...Kohlberg (the late Harvard psychologist) used experiments and trial tests to come to the conclusion that people usually mature in ‘stages’ (Feminist Ethics of Care [FEC] pg85). The stages 3-6 can be explained in brief terms such as: Stage 3: you’ve outgrown the thought process of where you believe being good means helping and making others happy. Stage 4: you’ve come to the supposition that morality consists of a set of rules for maintaining the social order. Stage 5: believing in the concept “the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Stage 6: to think of morality in terms of self-chosen universal principals of justice. This is the highest level of maturity (FEC pg85). Kohlberg maid this claim, another very popular one was by Carol Gilligan, another Harvard psychologist who made the statement that girls had a “different voice” when it came to conducting her own tests on the same type of studies. She found her female subjects of her case study to think about relationships and connection. They weren’t focused entirely on abstract reasoning but were more circumstantial and concrete. With her study of an eleven year old boy, he said for human life to be worth more than the money that the drug was costing the German man for his very ill wife. He made the reasoning that it was okay to steal the drug, because the money wasn’t as important as his love’s life. The young girl of the same age that she tested on was the complete difference of the above subject. She made the point...
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...What are the advantages of ethical egoism? Advantages of ethical egoism: * It is easier for egoists to know what is in their own self-interest than it is for other moralist, who are concerned about more than self-interest, to know what is on the best interest of others. It is easier for egoists to know what is in their own self-interest than it is for other moralist * It encourages individual freedom and responsibility and fits in best, according to egoists, without capitalist economy. Ethical Egoism encourages individual freedom and responsibility. * It can work successfully as long as people are operating in limited spheres, isolated from each other, thereby minimizing conflicts. Limitation of this advantage of ethical egoism: * It offers no consistent method of resolving conflict if self-interests. Its not help resolving self-interest. * We do not live in isolated, self-sufficient communities, but rather in increasingly crowded communities where social, economic, and moral interdependence are facts of life and where self-interests conflict and somehow must be compromised. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarian maintains that everyone should perform that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good or happiness for everyone concerned. Act utilitarianism Act utilitarianism states that everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest good over bad for everyone affected by the...
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...Critical Analysis #2 – Article Critique Brent Melnyk Ethical Fundamentals – JRSB311 Wes Sallenback February 5, 2013 Sarah O’Donnell, on May 11, 2009, wrote an article for the Edmonton Journal entitled, 'No-zero' policy gives students a do-over; Deadlines in the adult world often just as flexible. She describes the Edmonton Public Schools policy of “No-Zero” and allows for both sides of a touchy subject to be heard. On June 1, 2012, Edgar Schmidt, the superintendent for Edmonton Public Schools, penned an open letter to the citizens of Alberta. He wrote “In order for students to be successful in school and in life, they need the knowledge, skills and attitudes to make a smooth transition into the world of work and post secondary education. By taking an all or nothing approach to a missed assignment, we are not doing our job as educators to prepare all students, including those who face significant challenges, to take the next step in their educational journey as a lifelong learner.” (Schmidt, 2012, Para 6.) Schmidt (2012) also said, “The reason we assign a certain grade is to give a student feedback on what they have learned. If a student writes a test and gets all the answers wrong, they are assigned a zero on that test. This tells the teacher the student does not know the material and needs extra support. The mark is then put in the context of all their other learning that takes place during the year. If, by the end of the year, the student...
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...Feminist Family Theory Feminist family theory has its roots in the feminist movement. Feminism can be defined as the search for rights, opportunities, and identities women believe they deserve (Thomas 2000). Feminism in the United States might be said to have begun with the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony fought for the right to vote, a battle that was not won until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. Often we see that several extreme philosophies are presented, and after a time, a middle ground is reached that incorporates elements of each philosophy but is not as extreme as any individual one. This is also the case with feminism. By the 1980s, the distinctions among the feminist branches melted away. Feminists focused on issues related to women’s second-class status in society and in families, reproductive rights, discrimination faced in the workplace, and how a gendered society affects the socialization of women. In the 1960s, one of the dominant theories of the family was structural functionalism. Structural functionalists proposed that roles in families should be divided in a “natural” way, generally based on sex. They proposed that families functioned best when men did the instrumental tasks of earning money and providing for basic needs, and women did expressive tasks of caretaking for family members. In 1972, sociologist Jessie Bernard wrote The Future of Marriage, in which she contradicted...
