...the use of computer/internet brings about what is known as cybercrime Speer (2005) defines cybercrime as activities in which computers, telephones and other technological devices are used for illegal objectives such as theft, fraud, electronic defacement and breach into computer system and networks. however, security managers need to have a full knowledge of cybercrime because it is the rising mode of crime and the least reported (Phair, 2007). Security managers and cybercrime security managers need to understand that cybercrime has become a profanity in the society which affects everyone both nationally and internationally, individuals, institution, companies as well as the government and this is however a rumination of the growth of criminals practices (Helle et al, 2012). there are various characteristics of cybercrime that need to be understood by security managers and they include: it is usually a distinct/singular event from the victim's perspective, it is often facilitated by crime-ware program introduction and its introduction may not ineludibly be facilitated by weakness (Gordon et al, 2006). according to Speer (2000) there are four major component of cybercrime which security managers need to examine and address,they include: the location of the offender the victims the offender eliminating the threats challenges of cybercrime various countries have approached the challenges of cybercrime in different...
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...Strayer University Spring 2012 CIS 170: Information Technology in Criminal Justice Assignment # 5: The Role of Federal Agencies in Fighting Digital Crime April Earnest Instructor: Dr. Elizabeth Weidman 05/28/2012 The Department of Homeland Security, the Secret Service, the FBI, and local law enforcement agencies all share some of the same challenges. These challenges range from the critical needing of equipment, getting the required training, and having or obtaining the needed resources. Fighting cybercrime can be quiet overwhelming if law agencies do not have the special training needed for the job and have obtain the knowledge. Local law agencies compared to the federal agencies tend to be behind in the technology and fail to have the proper training in effort to fight cybercrime. This is were the U.S. Government could take an approach in ensuring all local law agencies get the proper training needed. Sure, it would be a costly amount but putting in an effort on the safety for computer users whom are citizens can be priceless. Just think how much safer would the U.S. be if all efforts were being put into training in fighting cybercrime. Laws and regulations should be enforced with maximum penalties. Criminals are thinking it is easier to commit a crime on the Internet because it is less observed, but since the terrorist act of 9/11, all computer activity is now being monitored. To better protect the nation against computer crimes and terrorism the U.S...
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...The Department of Homeland Security, the Secret Service, the FBI, and local law enforcement agencies all share some of the same challenges. These challenges range from the critical needing of equipment, getting the required training, and having or obtaining the needed resources. Fighting cybercrime can be quiet overwhelming if law agencies do not have the special training needed for the job and have obtain the knowledge. Local law agencies compared to the federal agencies tend to be behind in the technology and fail to have the proper training in effort to fight cybercrime. This is were the U.S. Government could take an approach in ensuring all local law agencies get the proper training needed. Sure, it would be a costly amount but putting in an effort on the safety for computer users whom are citizens can be priceless. Just think how much safer would the U.S. be if all efforts were being put into training in fighting cybercrime. Laws and regulations should be enforced with maximum penalties. Criminals are thinking it is easier to commit a crime on the Internet because it is less observed, but since the terrorist act of 9/11, all computer activity is now being monitored. To better protect the nation against computer crimes and terrorism the U.S. Government will need to ensure that all states and local law agencies are up to par and have the training needed. The criminals are keeping up with the advancement of the technology with computers, so will the government...
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...author will talk about the four categories of computer crimes. The author will give examples of each. The author will also point out which category of computer crime is currently the most prevalent and why he believes this to be so. And finally, the author will try to point out what he believes the criminal justice system can improve upon to better combat cyber crime. The first category of computer crime is the computer as a target. This type of cyber-crime requires a level of technical knowledge from its perpetrators. Cyber-crime is relatively new, however, has been in existence since the implementation of computers in mainstream society. This could be a general explanation as to why and how unprepared society and the world are towards fighting these types of crimes [ (Joseph, 2006) ]. There are numerous crimes of this nature being committed on a daily basis. Examples of cyber-crime where the computer itself is the target include things like data alteration, denial of network access, theft of information, denial of service, and vandalism. The next category that the author would like to point out is the computer as an instrument of a crime. What this means is that the computer is used to profit with some other criminal activity in mind. Some examples of this are general theft, theft of service, fraud, and threats and/or harassment [ (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, & Holt, 2011) ]. The implementation of computers as a criminal tool or device to obtain information to be used...
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...International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 8, August - 2014 The Impact of Mobile Information and Communication Technology on Cybercrime in Nigeria Oyenike Mary Olanrewaju1, Faith Oluwatosin Adebiyi2 1,2 Department of Mathematical Sciences and Information Technology Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, Nigeria Keywords: Cybercrime, Intelligent, Investigatory Security, Mobile I. INTRODUCTION Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym for Information Technology (IT). ICT is a term that summarizes the role of unified communications networks and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers and all its form of networks as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information to meet day to day needs of the society. A mobile device or mobile ICT basically describes a small, handheld computing device, typically having a display screen with a miniature keyboard and potable enough for users to carry with hands or conveniently kept in a pocket. They are also location independent. In other words their functionality is not confined to a specific geographical location. Nokia, LG, Motorola Mobility, BlackBerry, Samsung, and Apple are just a few examples of the many manufacturers producing these types of devices. A handheld...
