...The chart above, explains the status of PH and HCV recipients and their success in employment, housing education and homeownership throughout the program. However, every program has unproductive outcomes. Three previous program participants whose contracts ended without successfully completing the program were surveyed with the following results. Please see chart 1.3 below. Chart 1.3 ID Number Type/Monthly Income Prior to Enrolment Type/Annual Income at Program Completion Goals Completed/Final Escrow (Take Home Funds) Amount n Rent/Homeownership Initial and Final Reason Program Ended 0003 Child Support- $350.00 Child Support- $350.00 -Complete a CNA Program –Obtain a GED...
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...Henderson-Hasselbach equation, if pH of a solution is less than pKa, then the amino acid consists of primarily of next most protenated form, where as when the pH of the solution is greater than the pKa, then the amino acids consists of primarily of next most deprotenated form. If the pH of the solution equals that of a pKa, then the amino acid consists of 50% of next most protenated and 50% of next most deprotenated form. The ionization of the amino acid wholly depends on the pH of the solution that they are dissolved in. Suppose the pH of solution was low (pH=1.0), then the amino acid is completely protenated and it has obtained a cationic form. As the pH increases, the carboxylic acid group ionizes first. When the pH equals pKa, the amino acids exist as a combination of protenated and the next most deprotenated form. This trend continues until all of the ionizable groups has been deprotenated. As the pH increases further, the amino group will lose a proton and ultimately, at a high pH (pH=12.0), the anionic form is the predominant form in solution. In certain amino acids, the R group ionizes depending on their polarity and the pKa value. In most cases, R group ionizes second after carboxyl group performs its complete ionization. In this experiment, a titration was performed for glycine and...
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...30th, 2015 By Scott Schuelke 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Much like electricity, radio waves transmit the information in the form of pulses. In this case there is no voltage or amperes to produce watts of power. With radio or sound waves there is amplitude the decibels (dB) of the wave, frequency (Hz) the number of waves per second, and the phase or direction in which the wave begins. As the radio or sound wave dB increases it causes a spike to indicate the value of 1 in this representation, a normal pulse of sound with no spike represents a 0 along the phase. Much like electricity, radio waves transmit the information in the form of pulses. In this case there is no voltage or amperes to produce watts of power. With radio or sound waves there is amplitude the decibels (dB) of the wave, frequency (Hz) the number of waves per second, and the phase or direction in which the wave begins. As the radio or sound wave dB increases it causes a spike to indicate the value of 1 in this representation, a normal pulse of sound with no spike represents a 0 along the phase. -5 volts -5 volts +5 volts +5 volts Electrical transmission of the letter “A” using the ASCII numbering for the letter A. In the electrical diagram a positive voltage resembles the number 1 and the negative side a 0. In this case the ASCII unit for the letter A would be 01000001. A copper wire transmits electricity in the form of voltage (electrical pressure) and Amperes (flow). Each pulse of voltage...
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...money. The ground tablets were placed in an Erlenmeyer flask along with a base, a pH indicator, and water. Hydrochloric acid with a pH of two was slowly released into the mixture using a burette. The observable difference that indicated the desired change in pH was a colour variance of the liquid, created by the indicator. The quantity of hydrochloric acid needed to bring the basicity of the mixture to the right pH was noted, and the procedure was repeated with the other antacid. The results showed that the Tums brand could neutralise more acid, however the Equate brand has a lesser cost per gram. A calculation revealed that the Equate brand was the better choice, since overall it could eliminate more hydrochloric acid than the Tums brand per dollar. Key Terms: Chemical reaction: A reaction in which the ionic or molecular structure of a substance is changed to fulfill the substance’s need of a full valence shell of electrons. pH: Scale used to express how acidic or basic a solution is. The scale ranges from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. Any pH lower than 7 is acidic, and any pH higher than 7 is basic. Antacid: A medicine that neutralises the acidity of your stomach. Titration: As being most commonly associated with reactions between acids and bases, a titration is a process by which a solution is being added to another solution (the addition of the new substance is then accurately measured). pH Indicator: A substance...