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...revolution in Europe. 5. What is Symbolic Interaction? Communication through words and gestures. 6. Who are the founders of Symbolic Interaction? European Founder: Georg Simmel (German Sociologist) American Founder: George H. Mead (Amer. Sociologist) Others – Jane Addams (Amer. Sociologist): Established Hull House W.E.B. Du Bois (Amer. Sociologist): Founded the 2nd Department of Sociology at Atlanta University Harriet Martineau (Brit. Social Observer): Chronicled the lives of women and slave in pre-Civil War America 7. Where was the first Department of Sociology in America founded? University of Chicago. Founded by Albion Small (Amer. Sociologist) 8. What is Functional Analysis? How the puzzle pieces fit together. 9. Who are the founders of Functional Analysis? European Founder: Emile Durkheim (French Sociologist). Coined the term anomie. American Founder: Talcott Parsons (Amer. Sociologist) Others – Robert King Merton (Amer. Sociologist): Wrote about Manifest & Latent Functions. Herbert Spencer: “Survival of the fittest.” Theory of General Evolution. 10. What is Conflict Theory? Haves vs. haves not. 11. Who are the founders of the Conflict Theory? European Founder: Karl Marx (German philosopher). Discussed the Proletariat (working class) & the Bourgeoisie (capitalist class) Others – Max Weber (German Social Scientist): Looked at people in terms of wealth, power, and prestige. Wealth: The sum total of all one’s assets ...
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...Ethical Role of the Manager In a broad construction of the ethical role of the manager, managing and leading can be said to be inherently ethics-laden tasks because every managerial decision affects either people or the natural environment in some way—and those effects or impacts need to be taken into consideration as decisions are made. A narrower construction of the ethical role of the manager is that managers should serve only the interests of the shareholder; that is, their sole ethical task is to meet the fiduciary obligation to maximize shareholder wealth that is embedded in the law, predominantly that of the United States, although this point of view is increasingly accepted in other parts of the world. Even in this narrow view, however, although not always recognized explicitly, ethics are at the core of management practice. The ethical role of managers is broadened beyond fiduciary responsibility when consideration is given to the multiple stakeholders who constitute the organization being managed and to nature, on which human civilization depends for its survival. Business decisions affect both stakeholders and nature; therefore, a logical conclusion is that those decisions have ethical content inherently and that managerial decisions, behaviors, and actions are therefore inherently ethical in nature. Whenever there are impacts due to a decision, behavior, or action that a leader or manager makes, there are ethical aspects to that decision or situation. While some skeptics...
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...Case Analysis: Aileen Wuornos Tiffin University Samantha M. Rippey Do you believe a person’s genetics or environment most influence their psychological development (behavior, habits, sexuality, personality, etc.)? This is the nature versus nurture psychological debate. The nature argument believes that a person’s genetics determine their development. An example of this would be someone extremely successful in school crediting their academic success to a family of intelligent people (genetic predisposition). The nurture argument believes that people are products of their environment. If a child grows up surrounded by criminals and continuously observes their behaviors, it may not be a surprise when they enter a life of crime. It would be safe to say that they were a product of their environment. Background Information Aileen Wuornos was an American serial killer who killed seven men in the state of Florida from 1989-1990. Aileen Carol Pittman was born in Rochester, Michigan on February 29, 1956. Her biological father was Lee Dale Pittman, who was a psychopathic child molester. Lee Pittman committed suicide by hanging himself in a prison cell in 1969. Unfortunately, Aileen never really got to know her father. Aileen had an older brother named Keith who was born in 1955. Aileen and Keith were abandoned by their parents in 1960 and adopted by their maternal grandparents, Lauri and Britta Wuornos. Aileen and Keith did...
