...of Nicholas Linacre, Alexandre Kossoy and Philippe Ambrosi, with important contributions from Manelle Aït Sahlia, Veronique Bishop, Benoît Bosquet, Christophe de Gouvello, Taisei Matsuki and Monali Ranade. 2 | State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2010 New Approach for the 2011 Report With the goal of providing a comprehensive discussion of the issues that most affected the carbon market in 2010, the authors of last year’s report have restructured State and Trends of the Carbon Market for 2011. The report still provides an overview of the size and reach of the carbon markets, as well as the evolution of the Kyoto flexibility mechanisms, and offers potential supply/demand scenarios for coming years. However, it no longer includes a detailed breakdown of carbon transactions, as in previous years. Instead, the report provides a more in-depth analytical discussion of the regulation and policy issues that will guide future carbon market development. The findings and opinions expressed in this report are the sole responsibility of the authors and should not be cited without permission. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, the countries they represent or of any of the participants in the carbon funds or facilities managed by the World Bank. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This report is not intended to form the basis of an investment decision. The boundaries, colors, denominations...
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...Carbon Trading Jason Sagginario, Perla Plange, Blaine Moran, Daniel Santiago DeVry University With the threat of global warming at our door steps one way that organizations felt they could offset the amount of pollution they produce is to invest into carbon emissions trading. This is done by buying and selling environmental services of greenhouse gases (GHG) from our earth’s atmosphere which is done by eco consulting firms around the world. This trade is done with carbon credits with one credit being equal to one ton of carbon. “This idea is to reduce the amount of carbon an industrial or commercial company processes lowering their overall emissions or carbon footprint.” (Souchik, 2012 This form of trading is a global process where individuals, industries, and countries all over the world share in the fair market trade of carbon. As nations and society progresses in technology and industrial advances we produce more carbon polluting gases that are negatively affecting the earth’s atmosphere. With carbon being the driving force in polluting gases and what to be said as the main cause for global warming, this is where companies felt they could make an impact in the world and also an impact in their pockets. “The main reason for climate change is the increase in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions cause by anthropogenic activities (IPCC, 2007).” (Smyth, 2013) Greenhouse gases are commonly known as carbon dioxide. This comes from the burning off of fuels. Then from...
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... oil and gas add to the amount of carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the oceans, soil, rock and vegetation. On human time scales, this transfer is irrevocable, once mined and burned, fossil carbon cannot be locked away safely underground again in the form of new deposits of coal, oil and gas, or in the form of carbonate rock, for millions of years. The transfer is also unsustainable: there is simply not enough “space” in above-ground biological and geological systems to park safely the huge mass of carbon coming out of the ground without carbon dioxide building up catastrophically in both the air and the oceans. At the most fundamental level, therefore, the climate solution revolves around initiating a new pathway away from fossil fuel dependence. Industrialized societies locked in to fossil fuels need to turn to structurally different, non-fossil energy, transport, agricultural and consumption regimes within a few decades to minimize future dangers and costs. Infrastructure, trade, even community structure will have to be reorganized, and state support shifted from fossil-fuelled development toward popular movements constructing or defending low-carbon means of livelihood and social life. When fossil fuels are burned, essentially all of the carbon in the fuel chemically combines with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide. About 1.5 percent of the carbon in fossil fuels is emitted in the form of carbon monoxide. Typical hydrocarbon fuels...
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...add to the amount of carbon cycling between the atmosphere and the oceans, soil, rock and vegetation. On human time scales, this transfer is irrevocable, once mined and burned, fossil carbon cannot be locked away safely underground again in the form of new deposits of coal, oil and gas, or in the form of carbonate rock, for millions of years. The transfer is also unsustainable: there is simply not enough “space” in above-ground biological and geological systems to park safely the huge mass of carbon coming out of the ground without carbon dioxide building up catastrophically in both the air and the oceans. At the most fundamental level, therefore, the climate solution revolves around initiating a new pathway away from fossil fuel dependence. Industrialized societies locked in to fossil fuels need to turn to structurally different, non-fossil energy, transport, agricultural and consumption regimes within a few decades to minimize future dangers and costs. Infrastructure, trade, even community structure will have to be reorganized, and state support shifted from fossil-fuelled development toward popular movements constructing or defending low-carbon means of livelihood and social life. When fossil fuels are burned, essentially all of the carbon in the fuel chemically combines with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide. About 1.5 percent of the carbon in fossil fuels is emitted in the form of carbon monoxide. Typical hydrocarbon...
