...3.3.2.3 Alkanes are used as fuels. Combustion of alkanes and other organic compounds can be complete or incomplete. The internal combustion engine produces a number of pollutants including NOx , CO, carbon and unburned hydrocarbons. These gaseous pollutants from internal combustion engines can be removed using catalytic converters. Combustion of hydrocarbons containing sulphur leads to sulphur dioxide that causes air pollution. Students should be able to explain why sulphur dioxide can be removed from flue gases using calcium oxide or calcium carbonate. CONBUSTION OF ALKANES Shorter chained alkanes combust completely in a plentiful supply of oxygen. e.g. methane 〖CH〗_4 (g)+2O_2 (g)→〖CO〗_2 (g)+2H_2 O(l) All combustion reactions are exothermic and have large negative enthalpy changes. The more carbon atoms, the more heat given out which is why they are important fuels. They also store a large amount of energy relative to their weight; e.g. octane produces 48kJ of energy per gram which is twice as much as coal. Alkane fuels include: Methane (main component of natural or north sea gas). Propane (camping gas). Butane (calor gas). Petrol (a mixture of hydrocarbons with approx. 8C chain length). Paraffin (mixture of hydrocarbons between 10-18Cs). IMCOMPLETE COMBUSTION This occurs in a limited supply of oxygen and it forms CO which is poisonous. e.g. propane C_3 H_8 (g)+3 1/2 O_2 (g)→3CO(g)+4H_2 O(l) With even less oxygen, carbon (soot) is produced...
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...............................2-2 Basic Concepts and Definitions • The First Law of Thermodynamics, Energy • The Second Law of Thermodynamics, Entropy • Entropy and Entropy Generation 2.2 Control Volume Applications.........................................2-14 Conservation of Mass • Control Volume Energy Balance • Control Volume Entropy Balance • Control Volumes at Steady State 2.3 Property Relations and Data ..........................................2-22 Basic Relations for Pure Substances • P-v-T Relations • Evaluating ∆h, ∆u, and ∆s • Fundamental Thermodynamic Functions • Thermodynamic Data Retrieval • Ideal Gas Model • Generalized Charts for Enthalpy, Entropy, and Fugacity • Multicomponent Systems 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Combustion ....................................................................2-58 Reaction Equations • Property Data for Reactive Systems • Reaction Equilibrium Exergy Analysis..............................................................2-69 Defining Exergy • Control Volume Exergy Rate Balance • Exergetic Efficiency • Exergy Costing Vapor and Gas Power Cycles ........................................2-78 Rankine and Brayton Cycles • Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles • Carnot, Ericsson, and Stirling Cycles Guidelines for Improving Thermodynamic Effectiveness...................................................................2-87 Although various aspects of what is now known as thermodynamics have been of interest since antiquity, formal...
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...Surname Centre Number Candidate Signature Other Names Candidate Number Leave blank General Certificate of Education January 2006 Advanced Subsidiary Examination CHEMISTRY Unit 3(a) Introduction to Organic Chemistry Wednesday 11 January 2006 9.00 am to 10.00 am CHM3/W For this paper you must have G a calculator. For Examiner’s Use Number Mark Number Mark Time allowed: 1 hour Instructions G Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen. G Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. G Answer all questions. G Answer questions in Section A and Section B in the spaces provided. G All working must be shown. G Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want marked. G The Periodic Table/Data Sheet is provided on pages 3 and 4. Detach this perforated sheet at the start of the examination. Information G The maximum mark for this paper is 60. G The marks for questions are shown in brackets. G This paper carries 25 per cent of the total marks for AS. For 1 Advanced Level this paper carries 12 2 per cent of the total marks. G You are expected to use a calculator where appropriate. G The following data may be required. Gas constant R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1 G Your answers to the question in Section B should be written in continuous prose, where appropriate. G You will be assessed on your ability to use an appropriate form and style of writing, to organise relevant information clearly and coherently, and to use specialist vocabulary, where appropriate. Advice G You are advised...