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...Law Enforcement Challenges August 23, 2015 The world is policed by many different forms of authority. The physical aspect of law enforcement has been seen in the media in the modern day for many good and many poor reasons. While race unfortunately gets tied in as a major role in many events today, it is tough to pull the race when a crime is committed behind a keyboard. While this challenge can pretty much be crossed off of the list, there are many more that law enforcement agencies face when investigating computer crime. There are so many laws that apply to regions of enforcement and also to the rights of the suspected criminal. The even more difficult part is that while all parties are working together to achieve the same goal, there are so many grey areas in the chain of command and jurisdictional rules. Agencies investigation crimes such as corruption face a number of different challenges as well. In my eyes, if the crime can be solved, it should not matter where the officer is from. All members of law enforcement have the same goals and that is to keep the citizens of this nation safe by preventing crime. When prevention is not possible or fails, the teams investigating should not have to worry about whether they are allowed to be doing their job. They should simply work together and document evidence and witness material accordingly. Before we tackle the jurisdiction let us point out some of the other challenges that law enforcement faces with different types...
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...Project on Cybercrime www.coe.int/cybercrime Strasbourg, 15 January 2010 Draft Discussion paper Law Enforcement Challenges in Transborder Acquisition of Electronic Evidence from “Cloud Computing Providers” Prepared by Joseph J. Schwerha IV TraceEvidence, LLC Project funded by Romania, Monaco, Estonia, Microsoft, McAfee and the Council of Europe Council of Europe – Project on Cybercrime For further information please contact: Economic Crime Division Directorate General of Human Rights and Legal Affairs Council of Europe Strasbourg, France Tel: Fax: +33-3-9021-4506 +33-3-9021-5650 Disclaimer This technical report does not necessarily reflect official positions of the Council of Europe or of the donors funding this project or of the parties to the instruments referred to Email: alexander.seger@coe.int www.coe.int/cybercrime 2 Council of Europe – Project on Cybercrime Contents 1 2 3 4 Introduction ___________________________________________________ 4 Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime Overview __________________ 5 What are Cloud Computing Providers? _______________________________ 6 The United States Perspective _____________________________________ 8 5 What are the challenges in the transnational acquisition of evidence from Cloud Computing Providers?_______________________________________________ 9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 It can be impossible to know where the data resides ________________________________ 9 What Law Applies When...
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...Cyber crimes essay THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT AMENDMENT OF 2008 Cyber law, in a general sense, has been envisaged as a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to the use of communicative, transactional, and distributive aspects of networked information devices and technologies. And the crimes against these issues are termed as cyber crime Cyber law and cyber crime Cyber crime spans not only state and national boundaries, but the international boundaries as well. At the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders, in a workshop devoted to the issues of crimes related to computer networks, cybercrime was broken into two categories and defined thus: * In a narrow sense, the term cyber crime has been defined as any illegal behavior directed by means of electronic operations that target the security of computer systems and the data processed by them. * In the broader sense, cyber crime has been defined as any illegal behavior committed by means of, or in relation to, a computer system or network, including such crimes as illegal possession [and] offering or distributing information by means of a computer system or network. The extent of cyber crime is so vast and complicated that an act which may be crime in one nation may not be so in another. Some of the basic examples of cyber crime are unauthorized access, damage to computer data and program, computer sabotage, unauthorized interception of communications, computer...
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...030 Although in many cases we see banks joining forces with law enforcement to fight cybercrime, online attackers are become increasingly organized and financial institutions may find themselves fighting even tougher battles. (Kitten, 2012) In one such case, here in Georgia, a man has pleaded guilty for the role he played in a $1.3 million phishing scheme that targeted customers of Chase, Bank of America, ADP and Branch Bank & Trust. In his plea, Waya Nwaki admitted to using stolen log-in credentials to intercept and respond to e-mails sent by banks to customers when unfamiliar computers or IP addresses were used to access online accounts. He also admitted to impersonating payroll officers in conversations he had with ADP, which is based in New Jersey. The case resulted from a collaboration between the banks and the Federal Bureau of Investigation against Nwaki, a.k.a. Shawn Conley, who was arrested in December on charges of wire fraud conspiracy, wire fraud, aggravated identity theft, and conspiracy to gain unauthorized access to computers. Each count, to which Nwaki pleaded guilty, carries a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison and a maximum fine of $250,000; sentencing is set for Aug. 15, 2012. According to court records, Nwaki and six co-conspirators, between August 2000 and June 2010, worked across three continents to launch phishing attacks through spoofed websites designed to mimic banks and payroll processors such as ADP. When online users visited the spoofed...