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...Carbon Emissions Trading Market: Opportunities and Challenges in Creating A Market to Reach The Political Goal Authors: Class: Date: Module: Lecturer Institute Doreen K., Hari M., Lamberte I., MBAPT2011 26 March 2012 Managerial Economics The Hague University - Confidential This document is confidential. Neither the document nor any of the information contained in this document may be reproduced or disclosed to any parties without the written permission of the authors. Introduction Climate change is widely known to be the most important environmental problem for humankind on this Earth. As we know there is a limit with our atmosphere and the world’s economies are connected through trade and capital flows, and based on this situation, an international cooperation to control greenhouse gases is essential. Can each individual be relied upon to make decisions that influence the Earth’s carbon-dioxide concentration in the social interest? Must governments adjust the incentives we face so that our self-interested choices are also in the social interest? How can governments adjust the incentives? Parkin (2011) has argued that sometimes it is possible to reduce the inefficiency arising from an external cost by establishing a property right where one does not currently exist. Property rights are legally established titles to the ownership, use, and disposal of factors of production and goods and services that are enforceable in the courts. Since the Kyoto Protocol1 was signed...
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...greenhouse gas emissions. The bill contains the following seven titles: domestic clean energy development, global warming pollution reduction, consumer protection, job protection and growth, international climate change activities, community protection from global warming impacts, and budgetary effects. Domestic Energy Production In an effort to increase production of nuclear power, Title I of the bill roughly triples the size of the existing loan guarantee program to $54 billion, doubles the current regulatory risk insurance program to cover up to 12 reactors, includes a range of tax incentives, and streamlines aspects of the licensing process. To expand domestic supplies of oil, the bill provides for revenue sharing from drilling in areas of the outer continental shelf that were formerly subject to drilling moratoria with 37.5 percent of revenues directed to states and 12.5 percent for use under the Land and Water Conservation Fund. It allows a state to enact a law prohibiting drilling within 75 miles of its coastline and requires the Department of Interior to conduct impact studies of potential oil spills. Based on these studies, states that are found to be directly impacted by potential spills are allowed to take action to ban leasing from designated sites. To support continued use of coal, the bill provides financial incentives for carbon capture and storage (CCS). The bill creates a special funding program managed by the Department of Energy to support initial ...
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...their approach to a sustainable business for a lower carbon world. These are 1.) e_Terrain Technologies through efficient power systems, lightweight structures and reduced emissions, 2.) Sustainable Manufacturing by using fewer resources and creating less waste, 3.) CO2 Offsetting through renewable energy, technology change and energy efficiency projects, and 4.) Conservation & Humanitarian Partnerships by working partnerships for conservation and society’s gain. E Terrain Technologies: A joint $1,253m investment into new technologies designed to reduce CO2 emissions and improve fuel consumption. Land Rover is targeting a 25% reduction in joint fleet average tailpipe CO2emissions within the next five years. Beginning with an intelligent Stop/Start system on LR2 TD4 manual in 2009, followed by Intelligent Power Management Systems (IPMS) with Smart regenerative braking on all LR4 & Range Rover vehicles, to the announcement of our new small Range Rover, e_TERRAIN TECHNOLOGIES form a fundamental part of our carbon management plan. Sustainable Manufacturing: World class manufacturing facilities, certified to ISO14001 since 1998. As a company we are targeting a 25% reduction in operating CO2emissions by 2012, 25% in waste to landfill and 10% in water consumption. Going forward we are measuring our total operating carbon footprint and setting targets to reduce it; since 2006 this integrated approach has included the carbon offset of all manufacturing assembly CO2emissions from our...
