...Abstract—Modeling communication system and establishing bit error rate (BER) with signal to noise ratio (SNR) is a key element in designing communication system. Based on the communication applications, communication channels vary. In cellular communication signal attenuation and fading due to the both deterministic and non-deterministic factors is common. Free space loss is the deterministic type of attenuation. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fast fading (short term), and slow fading (long term or shadow fading) are non-deterministic type of fading. This paper focuses the non-deterministic channel modeling techniques and demonstrates the result in BER as a function of SNR. The relationship between BER and SNR are established for M-PSK system for three channel properties; AWGN, fast, and slow fading. AWGN channel was modeled by normal distribution. Rayleigh distribution were used for fast fading and lognormal distribution for slow fading is used to model. Three primary relationships created after the modeling are * BER to SNR relationship for BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK for AWGN only channel * BER to SNR relationship for BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, and 16-PSK for AWGN and fast faded channel * BER to SNR relationship for BPSK for AWG, fast faded, and slow faded channel. The use case of BER to SNR is shown in a sample link budget. Link budget helps to make key system decision such as spectral efficiency, coverage radius, link margin, and availability. Further paper proposes...
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...weeks on the job. However, two months later, she found that no one responded her decisions. Problems: 1. Senior personnel change The suddenly senior personnel change is one of the serious problems.At first, Cabletronica appointed Sampson to be the new head of CA, replacing the well-regarded founder, Frances Wong, who was very familiar with the operation of CA. Moreover, the period that Sampson started the appointment was in the busiest time of year, there were a lot of tasks of design and manufacturing to achieve a strong end-of-year holiday sales. The most serious problems were that although Sampson had professional financial ranks and successful background, she did not work with line managers in a manufacturing setting. 2. Communication system The problem of communication system led to no one responded Sampson’s decisions. It was an ineffective way to announce the important changing of policies to executives through e-mail memorandum, because e-mail is a low powerful communication channel in business communication. Although Cabletronica generally used e-mail to communicate, it was not as well as at CA. While Wong, who was very familiar with the process of CA, indicated that e-mail was not an effective way to announce, Sampson still insisted her own idea. There is a communication...
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... 11/20/13 Communication Channel Paper Communication channel is an established line of communication between two people in multiple ways. Meaning there are all kinds of ways to communicate in the business world. Because communication is very important in any way in life, not just business. This applies to everyday living for the regular person men or woman. That’s why some partnerships, marriages, and friendships fail. They don’t let each other know what’s going on. But there is one way I like communicate regardless of business or personal life. The most consistent line of communication for me is face to face communication. This line of communication happens with my mom all the time. I live with her and see her all the time to let her know how I feel. My mom and I have discussions about what to buy from the grocery store every week. We can just interact and listen to each other to let each other know what we like and don’t like. Or have a conversation about old memories in my childhood about how I was a troublesome child with good tendencies. You couldn’t express your gestures, charisma, and emotion over your e-mail like face to face. Face to face communication tells you about the person, express how they feel, and sends better message than any other channel. While face to face communication is the best way to communicate in my opinion. There are some good things about it like...
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...Because of God’s desire to save all people, he granted humankind necessary ways for them to be saved. God extends his love to everyone even though some refuse. In theology, I learned that there are four channels of God’s saving self-communication. The first channel is through the inner depth of my life experience called conscience. Even though my conscience may be erroneous, it is the thing that guides me to the right path. The second channel is through nature. God is everywhere – an immanent being but also transcendent which means that God is also beyond or above the range of normal. The third channel is through our relationship with other people. The fourth and last channel is through religion which binds us back to God. Among the four facets of God’s saving presence, I believe that I can feel Him most in my conscience. I can say that I can make a distinction between things that are right and wrong and also do what is correct or expected from a matured individual. I am fully aware of the things that are bad for me and other people. Being in a Catholic school for eleven years brings that adequate knowledge of right and wrong. There are times when things get tough and a lot of temptations lure me to do what I want instead of what is right and good. Fortunately, no matter what happens, there is still that small voice in my head that urges me to move away from the decisions and things that will harm me afterwards. I feel that God is in my conscience because He guides me to the...