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...reflects how much product, or benzoquinone in this case, is produced. Instead, adding catecholase, mixed with a pH 3 solution, to catechol will produce less benzoquinone. A rating of 3 in a pH scale is considered an acid. The catecholase solution with acid produced was measured to have a smaller absorption change. The change is achieved by using a base and then determining the difference. Regardless, a pH 3 solution was a poor solution if successful catalyst is to be achieved between catecholase and catechol. The absorption number change is dependent on a good pH level. Introduction The main reason for the experiment was the thought that a strong acid would either completely prevent catalyst or at least slow the reaction of benzoquinone. Enzymes need to thrive in a certain pH level or else catalyst may not happen. There is no set rule that says that all enzymes will react only when placed in distilled water which has a pH level of 7. This pH level usually is slightly acidic due to carbon dioxide in the air (Moore, 2012). Some enzymes may find water's pH level unacceptable and others enzymes may have no problem. In a test, three bacterium were tested for growth in different pH levels. Additionally, the extracellular activity was tested also. In all three cases, each bacterium had a level which was best for growth and levels that stopped growth (Greenman, 1982). This is cited to show that enzyme catalyst is dependent on pH levels. There are other variables that can stop, or...
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...Acid-base disturbances The Acid Base Imbalance Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration in the body is a necessity for normal body functions.1 H + concentration in all body fluids are maintained to maintain pH ranges within narrow limits, this service is known as the balance acid-base (AB) 2.Arterial blood pH is maintained between 7.35-7.45, venous blood remains near 7,352. Most diseases / conditions disrupt AB, AB changes may be more harmful than the initial pathology. When AB is affected, causing the pH to vary from its limits, is called an acid-base (ABI) imbalance 2 However, there are processes instead of ABI less likely to occur. AB is maintained sequentially by several mechanisms: chemical buffers, respiratory system and renal system 3. Acid-Base Imbalance ABI is an irregularity in the body's balance of acids and bases. These deviations cause blood pH deviates outside its normal range. Imbalances can become life threatening. When an excess of acid causes pH to fall below 7.35 result in acidosis1. An excess base, causing it to rise above pH 7.45 alkalosis1 called. The imbalance is classified according to the origin of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis) 2 Thus may occur for example four alkalosis metabolic processes (MK), metabolic acidosis (MA ), respiratory alkalosis (RK) and respiratory acidosis (RA) 2. imbalance causes The general reasons for the accumulation of acid are usually Poor carbon...
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...balance in the body. That concept is critical when looking at arterial blood gases. This can help guide the nurse to anticipate what the doctor will order and the education that she needs to give the patient and the family. This case study should help to illustrate the point. Case Study The case study that was given to us is a 22 year old woman who reports being “sick with the flu” She has been vomiting and having difficulty keeping food and drink down. In addition she has been taking antacids to calm down the nausea. After fainting at home she was driven to the local hospital where they have put in an IV. Her blood gas reveals the following: pH of 7.5, PaCO2 = 40 mm Hg, PaO2= 95 mm Hg, SaO2 = 97% and HCO3- = 32 meq/liter. Interpretation If you start with the basics on this case, the first thing to determine if it is an alkalosis or an acidosis. pH is 7.5 so the result is alkalosis. pH below the 7.35 is an acidosis and pH above the 7.45 is an alkalosis. There are two organ systems that primarily help with the acid base balance in the body and that is respiratory and renal. The renal system contributes to metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. When we look at the respiratory system we are looking at the PaCO2 which in this case is normal. So the respiratory system is not the problem in this patient. When we look at the renal system then we are looking at the bicarbonate or HCO3-. When we look at that system we discover the bicarbonate is high. When...
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...Abstract Buffer solutions were prepared and their pH measured to determine their buffering capacity. Three buffer solutions were utilized; an undiluted buffer, a diluted buffer solution with 10ml water and a diluted buffer solution with 18ml water. In the undiluted buffer solution there was minimal pH change with a high of 6.78 and a low of 6.47. In the buffer solution in which 10ml of water was added there was minimal pH change with a high of 6.78 and a low of 6.23. In the buffer solution in which 18ml water was added there was significant change in pH with a high of 6.1 and a low of 2.27. Introduction A buffer solution is a solution that is made up of water and a chemical which gives it unique properties with regard to its pH. The chemical is referred to as buffer agent. The buffer agent resists changes in pH when exposed to bases and acids. The aforementioned property makes it useful in dealing with various chemical accidents, protecting sensitive equipment and balancing internal processes of a number of living things. A buffer agent dissolved in water makes a buffer solution. It is constituted of (HA) an acid and a conjugate base (A-) mixed in water. Once there exists a chemical balance between HA and A- the addition of any bases or acids will be neutralized. This will result in little pH change of the solution. An increase in HA and A- as a result of the addition of bases or acids decreases the buffering capacity of the solution. This implies that the solution acts as...