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...Final Project: Time Capsule Jack B. Gilmore Kaplan University Final Project: Time Capsule 4/18/2325—I received a phone call this morning, requesting my presence at the site of an archeological dig. I was informed that what appeared to be an intact “time capsule” with a “1/1/1970” date-stamp was found in the rubble of Old Washington D.C. America was a different place then—people were free to eat red meat, the internal combustion engine was everywhere, and procreation was not regulated, to name just a few of the now seemingly barbaric practices that were commonplace in that America. Knowing this, the contents of this capsule should hopefully shed some light on our ancestors, and the information contained within will most certainly be invaluable to historians studying the era of the 1960’s. Item #1: An intact and remarkably well preserved newspaper dated August 8, 1964 with the headline “Johnson Declares War!” The paper is of course referring to President Lyndon B. Johnson and his declaration of war on Vietnam with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution (Chambers, 2000). While the United States had been gradually entering into war with Vietnam for approximately a decade by this point (Britannica.com, 2013), it was the incidents in the Tonkin Gulf and Johnson’s resolution immediately following that solidified the war in America’s psyche. Before this, the Vietnam conflict was simply just that—a “minor conflict” to the majority of America, and as this was a far more preferable way...
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...Contribution of the Automotive Industry to the Economies of All Fifty States and the United States 3005 Boardwalk Drive Ann Arbor, MI 48108 www.cargroup.org January 2015 All statements, findings, and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. Contribution of the Automotive Industry to the Economies of All Fifty States and the United States Center for Automotive Research Report Prepared by: Kim Hill, Director, Sustainability & Economic Development Strategies Group Director, Automotive Communities Partnership Associate Director, Research Debra Maranger Menk Joshua Cregger Michael Schultz Report Prepared for: Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 1401 Eye Street, N.W., Suite 900 Washington, DC 20005 January 2015 ©Center for Automotive Research 2015 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Center for Automotive Research (CAR) would like to thank the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers for support of this work. This study is the result of a group effort. The authors would like to thank our colleagues at CAR for their assistance with this study, in particular, Bernard Swiecki for his assistance with organizing and conducting interviews and Yen Chen for his input and guidance on economic ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Air pollution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Bad air quality" redirects here. For the obsolete medical theory, see Bad air. "Air quality" redirects here. For the measure of how polluted the air is, see Air quality index. Not to be confused with Qualities of air. Air pollution from a World War II wartime production plant Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that cause discomfort, disease, or death to humans, damage other living organisms such as food crops, or damage the natural environment or built environment. The atmosphere is a complex dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Indoor air pollution (see Airlog) and urban air quality are listed as two of the World’s Worst Toxic Pollution Problems in the 2008 Blacksmith InstituteWorld's Worst Polluted Places report.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Pollutants Main articles: Pollutant and Greenhouse gas Before flue-gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from this power plant in New Mexico contained excessive amounts of sulfur dioxide. Schematic drawing, causes and effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination, (3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid...
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...the Bell 206, Hughes 500, and Sikorsky S-76 helicopters and is still being produced today. GE now had extensive knowledge of the jet engine and how to development and manufacturing it. Created their next model the J47 in the 1950s, it was developed from the J35 and produced over 6,000 lbf. Powering such notable aircraft as the North American F-86 Saber, Convair B-36 Peacekeeper, and Boeing B-47 Stratojet, it was also "the first turbojet certified for civil use by the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Administration" ("GE Aviation: Powering a Century of Flight," 2015, para. 13). The J47 also severed as the core for the GE X-39 nuclear engine proposal (Colon, 2007, para. 9). Continuing to enhance the J47, GE developed the J73 by introducing a new combustion case and incorporating variable inlet guide vanes, and these changes busted the output of the engine to 9,200 lbf; being specifically designed for the North American F-86H Saber. Further enhancement evolved into the J79 and its commercial aviation version the CJ805. The J79 equipped with an afterburner produced 18,750 lbf of thrust in its final version, use to power the Convair B-58 Hustler, Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, North American A-5 Vigilante. Its civilian counterpart the CJ805 did not have and afterburner but was equipped with a thrust reversing/sound suppressor and produced 11,650 lbf and powered the Convair 880 and the CJ805-23 turbofan powered the Convair 990 passenger aircraft. Other engines...