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...A PAPER ON CARBON CREDITS Submitted By : Harshad Vijay Kulkarni BE – Part II Dept. of Environmental Engineering Alok Deepak Kulkarni BE – Part II Dept. of Civil Engineering KIT’s College of Engineering, Kolhapur. Abstract The Greenhouse Gases which include Carbon-di-oxide, Methane and also other oxides on account of incomplete combustion, substantially disturb the balance of the heat in the earth’s atmosphere leading to warming of the atmospheric temperature which is called as Global Warming and considered a major threat to life on earth. In today’s world situation, it is very much necessary to find out the solution for the global impact of pollution for the survival of life. The rules & regulations which are meant for the control of pollution are seen to be somewhat ineffective. One of the reason behind the failure of such systems is that there is no attractive proposals in front of industries. The solution requires obviously the attraction in terms of economy. With this, the Kyoto Protocol, 1997, supported by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) gave a wonder full solution which may prove to be the golden midway between the reduction in pollution & the economy. The honest effort is done by the authors to put light on this topic of Carbon Credits from the root of this issue to its today’s picture! Introduction Carbon is an element stored in fossil fuels such as coal and oil. When these fuels are burned, carbon dioxide is released and...
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...Consultation Paper No 3/2011 TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA Consultation Paper On Green Telecommunications 3rd February, 2011 Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg New Delhi-110002 Preface Operation of telecommunications networks requires electrical power. The expense on energy accounts for a significant share of the operational cost of these networks. This is particularly so in the rural areas where availability of power is uncertain. The use of diesel generators to ensure continuous power supply has the disadvantage of increasing the greenhouse gas emission and consequent enlargement of the carbon footprint which has a deleterious impact on the environment. While contribution of the telecommunications sector to the global carbon footprint is low compared to other sectors like transportation and construction, it nevertheless contributes a noteworthy share and increasingly so with growing reach of the telecommunications network. Efforts are afoot, all over the world, to find measures to deal with this issue. As the second largest and fastest growing market in the world, there is need for India to be conscious of the concerns in this regard. Besides, as a country heavily dependent on import of petroleum products while being abundant in renewable energy sources there is scope for innovative measures towards making telecommunications green. It is in this regard that TRAI believes that this is an opportune time to discuss the related issues...
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...assimilate our wastes. The ecological footprint is expressed in "global hectares" (gha) or "global acres" (ga), which are standardized units that take into account the differences in biological productivity of various ecosystems impacted by our consumption activities. Our footprint is broken down into four consumption categories: carbon (home energy use and transportation), food, housing, and goods and services. Our footprint is also broken down into four ecosystem types or biomes: cropland, pastureland, forestland, and marine fisheries. My life style currently is: a family of three living in a family house of around 200 square meter, own a car, healthy food diet, and once per year family trip. C. Explain quantitatively the relative impact of each of the input items on the footprint. Figure 2 Composition of my Ecological Footprint and it’s comparison with the country’s average (note that the country used here was China) Answer: Refer to Figure 2, we can see that a very large part of my Ecological Footprint is from the Carbon Footprint session, 15.40/30.40 – responsible for more than 50% of my Ecological Footprint indeed. This large amount of Carbon Footprint is due to my significant amount of travel by flight per year – up to 20000 miles per year. Food Footprint and Housing...
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...Emissions Trading and Carbon Credit Accounting for Sustainable Energy Development With Focus on India A. N. Sarkar Senior Professor (International Business), Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, New Delhi, India Abstract Global climate change is inextricably linked with the enhanced build-up of greenhouse gases. Emissions- trading in the form of carbon credits or CERs is opening up a new vista of trade opportunities with prospect for gradual reduction of emissions particularly by the developed nations under Annexure-I categories. Various national and international programmes undertaken by the government and voluntarily by the non-government agencies have positively impacted on progressive reduction of emissions in many parts of the world. The paper highlights the emerging issues linked to the modalities of emission-trading, together with scope for developing sound accounting procedures for trading carbon credits. Paper discusses the opportunities for developing a sound marketing system of carbon credits with built-in efficiency in transactions, accountability and transparency in reporting systems with focus on India. Paper also GMJ,VOL 4,ISSUE 1 & 2, JANUARY - DECEMBER 2010 underlines the need to comply with the Global Accounting Standards, Tax Planning, access to Multi-commodity Exchange Market, certification, verification and enforcement procedures for proper execution of emission-trading initiatives aimed at achieving carbon neutrality. The aspects of Carbon management with...