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...999.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 2,399 SONY DIGITAL STILL CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-HX9V 16.2 megapixels 3" screen 24 – 384 mm (16×) FREE: 4GB SD Card SRP: Php. 21,999.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 2,200 SONY DIGITAL STILL CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-TX10 16.2 megapixels 3" screen 25 – 100 mm (4×) FREE: 4GB SD Card Carrying Case SRP: Php. 17,999.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 1,799 SONY DIGITAL STILL CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-TX20 16.2 megapixels 3" screen 25 – 100 mm (4×) FREE: 4GB SD Card Carrying Case SRP: Php. 18,999.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 1,899 SONY ALPHA CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-TX55 16.2 megapixels 3.3" screen 26 – 130 mm (5×) FREE: 4GB SD Card Carrying Case SRP: Php. 16,999.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 1,300 SONY ALPHA CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W610 14.1 megapixels 2.7" screen 26 – 105 mm (4×) FREE: 4GB SD Card Carrying Case SRP: Php. 4,999.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 300 SONY ALPHA CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W620 14.1 megapixels 2.7" screen 28 – 140 mm (5×) FREE: 4GB SD Card Carrying Case SRP: Php. 5,499.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 549 SONY ALPHA CAMERA Sony Cyber-shot DSC-W630 16.1 megapixels 2.7" screen 25 – 125 mm (5×) FREE: 4GB SD Card Carrying Case SRP: Php. 6,499.00 OR CASH DISCOUNT Php. 649 Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX100 20.2 megapixels 3" screen 28...
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...UPGRADING CHEMISTRY FORM 1 AA Acids, Bases & Indicators Comprehensive tutorial notes Julius G.Thungu jgthungu@gmail.com 0711 354 885 INTRODUCTION TO ACIDS, BASES AND INDICATORS 1.In a school laboratory: (i)An acid may be defined as a substance that turn litmus red. (ii)A base may be defined as a substance that turn litmus blue. Litmus is a lichen found mainly in West Africa. It changes its colour depending on whether the solution it is in, is basic/alkaline or acidic. It is thus able to identify/show whether another substance is an acid, base or neutral. (iii)An indicator is a substance that shows whether another substance is a base/alkaline,acid or neutral. 2.Common naturally occurring acids include: Name of acid | Occurrence | 1.Citric acid | Found in ripe citrus fruits like passion fruit/oranges/lemon | 2.Tartaric acid | Found in grapes/baking powder/health salts | 3.Lactic acid | Found in sour milk | 4.Ethanoic acid | Found in vinegar | 5.Methanoic acid | Present in ants, bees stings | 6.Carbonic acid | Used in preservation of fizzy drinks like coke, Lemonade, Fanta | 7.Butanoic acid | Present in cheese | 8.Tannic acid | Present in tea | 3.Most commonly used acids found in a school laboratory are not naturally occurring. They are manufactured. They are called mineral acids. Common mineral acids include: ...
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...Singh2, B.K Kumbhar3, M. Sahgal4 Department of Post Harvest Process & Food Engineering, College of Technology, GB Pant University of Agri & Technology, Pantnagar 263 145 U.S Nagar, Uttarakhand, INDIA 2 corresponding author e-mail: asingh3@gmail.com Abstract Present study was carried out to obtain single cell oil using fermented apple pomace and banana peel. The variables selected for the final experiments were levels of pH (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0), fermentation time (24, 48 and 72 hrs) and inoculum level (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 ml). Designed experiments were conducted randomly to reveal the effect of these variables on pH, sugar utilization and single cell oil yield. Fermentation of apple pomace (50%) with banana peel (50%) resulted in maximum single cell oil production (5.87%) by using R. minuta. Statistical analysis resulted in the optimum conditions (pH 3.0, fermentation time 56.4 hrs and inoculum level 1.12 ml) for maximum single cell oil production. The model F- value was found to be highly significant at 1% level of significance in case of pH, utilized sugar and single cell oil yield. Hence, second order model could be fitted to predict all the dependent parameters. Key words Single Cell Oil; Fermentation; Pomace; Agro Waste Utilization Introduction The concept of single cell oil produced by lipidproducing microorganisms as the supplementary sources of conventional oils and fats has attracted attention since early 1980s. Hence, it is very important to develop...