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...Gregory B. Sadler President and Founder, ReasonIO Ethics in Business Education Project Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 Goals and Scope of this Workshop Ethics can be complicated – in reality it often is Important to be clear and pragmatic about workshop Limited goal here: designed to help Business faculty with one specific skill/knowledge area Presumes only most basic knowledge about Ethics The Key Question: What Do You Need to Know To Assess Students’ Knowledge and Application of Ethical Theories? EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 What Do You Need to Know To Assess Students’ Knowledge and Application? You need basic understanding of each ethical theory You need to know what to look for in student responses You don’t need to be in agreement with any of these ethical theories You don’t need to know whether these theories are ultimately correct or not You don’t need to be concerned with other “big picture” issues, e.g. the origin of ethics EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 What We Are Going To Cover Five Ethical (families of) Theories Each articulates a particular perspective on good and bad, right and wrong Basic Principles / Key Terminology Important Variations in that family What to look for in student responses Knowledge of theory Application of theory EB EP Copyright Gregory B. Sadler, 2011 Five Theories Egoism the self and its needs Utilitarianism ...
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...style (Martin Seligman) Optimistic Unstable, specific, external Pessimistic Stable, global, internal Bandura Personality influenced by observational learning, outside influences (Bobo doll study) Self-efficacy (belief in ability to do things that lead to positive outcomes) Humanism Maslow—self-actualization Hierarchy of needs * Safety—security—love—selfesteem—self-actualization Carl Rogers—person-centered Genuineness Unconditional positive regard Empathy Trait theory Greeks—4 humors (choleric, sanguine, melancholic, phlegmatic) Allport (student of Freud) Eysenck—unstable/stable; introverted/extroverted Costa & McCrae (Big 5) OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) Assessment MMPI (used factor analysis, empirically derived) Cattell’s 16PF Person-situation controversy Walter...
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...Bryant-45099 Part I.qxd 10/18/2006 7:42 PM Page 36 5 FEMINIST METHODOLOGIES AND EPISTEMOLOGY ANDREA DOUCET Carleton University, Canada NATASHA S. MAUTHNER University of Aberdeen, Scotland O ver the past 10 years of teaching courses on research methods and feminist approaches to methodologies and epistemologies, a recurring question from our students concerns the distinctiveness of feminist approaches to methods, methodologies, and epistemologies. This key question is posed in different ways: Is there a specifically feminist method? Are there feminist methodologies and epistemologies, or simply feminist approaches to these? Given diversity and debates in feminist theory, how can there be a consensus on what constitutes “feminist” methodologies and epistemologies? Answers to these questions are far from straightforward given the continually evolving nature of feminist reflections on the methodological and epistemological dimensions and dilemmas of research. This chapter on feminist methodologies and epistemologies attempts to address these questions by tracing historical developments in this area, by considering what may be unique about feminist epistemologies and feminist methodologies, by reviewing some of sociology’s key contributions to this area of scholarship and by highlighting some key emergent trends. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the theoretical and historical development of feminist epistemologies, followed by a similar overview...
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...CHALLENGE THE MEDIA Table of Contents: Introduction Testimonials Websites Activity Article: Media and Girls Books and Reports Take Action 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 End the Sexualization of Girls and Young Women in Mainstream Media Children are exposed to a barrage of sexual and violent images through mainstream and other media. As children gain more access to media through technology such as phones and computers, the time per day that children are exposed to images is increasing. The average high school student spends as much as 8-10 hours a day with some type of media, according to recent findings from the Geena Davis Institute. Studies estimate that counting all ads, logos, labels, and announcements a child is exposed to 16,000 images in one day. (Youth Media Reporter 2009). Media and Violence Against Women Often, media such as TV, commercials, movies, music lyrics, and even Halloween costumes, sexually exploits girls and young women; and it perpetuates unhealthy and unrealistic stereotypical portrayals of both young men and women. Sexually violent material can contribute to a social climate in which violence against women is more accepted. According to several studies by the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2007), men and women exposed to sexually objectifying and violent images of women from mainstream media were more accepting of rape myths, sexual harassment, sex role stereotypes, and interpersonal violence. Such structures of violence allow violence against...