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...Table of Contents Partial table of contents: Carbon Compounds and Chemical Bonds. Representative Carbon Compounds. An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules. Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis. Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions. Radical Reactions. Alcohols and Ethers. Conjugated Unsaturated Systems. Aromatic Compounds. Reactions of Aromatic Compounds. Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group. Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Acyl Carbon. Amines. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Answers to Selected Problems. Glossary. Index. Solomons/Advices ADVICES FOR STUDYING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1. Keep up with your studying day to day –– never let yourself get behind, or better yet, be a little ahead of your instructor. Organic chemistry is a course in which one idea almost always builds on another that has gone before. 2. Study materials in small units, and be sure that you understand each new section before you go on to the next. Because of the cumulative nature of organic chemistry, your studying will be much more effective if you take each new idea as it comes and try to understand it completely before you move onto the nest concept. 3. Work all of the in-chapter and assigned problems. 4. Write when you study. over and over again. Write the reactions, mechanisms...
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...DEVELOPING INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN TRAINING MANUAL Volume 4: ISWM Plan U N I T E D N AT I O N S E N V I R O N M E N T P R O G R A M M E Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2009 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Developing Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan Training Manual Volume 4 ISWM Plan Compiled by United Nations Environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental...
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...Int. J. Engng Ed. Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 145±152, 1998 Printed in Great Britain. 0949-149X/91 $3.00+0.00 # 1998 TEMPUS Publications. Teaching Mathematics to Engineering Students* S. S. SAZHIN School of Engineering, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GL, UK Some new ideas in teaching mathematics to engineering students and the implementation of these ideas into the teaching of mechanical engineering students at Brighton University are discussed. The importance of explaining to the students why knowledge of mathematics is essential for their future practical work is emphasized. Mathematics is a language for expressing physical, chemical and engineering laws and general equations should be illustrated by practical numerical examples in order to transfer the surface/atomistic approach to learning to the deep/holistic one. Necessary steps in the manipulation of algebraic equations should be highlighted. Formal lecturers should be supplemented by compulsory reading, handouts, elements of small group teaching and formative assessment. The analysis of self-assessment forms completed by students show that they learn physical concepts much easier than mathematical concepts. forget what we are told but never forget what we see or discover for ourselves!' It was clear that I made at least two mistakes in designing my course. Firstly, the theory was indeed not properly balanced with practical applications. Secondly, the need for...
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...(4years, 8 Semester Course) Civil Engineering ( to be applicable from 2012 entry batch onwards) Course No CH-1101 /PH-1101 EE-1101 MA-1101 CE-1101 HS-1101 CH-1111 /PH-1111 ME-1111 Course Name Semester-1 Chemistry/Physics Basic Electrical Engineering Mathematics-I Engineering Graphics Communication Skills Chemistry/Physics Laboratory Workshop Physical Training-I NCC/NSO/NSS L 3 3 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 13 T 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 3 0 2 3 2 2 8 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 6 0 0 8 2 C 8 6 8 5 6 2 3 0 0 38 8 8 8 8 6 2 0 0 40 8 8 6 6 6 2 2 2 40 6 6 8 2 Course No EC-1101 CS-1101 MA-1102 ME-1101 PH-1101/ CH-1101 CS-1111 EE-1111 PH-1111/ CH-1111 Course Name Semester-2 Basic Electronics Introduction to Computing Mathematics-II Engineering Mechanics Physics/Chemistry Computing Laboratory Electrical Science Laboratory Physics/Chemistry Laboratory Physical Training –II NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-4 Structural Analysis-I Hydraulics Environmental Engg-I Structural Design-I Managerial Economics Engg. Geology Laboratory Hydraulics Laboratory Physical Training-IV NCC/NSO/NSS Semester-6 Structural Design-II Structural Analysis-III Foundation Engineering Transportation Engineering-II Hydrology &Flood Control Concrete Lab Structural Engineering Lab L 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 15 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 T 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 C 6 6 8 8 8 2 2 2 0 0 42 8 8 6...