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...understand and explain the principle of multiplexing 2. To describe the main characteristics of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 3. To understand the operation of a Time Division Multiplexer Components Required: 1. Power supply unit (PSU) 2. MODICOM 2 board 3. Connecting wires 4. Oscilloscope 5. Probes Procedure: 1. Connect the MODICOM 2 board to the PSU. 2. Duty cycle selector is set to 8. 3. Oscilloscope probe is set to DC coupling. 4. The input of channel 0,1,2 and 3 ( point 11 ,13 , 15 and 17 respectively) and its output (41, 43, 45 and 47 respectively) are measured by oscilloscope and the results are recorded. Point | Measure | Remark | 11 | CH0 input | CH1 TRIGGER5V/D0.5mS/DCH2 TRIGGER 2V/D0.5mS/D | 42 | CH0 output | | 13 | CH1 input | | 44 | CH1 output | | 15 | CH2 input | | 46 | CH2 output | | 17 | CH3 input | | 48 | CH3 output | | 5. TX to RX clock connection is pulled out. 6. The input and output of channel 3 is observed and recorded. 7. TX to RX clock connection is put back. 8. TX CH 0 to RX CH0 connection is pulled out. 9. The power supply is OFF and ON. 10. Step 6 is repeated. 11. Step 9 and 10 are repeated for another 3 times. 12. TX CH 0 to RX CH0 connection is connected again. 13. The power supply is OFF and ON. Point | Measure | Remark | 17 | CH3 input | CH1 TRIGGER: 5V/D,0.5mS/DCH2 TRIGGER: 2V/D,0.5mS/D | 47 | Sampled CH3 signal | | 17 | CH3 input |...
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...Selecting the Right Communication Channel Selecting the Right Communication Channel Scenario I: As a marketing manager, I should make telephone calls to inform all people in my marketing network inside the company and invite them to a face-to-face meeting and presentation provided by me to go through product details, marketing strategies and budgets needed for launching the new drink. Telephone calls are very high in richness and fast in time. The needed information ready to pass is too much and that’s why I choose this rich channel to be more effective. “Introduction of new products and services at an accelerated pace-all non routine messages high in ambiguity and requiring the use of channels that convey a large amount of information”. (Robbins & Judge, 2011, ebook format ch. 11). Scenario II: Both telephone call and e-mail will help effectively on communicating downward to IT manager. Because of the time, I need to be fast on the way of communication and telephone call will help me to solve the company problem as a decision maker. IT manager must reply my phone call by sending the new username and password through e-mail as a reference for sending to all 11 employees. All 11 employees not only check the company’s website to enter their username but also they need to check their e-mails first thing in the morning. Scenario III: “A model of media richness helps explain channel selection among managers.” (Robbins & Judge, 2011, ebook format ch. 11). This kind of...
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...CFO, office managers, and business consultant will be able to follow my technical terminology, but my client’s will have a harder time determining what I am trying to present. Prior to giving my presentation it is important for me to identify the groups and individuals in the audience (Wisc-Online, 2009). I have learned from previous experience that it is important to be entertaining, especially when you’re presenting dry sales numbers and figures to company consumers. There are three important communication channels that I also consider when giving my quarterly sales presentation. The three communication channels that I use are upward, downward, and horizontal. Upward communication allows for me to provide information to my office managers and CFO, therefore allowing me to have a better working relationship with my managers. I am then able to share my opinions and ideas to them through this communication channel. Downward communication is important when trying to encourage and motivate my fellow co-workers. My co-workers need to be involved in coming up with new goals and strategies for our Agency. Employee feedback is also very important to upper management. Upper...
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...Effective Gray Scale Techniques By: Wilfredo C. Ileto Many people believe that color images will always be more effective than grayscale. I don’t agree with that perception. Grayscale can be just as visually powerful as color images when they are properly rendered. As a matter of fact, many of the great masterpieces in photographic history, such as those by Ansel Adams and Cartier Bresson, are grayscale images. While the trend has been moving towards full color reproduction, printing of grayscale or monotone images will always remain part of the printing process. Therefore, it is of great importance that we understand the process of converting color to grayscale and acquire the techniques to effectively implement it. Because grayscale images do not have the visual effects of color, it is important to apply certain techniques in order that the images project the desired visual impact we require Whenever I conduct a seminar on Image Enhancement and Color Correction, I always start with a discussion on Grayscale Techniques. Since original materials are now generally supplied in digital RGB format, I ask the participants how they would prepare their grayscale images from these RGB files. Without exception, their answer would be to simply change the mode from RGB to grayscale using Photoshop. I would then load an RGB image (illustration 1) into Photoshop, apply Change Mode to convert it to grayscale and produce an image (illustration 2) where the details have all disappeared into a...
