagents are related to organolithium reagents which are useful and contain carbon atoms that are strongly nucleophilic. They react with a range of carbonyl compounds to make new carbon-carbon bonds. In this lab, phenyl magnesium bromide will be reacted with methyl benzoate to obtain triphenylmethanol which is a grignard reaction. Mechanism: Experiment: Place 0.5g of crushed magnesium turnings into 50 mL round bottom flask; add the stir bar, and 5mL of anhydrous ether. Construct an apparatus for slow addition of reagents and also so the reaction can go into reflux. Make up a solution of 2.4mL of bromobenzene in 5mL of anhydrous ether in a dry flask then add it to the separatory funnel. Add about 0.5mL of bromobenzene of the bromobenzene solution to the mixture of magnesium...

Words: 987 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Effect of Oil Spills

...Nowadays, the oil spills has become the most dangerous to the human and also wildlife. Oil spills is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment. It has causes many effect to the environment. The effect of oil spills are damaging wildlife biology, harmful to the human body and threaten commercial fisheries and aquaculture. First, the oil spills damage the wildlife biology. Oil can impair a bird ability to fly and preventing it from foraging or escaping from predators. Some birds exposed to petroleum also experience changes in their environmental balance. Some studies that was conducted by World Wildlife Fund (WWF) found that, less than one percent of oil-soaked birds survive even after cleaning although the survival rate can also exceed ninety percent. Thus, oil spills are very bad to the wildlife in the environment. Other than that, the oil spills also are very harmful to the human body. The composition of crude oil contains Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs), which are very harmful to human nervous system. As the oil directed skin contact, people may easily get the desease such as irritation and skin cancer. Therefore, peoples must prevent from doing the oil spills activities as it may harmful to the human body. Last but not least, the oils spills also will affect commercial fisheries and aquaculture. Oils spills causes serious damage to fishery through physical contamination, toxic affects on stock and discrupting business activities. As a result...

Words: 311 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Hepcidin Lab Report

...4.1 Chemicals The magnetic particles Dynabeads® MyOneTM Carboxylic Acid were from Invitrogen (Life Technologies, Van Alley, CA, USA). The hepcidin standard was obtained from Peptide Institute Inc (Osaka, Japan), N-ethyl-N’-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and 2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulfonic acid (MES) from Calbiochem® (Merck), and phosphate buffer saline (PBS) from Sigma Aldrich. The solvents used, such as formic acid and acetonitrile, were LC-MS grade and were purchased from Panreac (Castelar del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain). The ultra-high quality (UHQ) water was produced using a Millipore water purification system. 4.2 Instrumental - UHPLC-MS/MS analysis Chromatographic analyses of hepcidin levels in plasma were carried out with a UHPLC coupled to a 6460 QqQ-MS/MS (triple quadrupole mass spectrometer) (Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. The method was based on that previously published by Bansal et al., [16] with some modifications. The separation of hepcidin was performed on an Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (1.8 μm, 2.1x100 mm) (Waters). The mobile phases used were 0.1 % formic acid in deionized H2O (A) and 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile (B). The gradient started with 15 % B, reached 90 % B at 3 min, maintained 90 % B until 5 min, and changed to 15 % B at 5.01 min. The flow rate and injection volume were 0.2 mL min-1 and 3 µL, respectively. The temperature of the column was maintained...

Words: 1069 - Pages: 5