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...as low as possible. All spare parts and equipment are ordered either directly from the production facility or from the central warehouse. The central warehousing of parts and equipment allows Company X to keep stock levels low and reduce working capital, thus reducing interest costs. This does, however create a need to ship these parts all over the world, often by airfreight, resulting in transport causing greater emissions than if the companies were allowed to source parts locally or keep more parts on hand and rely on ocean freight. The current distribution method, although beneficial to Company X in terms of working capital reduction and ease of manufacturing scheduling, results in high greenhouse gas emissions. Company X should review and revise some of its inventory and production policies to greatly decrease the size of Company X’s carbon footprint and save the company on transportation costs. Greenhouse gas emissions are polluting the air. It is the responsibility or every corporation to do what they can to minimize these emissions. Companies also...
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...Con Block AT-Climate Change hurts the economy Sub Point A: Climate change is not caused by human activities. Created: May 31, 2011, 2:43 PM Last Updated: September 01, 2015, 4:16 PM Written by Joseph Bast and James M. Taylor https://www.heartland.org/ideas/global-warming-not-crisis Heartland Institute, which has been studying global warming since 1994. There is plenty of evidence that there is no scientific consensus that climate change is man-made and dangerous (Bast and Spencer, 2014). The multi-volume Climate Change Reconsidered series cites thousands of articles appearing in peer-reviewed journals that challenge the basic underlying assumptions of AGW (Climate Change Reconsidered 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014). More than 30,000 scientists have signed a petition saying there is no threat that man-made global warming will pose a threat to humanity or nature (Petition Project). Alarmists often cite an essay by Naomi Oreskes claiming to show that virtually all articles about global warming in peer-reviewed journals support the so-called consensus. But a no-less-rigorous study by Benny Peiser that attempted to replicate her results searched the abstracts of 1,117 scientific journal articles on “global climate change” and found only 13 (1 percent) explicitly endorse the “consensus view” while 34 reject or cast doubt on the view that human activity has been the main driver of warming over the past 50 years. A more recent search by Klaus-Martin Schulte of 928 scientific...
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...Question 4 The European Union proclaimed that during time of 1990 and 2006, the carbon emissions from international aviation were increased by 100% although the total greenhouse gases emissions was fallen by merely 3% in the European Union. Provided by the European Commission the average carbon emissions between 2004 and 2006 were about 218 million tones, without any adequate regulations, it would expected to be 400 million after ten years which is 2020. It indicated that the aviation industry has contributing to the global climate change which is going to increase hereafter. It is acknowledged that reducing climate change is a moral support of protecting our living atmosphere. Currently, the airlines in European Union are belt-tightening in order to reduce emissions, however, the outcome is not satisfactory at present, for instance, there is problem on the emission trading scheme. Thus, creating more environmental regulations for airlines in the European Union is necessary as to tackle the emission problem more effectively. Data from the Guardian UK shows that the plane industry occupied the second place in the National Carbon Calculators which takes 4,375 per person per year in average. Despite there are environmental policies regulating the carbon emissions by the airbus within the European Union, such as setting levels of carbon emissions for airlines, it is not well-performed. Under the regulations, those airlines could reduce their emissions could sell their surplus...
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...Briana Alston MGT 3550-03 Values Ethics and Sustainability April 19, 2016 Abstract This paper was created to reflect how the chapters in molecule 2 helps us understand how important big corporations are to their employees, the environment, and also to people in need. In this essay I will give a brief run down on a number terms we familiarized in class, and analysis on cases in chapter 1,3, and 10. In addition, I will present my own managerial implications to clarify how I would run a company if I were ever to become a CSR manager. To commence this abstract I would like to ask, which is more of great import to a business, helping the public or profit? Part I- Terms In Chapter 1 T. Savoie (2016), explained to the class the meaning of the term Stakeholder from his reaction paper. According to the book the term stakeholder refers to the persons and groups that affect, or are affected by, an organization’s decisions, policies. and operations. According to business dictionary.com, some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources. Another term in chapter 1 we went over was Focal Organization, which was described by Savoie (2016). In the book this is described by the organization from whose perspective the analysis is conducted. Savoie’s example of this was “in retail you would want to know the...
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