...ON PROPERTY AND VIOLENT CRIMES IN MALAYSIA Chor Foon Tang♣ University of Malaya ABSTRACT The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of macroeconomic evils – unemployment and inflation on different categories of crime rates – property and violent crimes in Malaysia via the multivariate Johansen-Juselius and Granger causality techniques. This study used annual data from 1970 to 2006. Johansen-Juselius cointegration tests revealed that property and violent crimes are cointegrated with unemployment and inflation. Furthermore, the empirical evidence exhibit that unemployment and inflation are the driving factors for crimes in Malaysia. Therefore, supply-side economy may be an ideal choice of policy to reduce crime rates in Malaysia. Keywords: Crime, Inflation, Unemployment, Malaysia 1. INTRODUCTION Recent deliberation on whether “Malaysia is a safe haven for travel and investment?” was frequently asked by the international tourists and foreign investors owing to the increasing trend of crime rates in Malaysia. From the visual inspection in Figure 1, both property and violent crime rates in Malaysia has increased quite significantly between 1970 and 2006. Over a decade from 1970 to 1980, both property and violent crime rates in Malaysia increased more than two folds. The property crime rate increased drastically from 25 thousand cases in 1970 to 66 thousand cases in 1980. In the similar vein, violent crime rates increased from approximately...
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...Unemployment and crime: New evidence for an old question Kerry L. Papps Victoria University of Wellington Rainer Winkelmann* IZA and Centre for Economic Policy Research, London December 1999 This paper uses panel data techniques to examine the relationship between unemployment and a range of categories of crime in New Zealand. The data cover sixteen regions over the period 1984 to 1996. Random and fixed effects models are estimated to investigate the possibility of a causal relationship between unemployment and crime. Hypothesis tests show that two-way fixed effects models should be used. The main result of the paper is that there is some evidence of significant effects of unemployment on crime, both for total crime and for some subcategories of crime. We are grateful to Rachel Bambery, New Zealand Police National Headquarters, for her assistance in obtaining crime and population statistics. The staff of the University of Canterbury Library also gave invaluable help in unraveling the complexities of New Zealand unemployment and income data. The paper has benefited from useful comments by two anonymous referees, Simon Kemp, Jacques Poot and participants of the CEPR conference on “Metropolitan Economic Performance”, Lisbon, October 1998. *Corresponding author: IZA, P.O. Box 7240, 53072 Bonn, Germany; winkelmann@iza.org. “I know only of three ways of living in society: one must be a beggar, a thief, or a wage earner.” HONORÉ de MIRABEAU (1749-1791) 1. Introduction ...
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...Property Crimes Case Study # 49 Applied Managerial Statistics: GM533 Virginia Davis, Lauren Holder, Stanley Philip and Andrea Watson Executive Summary The Property Crimes study examined data provided by various U.S. government agencies on crime rates in the fifty U.S. states. Other data studied were eight possible contributing factors such as per capita income, high school dropout rate, average precipitation, population density, and urbanization. Analysis revealed, of the eight possible contributing factors, three of those variables (urbanization rate, high school dropout rate and population density) affected property crime rates. Of the given data, the model accounted for approximately 66% of the contributing factors associated with property crimes. Statistically, the data is generally considered to be strong, however, to account for the remaining 34% of factors contributing to property crime rates in the U.S., further data and evaluation of other possible factors would be necessary. Introduction Property crime, as defined by the U.S. Department of Justice (2011), is the taking of money or property without force or threat to victims and is inclusive of the following offenses: burglary; automotive theft, larceny and arson. An exception to the rule is arson, although it does not involve the taking of property, it does use force against victims. Additionally, crime is defined as an act of violence that is carried out by one or more individuals and can be toward another...
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...to be more worried by crime, the research evidence suggests crime rates are not increasing. How can we explain this apparent contradiction? In a democratic society such as Australia, crime trends largely influence parliaments and ministries in crime policy management. If the media are found to be reporting an upward trend in crime figures, enough to unease the public, policy makers are put under pressure to increase punishment and change rules relating to procedures of criminal prosecution. Judicial decisions are intended to reflect public opinion; therefore a judge would then feel obliged to hand down harsher sentences (Pfeiffer, Windzio & Kleinmann, 2005). This, in turn, confirms it is imperative to address the substantial difference between the public’s perception of crime rates, and accurate crime statistics. As previous Australian and international research has indicated, a large majority of the public perceives crime rates to be increasing; they also have inaccurate views on the severity of sentencing. “The Australian Public overestimates the proportion of crime that involves violence and underestimates the proportion of charged persons who go on to be convicted and imprisoned” (Roberts & Indermaur, 2009). To help explain this contradiction in Australia, crime statistics have been analyzed and factors that could influence these inaccurate perceptions have been discovered. Two significant factors that influence the perception that crime rates are increasing, is the...