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...caused a change in how laws may or may not apply to formerly traditional situations. Furthermore, the Internet has allowed criminals to perpetrate crimes that could not exist but for cyberspace. Chapter 22 examines computer crime and the statutes enacted to combat this growing problem as well as the erosion of our personal privacy. Freedom of speech, online gambling and cybermedicine issues are also examined in light of contemporary applications and influences resulting from the Internet. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. COMPUTER CRIME AND CYBERCRIME A. Definitions 1. Computer crime consists of crimes involving: • Computers • Computer systems • Computer applications. 2. Cybercrime consists of computer crime that takes place in cyberspace 3. The Internet facilitates a number of opportunities for crimes to occur. 4. Typical cybercrime abuses include: • Hacking • Spreading of viruses • Fraud • IP theft • Appropriation of trade secrets • Defamation B. The USA Patriot Act, 2001 1. The USA Patriot Act provided significant new powers to federal law enforcement agencies. 2. In conjunction with the Patriot Act, an executive order issued by President Bush expanded the power of federal investigators. 3...
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...Title Content page no Introduction…………………………………………………….……………………………….1 What is cybercrime? ..........................................................................................................1 Types of cybercrime……………………………………………………………………………..2 Reasons of cybercrime……………………………………………………………..……………2-3 Offences of cybercrime under ICT Act-2006……………………………………………………3 Penalties of cybercrime under ICT Act-2006 ……………………………………………………4 Cyber Tribunal …………………………………………………………………………………...5 Cyber appellate Tribunal ………………………………………………………………………….5 Recent condition of cyber law in Bangladesh……………………………………………………..6 Recommendations……………………..………………………………………………………….6 Conclusion ………………………..………………………………………………………………7 Bibliography …………….………………………………………………………………………..8 Introduction Information and communications technology (ICT) is often used as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information. The phrase ICT had been used by academic researchers since the 1980s, but it became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997 and in the revised National Curriculum...
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...Challenges to Criminal Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore Warren B. Chik* Introduction Computer and Internet usage is on the rise due to lower costs of computer ownership and connectivity as well as faster and easier accessibility. As it is another mode of commercial and personal transaction and one that is heavily dependent on interaction through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries...
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...Sekgwathe1, Mohammad Talib2 1 Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime, Gaborone, BOTSWANA veesek@gmail.com 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Botswana, BOTSWANA talib@mopipi.ub.bw ABSTRACT The intensification of Information and Communications Technology usage in all facets of life exceedingly amplify the incidents of information security policy breaches, cyber crimes, fraud, commercial crimes, cyber laundering etc, hence require a well developed approach to tackle these incidents in order to realize legally defensible digital evidence. Since electronic evidence is fragile and can easily be modified, finding this data, collecting, preserving, and presenting it properly in a court of law is the real challenge. There is a need for use of semantic analysis to discover underlying security policy requirements and internal power structures and institutionalization of anti cyber attack, antimoney-laundering and regulatory schemes. The first responders to cyber security incidents often than always are an organization ICT personnel who are technically sound though may be deficient in investigative skill. The scientific standards of cyber forensics dictates the procedure as it promotes objectivity, a precise and well documented analysis, particularly that the findings maybe used as evidence against the attacker. This paper aims to contribute to the advancement of the cyber forensics discipline with a view to assist the International...
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...Challenges to Criminal Law Making in the New Global Information Society: A Critical Comparative Study of the Adequacies of Computer-Related Criminal Legislation in the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore Warren B. Chik* Introduction Computer and Internet usage is on the rise due to lower costs of computer ownership and connectivity as well as faster and easier accessibility. As it is another mode of commercial and personal transaction and one that is heavily dependent on interaction through computers and automatic agents rather than face-to-face meetings, which increases distance and allows anonymity, it is another avenue for crimes to perpetuate. “Computer Crime” encompasses crimes committed against the computer, the materials contained therein such as software and data, and its uses as a processing tool. These include hacking, denial of service attacks, unauthorized use of services and cyber vandalism. “Cyber Crime” describes criminal activities committed through the use of electronic communications media. One of the greatest concerns is with regard to cyber-fraud and identity theft through such methods as phishing, pharming, spoofing and through the abuse of online surveillance technology. There are also many other forms of criminal behaviour perpetrated through the use of information technology such as harassment, defamation, pornography, cyber terrorism, industrial espionage and some regulatory offences. The existing criminal laws in most countries...
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... | |Information Technology in Criminal Justice | | | |10/23/2012 | | | Cybercrime has been an ongoing problem in the United States for the past 30 years; however, the emergence of global digital terrorism has been a major concern. Computer crime has been documented as early as the 1960’s and 1970’s and it was not a real concern, for these crime were mediocre pranks performed by extremely bright and curious university students, in addition, there was not a widespread of access to...
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