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...St Bartholomew the Great Marketing Plan 1. Rationale Since its founding in 1123, St Bartholomew the Great (SBG) has been a place of worship; providing spiritual guidance, solace and charity to the faithful and those in need. Today, the organisation has 2 primary functions: The teachings of Christianity and the preservation and restoration of the ancient fabric of the Church for the benefit of both the religious and secular. As a not-for-profit (NFP) organisation, income generation is about creating surplus which is directed back into the organisation rather than creating profit for shareholders. All income therefore is directed towards the charitable objectives (as set out on the Charity Commission website) and therefore the Church's activities, no matter how broad, lead back to the two primary functions. It is imperative that these are kept in mind as these are the foundation stones of the culture of the organisation. With the high overheads incurred by such an ancient building, it is important that the organisation can rely on its own enterprise to generate income. Traditionally it might have been able to survive by donations and legacies from wealthy, pious benefactors. However, in an ever-secularised society where recession has seen all charitable organisation battling for funds, this is increasingly unrealistic and the Church must find ways of becoming as financially independent as possible. SBG must expand its activities to attract a wider market segment and...
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...Chapter Four Creating my embodied knowing In being a leader Chapter Four connects my learning from experience, the creation of my embodied knowing as a leader, my integration of ideas from the literature on leadership and my support for individuals to develop their capacities as I discover and manage resources to support visions of an improved educational system. I conclude by emphasizing the importance of my knowledge-creation in my professional practice as a Superintendent of Schools and by asking and answering the question: Why is there no simple or even complex answer to “what is educational leadership?” In the rhythm of the work, my efforts are often full of risk, sometimes disastrous, at which point I fall back, renew my energy and with my recognized tenacity, try another route. I will reveal as well how I carry that spirit, that life-affirming energy (Bataille, 1962; Whitehead, 1999) embodied in my whole being with a passion and internal power to effect good. Feminist Barbara Du Bois (1983) writes of "passionate scholarship" as being "science-making, which is rooted in, animated by and expressive of our values" (p. 113) (Belenky, et. al., 1986, p. 141). One of the reasons I can accomplish as much as I do is that the work and the relationships appear to be many and complex but because they are inter-related and connected they provide a synergy that produces results in numbers of seemingly different and unrelated focus areas. I find that as I am supporting...
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...lOMoARcPSD Summary - lecture notes Education: The Psychological Context (Macquarie University) EXAM: Part A: Kohlberg Piaget Humanism David Geary Part B: Humanism, Behaviourism, Constructivism Vygotsky Personal Perspectives & Intelligence Piaget & Problem solving Special needs students Gender o Male vs Female o Cognition & Behavioural differences Direct instruction & Discovery Learning Teaching Students with Additional Learning Needs Special Children Have special needs and require assistance at some stage in our schooling The notion of ‘fairness’ is not giving our students the same, but rather giving them what they need to learn and succeed. A look at the importance of resilience o Resilience is the ability to rebound, develop and thrive in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, hardship or even significant sources of stress. o How does resilience develop? Who are we talking about when we discuss children with special needs? o Those students with learning needs that are so diverse they need individual consideration and support. o A continuum of support in the classroom. Definition of Disability Social Model o socially created problem o not an attribute of an individual, but rather a complex collection of conditions o management of the problem requires social attention o collective responsibility of society at large o human rights issue of major concern o in the educational setting we ask...
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...Six Myths About Female Sexuality and Why They're Myths Never underestimate the female libido Published on July 3, 2012 by Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Ph.D. in Fulfillment at Any Age 0 inShare The year 2012 may be remembered less for apocalyptic endings (we hope) than for the apparent explosion of women’ssexuality in pop media. Magic Mike is becoming the runaway hit movie of the summer, and the book Fifty Shades of Grey is shaping up to rival Harry Potter at the top of all-time best seller lists. Social critics proclaim their surprise at this burst of female libido into popular consciousness. Despite what you may be led to believe, though, the truth is that women and men just aren’t that different when it comes to basic sex drives. Women are flocking to Magic Mike as do bachelorettes to a Chippendale party. However, this isn't the first movie to appeal to women's lustier tastes. Though the story line may be lighter than its 1997 predecessor, The Full Monty, both movies share a fascination with the male body in motion. The Full Monty did exceptionally well in the box office itself, becoming the top grossing film in the UK until the release of Titanic later in the year. Novels with female protagonists demanding that their sexual needs be fulfilled are not new either. We only have to think back to 1928’s Lady Chatterly’s Lover, written by D.H. Lawrence (and banned in its entirety until 1960), to realize that female sexuality has been the driving force behind the success of plenty...
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