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...merica which has over 320 million people, it is important to note that homicide crimes that are gun related caused by Americans who legally own a gun involved in the crime is relatively very low and arguably nonexistent , most of these crimes are perpetuated by individuals that purchased firearms illegally. Instead of penalizing law-abiding gun owners, who use their firearms to save thousands of people every year, lawmakers should work to reduce crimes and gun related homicides by creating harsher penalties for homicides and gun related violence. CASE STUDY 3 THE PHENOMENOM OF HOMICIDES IN BIG CITIES The increase in homicides in the United States of America big cities is alarming and quite unprecedented. According to the Police and other law enforcement it is concentrated more in a few cities with large African-American populations. According to different sources , homicides in the United States increased by 16.8 percent in 2014 , based on these 10 cities accounted for two-thirds of this increase, and together they experienced a 33.3% jump in homicide. The three most important, plausible explanations of the homicide rise in the...
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...system. The U.S uses the death penalty for prosecuting certain crimes. The debate over the death penalty has progressed for many centuries. However, in the past years, the debate has increased in the United States. In the recent past, opponents have held that the death sentence is ineffective, racist, barbaric, as well as against the American values. Conversely, the majority of people view the death punishment as a vital tool in fighting violent pre-meditated murder. Both sides have appealing arguments. Regardless, the support of the society for capital punishment is wanting. The death penalty is cruel and immoral. The society punishes murderers by killing...
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...including social welfare plans, availability and ease of access to health services, formal education and job opportunities. Debates on how to handle this issue on political platforms is an enough illustration of the problems political leaders undergo in looking for a lasting solution challenged by increased pressure from court orders and rigorous financial crisis. It is therefore evident that it is much easier to have overcrowded prisons than it is to develop and implement effective and efficient ways to manage overcrowding in prisons. Overcrowding in prisons is a broad problem that is centered on issues of policies and crime research. These issues involve criminal sentencing, the role of correctional facilities and sentences, accommodation of prisoners with access to health care and rehabilitation services and causes of crimes. Moreover, issues of which crime attracts what sentence, prison budgets, economic hardships and criminal policies in determining the kinds of punishment are all attached to overcrowding in prisons. Overcrowding in Prisons is a challenging issue due to its complexity in determining how all these issues affect it. Lack of clarity on how various issues interact and under what conditions...
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...community by keeping crime rates down and creating community solidarity. It is necessary for attorneys to provide free (or low cost) legal services for the poor. Many people cannot afford to pay for legal services, especially in non-criminal cases. Currently, the state provides free legal services for criminal cases but not civil. Groups like the ACLU sometimes provide free legal services for civil law cases. Yet the ACLU cannot help every person. The ACLU specalizes in civil rights cases and it is inclined to represent groups rather than individuls. Other groups like Legal...
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...The Use of the Death Penalty A Paper Presented by the National Policy Committee to The American Society of Criminology National Policy Committee James Austin, Chair Kitty Calavita Roland Chilton Jeffrey Fagan Calvin C. Johnson Delores Jones-Brown Mark Moore Ira Schwartz Linda Teplin Franklin Zimring November 2001 The findings and opinions contained herein are those of the National Policy Committee and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the American Society of Criminology. Ronald Weitzer, Professor of Sociology, Dana Coleman, Research Assistant, and Sarah Benatar, Graduate Research Assistant at the Institute on Crime, Justice, and Corrections at George Washington University provided substantial assistance in the preparation of this document. Introduction Capital punishment is among the most hotly debated issues in American politics. Passions run high for both those who want the death penalty abolished and those who seek to preserve or expand its use. What follows is a summary of key issues in the death penalty debate, research findings on the application of capital punishment, and a discussion of policy considerations. The American Society of Criminology (ASC) is greatly concerned with the death penalty and its application in the United States. This year, ASC President Ronald Huff and the ASC Executive Board authorized the ASC’s National Policy Committee (NPC) to develop a policy paper that would focus on...
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...penalty and 15 states that do not have it. When the word death penalty is used, it stirs up a lot of debates from both the people that agree versus the ones that do not. One side may say it acts as deterrence from others to not commit crimes, while the other side may say, but it may take the life of an innocent man. Federal, state, and local officials need to recognize that the death penalty saves lives. How capital punishment affects murder rates can be explained through general deterrence theory, which supposes that increasing the risk of apprehension and punishment for crime deters individuals from committing crime. Nobel laureate Gary S. Becker's seminal 1968 study of the economics of crime assumed that individuals respond to the costs and benefits of committing crime. According to deterrence theory, criminals are no different from law-abiding people. Criminals "rationally maximize their own self-interest (utility) subject to constraints (prices, incomes) that they face in the marketplace and elsewhere."[11] Individuals make their decisions based on the net costs and benefits of each alternative. Thus, deterrence theory provides a basis for analyzing how capital punishment should influence murder rates. Over the years, several studies have demonstrated a...