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...contains a thiol group (-SH). The thiol group replaces one of the sulphur atoms in the disulphide bond, like this: Keratin-S-S-keratin + 2HS-CH2CO2NH4 --> -HO2CH2CS-SCH2CO2H + 2NH3 + 2HS-keratin When the disulphide bond is broken, the keratin bundles come apart, and hair is weakened. Ammonium thioglycolate is therefore used widely in beauty parlours when customers want their hair re-styled. However, if you use too much of it, or if the reaction is left for too long, you could end up going bald. So do not, ever, try it at home! If you have watched the film Legally Blonde, you'll have seen Reese Witherspoon (acting as a law student) win her first case by her knowledge of the chemistry of perms! 1 How to get your hair re-styled If you'd like your hair curled, it's called a perm. If you like it straightened, that's rebonding. In both cases, the steps are very similar. First, the beautician will wash your hair thoroughly to clean it. Then she applies perm salt (ammonium thioglycolate solution) to it...
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...Partners Healthcare System (PHS): Transforming Health Care Services Delivery Through Information Management Harvard Case Solution & Analysis PARTNERS HEALTHCARE SYSTEM (PHS): TRANSFORMING HEALTH CARE SERVICES DELIVERY THROUGH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Question 01 The Partners Healthcare System (PHS) faced a lot of obstacles in implementing the ERP system whose sole responsibility was to make the current processes as efficient as possible. In addition to this, once this information system is along with Computerized Patient Order Entry (CPOE) system then it would help the health care professionals in accessing patient complete profile from the scratch that is the patients’ first visit to the health practitioner. However, there was a lot of resistance regarding the system from the doctors. It is reported that two-third of the doctors had prior links to the hospitals and were hesitant to adopt the latest technology. In addition to this, the same number of doctors who had affiliations with the PHS hospital also met their patients at some other venues. The already established workforce lacked in its ability to use the advanced technology and was reluctant to this type of system. As they were trained to write prescriptions manually, hence they were not accepting this new mode of data reposition. In addition to a lack in ability to apt the latest technology, they also lacked the basic infrastructure or resources to finance this implementation. Moreover, if the technology gets implemented...
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...WHAT IS pH AND HOW IS IT MEASURED? A Technical Handbook for Industry CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION Why Is pH Measurement Necessary? 3 CHAPTER 2 – WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS The Properties of Water Ion Product Constant of Water Molarity 4 4 5 CHAPTER 3 – FUNDAMENTALS OF pH Definition of pH pH Values and Hydrogen/Hydroxide Concentration How is pH Measured? Activity versus Concentration The Nernst Equation The Standard Hydrogen Electrode 6 6 7 7 9 9 CHAPTER 4 – THE pH SENSOR pH Electrodes The Measuring Electrode Asymmetry Potential Sodium Ion Error Acid Error Temperature Effects The Reference Electrode The Reference Junction Junction Potentials Gel‐filled Reference Electrode Buffers Calibration 11 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 CHAPTER 5 – CARE OF pH ELECTRODES Dehydration Factors Detrimental to Electrode Life Transportation Storage 22 22 22 23 CHAPTER 6 – COMMON APPLICATIONS Cooling Tower Control Food Processing Coal Industry Plating Waste Treatment Ultrapure Water 24 24 24 25 25 BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 GLOSSARY ...
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...pH meter: Vital tool for food processing A pH meter is defined as a device that measures the pH level of a liquid solution by means of knowing the voltage amount of two electrodes submerged in a solution. The use of this tool is never new to us. It is commonly utilized in science laboratory activities in school to know the acidity and basicity of household materials people see everyday. However, our perception of its application is only limited by the idea that pH meters are mere “laboratory equipment” used in school. Many overlook its importance especially in food production. People, who consume food everyday do not know that these “mere tools”, called pH meters, are vitally needed in the food processing industries. How are pH meters used in food processing? Knowing the pH level and monitoring it all throughout the process of food manufacturing is a critical step in maintaining the production of high-quality foods. Making sure that the proper pH range is achieved during the physical and chemical reactions undergone by the food in the whole duration of the process is vital. Improper interpretation of pH tests can cause a huge drawback in the production of food. Incorrect measurement of pH level in jelly production for an instance, affects the consistency of the jelly and thus the product quality as a whole. Yogurt production, as an example, is generally dependent on the pH level for if ever, the proper pH level is not reached, discoloration (Yogurt becoming yellow) and...
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