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...U5014042 ENGN2226 Portfolio Analysis of the Impact of Replacing Out-dated GPS Devices in a Taxi Fleet Name: Samuel Stefopoulos Student ID: u5014042 Course name: Engineering Systems Analysis Course code: ENGN2226 Lecturer: Chris Browne Assessment piece: Individual Portfolio Date submitted: 25th October 2013 U5014042 ENGN2226 Portfolio Summary GPS devices have become increasingly common due to the advancements of electronics. They can now be hand-held and are highly prominent on roads. This is particularly noticeable in taxis, as most cabs are now fitted with some form of GPS device and many fleets have enforced mandatory GPS policies. This document analyses the impact and worth of refitting a fleet of taxis the size of Canberra Cabs with new portable GPS devices. A series of systems analysis techniques were applied in the analysis of the devices in order to reduce the complexity of the components. A major period of device improvement was identified as the time between 2007 and 2009 based on a diffusion of innovations analysis. The analysis of two particular devices, the TomTom XL 310 (2007) and the Garmin Nuvi 1350 (2009), were used as a comparative measure of the improvements made in the time period. The devices chosen for analysis were ergonomically assessed in terms of their user interface. The major factors improved were found to be the prediction of text and consistency with other devices users may be familiar with. An experiment was then designed and performed to...
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...oven-dried. Experiments such as determination of compaction properties, CBR analysis, Un-confined compressive strength test, permeability etc are done in order to determine the geo-engineering properties of fly ash, which can taken account in the construction field. A brief comparison is made between fly ash and other soil properties which are used as sub-grade, base in Highway construction. Introduction Electricity is the key for development of any country. Coal is a major source of fuel for production of electricity in many countries in the world. In the process of electricity generation large quantity of fly ash gets produced and becomes available as a byproduct of coal-based power stations. It is a fine powder resulting from the combustion of powdered coal - transported by the flue gases of the boiler and collected in the Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP). Conversion...
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...maintenance and parts; and effective regulation and oversight of system management and financing. I. Introduction The recent sharp increases in the prices of oil, natural gas, uranium and coal underline the importance for all countries to focus on development of alternative energy resources. For developing countries, these price increases can have ruinous economic consequences; for many countries already plagued by poverty this means a choice between fuel and food, health care, education and other essentials. Renewable energy resources need priority because: 1) the overwhelming scientific evidence that anthropological emissions of greenhouse gases from carbon combustion threaten catastrophic results from rapid climate change; 2) the severe health and environmental consequences from fossil fuel combustion being experienced...
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...HUE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ------***------ NGUYEN VAN TUAN TRANSLATION 5 HUE - 2006 1 INTRODUCTION TRANSLATION 5 is a basic course book written for the second-year students of the Department of English, College of Foreign Languages, Hue University. It is intended to equip the students with an overview of translating Vietnamese and English scientific texts. It also helps the students get familiar with the terms related to science and technology as well as the typical structures frequently used in scientific and technological texts. Since the course book has been written for the students to learn either by themselves or in class with a teacher, there will be a course book and assignments. The course book contains the Vietnamese and English socio-politic texts with notes and suggested translations. The assignments contain the Vietnamese and English socio-politic texts that will be translated into either English or Vietnamese by the students. By the end of the course, the students will be able to: - obtain general knowledge of the Vietnamese and English scientific and technological documents. - get familiar with and effectively use scientific and technological terms and typical structures of scientific and technological texts in their translations. - accurately translate scientific and technological texts into English and Vietnamese. On the completion of this course book, I would like to express...
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