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...are many research studies that are done covering a variety of issues across the country, knowing how to dissect a research article is a great way to learn new information while honing your own research skills. In this paper, we're going to look a research study from a professional journal that has been peer-reviewed, along with answering various questions about the data collected, results of the study and design of the study. The study we're using is: Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Poverty and Crimes in Albany/Dougherty, Georgia by Nwaokoro, Amaechi N., Marshall, Clifford, Mittal, Shiwam, Journal of Business & Economics Research, 2013. Purpose of the Study For many communities it's easy to say the worse parts of town breed crime. Poor people are the ones who break the laws, they're the ones that need to be kept away from the higher class citizens. Is this really true? In some communities, it just may be. The purpose of this study was to determine if in fact poverty causes crime. Does a person's financial state and area of housing cause push that person into a life of crime? Another purpose of the study is to show if the area in question, Albany/Dougherty Georgia, had over time seen their crime rates rise as the population rose. Design of the study The design of the study is the Case Study Design, where a number of different factors are studied in the process of determining if poverty affected crime rates. One of the studies focused on explaining...
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...Analyzing Property Crimes in the United States GM 533 Applied Managerial Statistics April 15, 2010 To: Mr. Livingston Date: April 15, 2010 Subject: Analysis of Property Crimes Per your request, we have analyzed the content of Case #49: Property Crimes. There are many preconceived ideas about Property Crimes. Property Crimes do not involve force, but the taking of property or money and is considered to some to be a “high-volume” crime. Property crime would include the taking of jewelry, money, electronics, motor vehicles, cash, and other high priced items. We were given the task of analyzing the data and answering the following questions: 1. Are crime rates higher in urban than rural areas? 2. Does unemployment or education level contribute to property crime rates? 3. Does public assistance contribute to property crime rates? The results are as follows: Data: We are allowed access to a data set containing the following information: 1. Crimes: Property crime rate per hundred thousand inhabitants. The crimes include burglary, larceny, theft, and motor vehicle theft. The calculations for the crimes are noted as the number of property crimes divided by the total population (100,000). 2. P-income: P-income is the per capita income for each state (All 50 states are included in this data set). 3. Dropout: This shows the high school dropout rate. 4. Precipitation: This shows the average precipitation in inches in the major city in each state. 5. Public Aid: This...
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...Batch [CRIMES IN CYBER CAFÉ AND ITS RULES AND RAGULATION] The study investigates the cyber café rules around Bangladesh: law and reality. It evaluates whether the guideline for cyber café owners’ and users are properly maintained or not. This study also reveal how crime occurred on the cyber café and why and it also investigate whether the guidelines are sufficient or not. At last this study recommend some point by which we can maintain our cyber café institution properly and by how we can reduce crime occurred on the cyber café. Index Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...………. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 13 14 17 17 19 1. Introductory part ………………………………………………………….……..…. 1.1 Aim of the study ……………………………………………….……….... 1.2 Object of the study ……………………………………………...……….. 1.3 Methodology ……………………………………………………….......... 2. Definition ………………………………………………………………….….......… 2.1 Cyber café ……………………………………………………….……..... 2.2 Necessity ……………………………………………………………….... 3. Amount of cyber café around Bangladesh …………………………………..………. 4. Law regarding cyber café ……………………………………………………....…… 4.1 BTRC ………………………………………………………………...….. 4.2 CCOAB …………………………………………………………….…..... 4.3 Guidelines ……………………………………………………….…..….... 4.4 Law and its Reality……………………………………………………...... 4.4.1 Reality in Dhaka………………………………………....… 4.4.2 Reality on other area ……………………………………..... 5. Crime in cyber café …………………………………………………………............. 5.1 Case study regarding crime in cyber café …………………………….…. 6. Case study...
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...referred as too light. Since the YCJA has taken over, youth crime is slowly decreasing. The discipline of the YCJA may need to become harsher. The YCJA has evolved from the harsh Young Offenders Act [YOA]. Stats on youth crime suggest that the YCJA is helping to reduce the amount of young offenders. Some cases suggest that the YCJA is not being tough enough with what young offenders are being sentenced with. The study of the human brain suggest that youths don’t understand the consequences of the crimes that they are committing resulting in the need for them to know the consequences. Through cases and the study of the human brain the YCJA needs some aspects changed for the better of society. The evolution of the YCJA has been formed from many different acts. Each act consists of similarities and differences between them. Different acts are formed over time to satisfy the needs of punishment as the world develops. The YCJA is the newest act which consist of similarities and differences of the YOA. The main difference of the YCJA and the YOA was the severity of the penalty for the crime committed. The YOA “was a highly controversial statute. While conservative politicians criticized the law for being ‘‘soft on youth crime,’’’ (Pulis). Since the YOA was soft on youth punishment, youths were not too concerned if they broke the law. Youths would break the law get a slap on the wrist and move on to committing more crimes. That is the main reason the YCJA was created. The YCJA...
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...One of utmost concern to policymakers, program administrators, practitioners and members of the public is sex offenders’ return to the community from incarceration. This is mostly attributed to the harm caused to victims and society when these individuals re-engage in similar or worse forms of crime. In the year 2006, the Congress enacted the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act which required that state sex offender registry be created and data collected from every state sent to a national database. The aim of this initiative was to provide important information to authorities as well as help protect members of the public and children to be specific who were often victims of sexual assault. This law has had its ups and down, for instance,...
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