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...SYLLABUS—MKTG 4354—Marketing Channels and Logistics Fall 2015 INSTRUCTOR: Tom Reilly Office: 3067 Office Hours: Mon-Wed, 12:30 to 2:30 Appointments are both helpful and appreciated. An appointment will insure that we have enough time for the task at hand, and that the time is not double-booked, and that I am not doing something else. E-mail: twreilly@vt.edu Course Description: This course will examine the management of a firm’s distribution function. Specifically, we will explore the relationships among manufacturers, distributors, and retailers. In addition, we will study the structure, functions, interactions, and activities of the marketing channels. A special emphasis will be placed on decision making given the natures of these channels. Objectives: • To understand marketing channels including efficiencies achieved, conflicts created, and behaviors of channel members • To reinforce the principles of Marketing, and understand the differences when they apply to channel and logistical issues. • To be able to apply the above concepts in the context of real marketing decisions. • Exposure to careers in Channel Management Books Marketing Channels, a Management View, 8th edition, Rosenbloom, South-Western ISBN 13: 978-0-324-31698-8 Marketing Cases – VT ISBN 13: 978-1-269-77349-2 Grading: Exams (3): 30% Group written case : 15% Class participation 15% ...
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...INTRODUCTION Grapevine communication is the informal communication network within an organization. Grapevine is used to spread information bypassing the formal communication structure. Just like the grapevine plant: it spreads in random ways and it goes where it can. It is formed by individuals and groups in an organization. The people in the groups have something in common that links them together. A person can belong to one or more groups. A grapevine communication is a form of informal communication by which people communicates each other without any formal line of communication. It’s called Grapevine because like that of a grape vine it’s impossible to find the origin of information which results in spread of rumours. Grapevine communication is a form of informal business communication, which develops within an organization. It means gossip, usually gossip that spreads and covers a lot of ground (a lot of people), much like vines do. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first we desire to express our deepest sense of gratitude of almighty Allah. We are thankful to our University (Leading University, Sylhet) and the respective authorities for providing us an opportunity to take our BBA program. With profound regard we gratefully acknowledge our respected course teacher Md. Shamimul Islam for his generous help and day to day suggestion during preparation of the assignment. He is so much an inspiration and guidance to us that we are, short of words in expression our gratitude. We like to...
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...Every company must evaluate the effectiveness of their business practices, and make adjustments when necessary. Intersect Investment Company has struggled since September 11, 2001. In the search for a solution to their problem, it is important for Intersect Investment to conduct benchmarking research. The decisions for company restructuring is done by a process called benchmarking. In the case of Intersect Investments, both competitive and generic bench marking, can be evaluated and applied. The following is an analysis of benchmarking data from 6 companies that have successfully or unsuccessfully navigated through similar situations. Following the analysis, the initial benchmarking material is provided. The benchmarking data along with the analysis can be used to develop alternative solutions for Intersect Investment Company. While evaluating each company closely, Intersect Investment will pay special attention to each company’s success or failures. Several key factors, such as external and internal forces, extrinsic motivation, organizational and cultural changes, and emotional intelligence will be considered. Introduction Ever since 2001, the financial industry has been an unpredictable climate, with firms “struggling to keep both their clients” trust and Wall Street’s credibility,” (Intersect Investment, 2008, p.1). Intersect Investment has had their share of issues in the past year as their revenue targets have not met goals, sales employee turnover is up 25%,...
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...Scenario 1 Concerning giving the team this information a face-to-face team meeting is the best option. This choice is the best option because it will give you the opportunity to not only see the team’s reaction to this new business venture. It will also allow you to brainstorm on the topic and make sure everyone is on the same page. In addition, it will allow you to let your team know the importance of this strategy give the guidelines so that this project is up and running on or before the deadline. Personally, I feel that a face-to-face with the Vice President of Operations is also the proper communication channel. In addition, the teams lead or additional supervisor that you manage should be present as well. This is so you can show off your new strategy via PowerPoint touching on all of the high points for their review. In addition, a face-to-face meeting will give the VP the opportunity to give immediate feedback in the event anything needs to be changed or updated. However, if the VP of Operations sent this information to you via email, and is confident in you and your team’s ability an email with a PowerPoint presentation could be sufficient. Scenario 2 For contacting the IT department, it would really depend on the companies guidelines. However, a telephone call would most likely be the best option. Since this is regarding a system error, the IT personnel will most likely have to verify your identity. This is why the telephone would be the fastest and the best option...
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...Communication Channel Scenarios Management MGT/521 March 18, 2012 Instructor: Patrick Murray When tasked to head up a team to develop a strategy for introducing a new beverage in the global market, the best form of communication would be sending out an e-mail and scheduling a conference call. Time management is crucial for this type of short-term deadline. Delegation, prioritizing tasks, and setting goals are vital to ensure completion of the task at hand as well as making sure the deadline is met. The email is grouped with the key players so they can communicate with one another and everyone will be aware of his or her responsibility. During the conference call, brainstorming for ideas as well as the delegation of assignments will be set. Each member is tasked with an assignment regarding the product details. A breakdown of how information is received is included in the call. This will include names of each member and his or her responsibility with regard to the task as well as a time schedule of when information is to be presented. The importance of the mass group emailing will be beneficial for members who may have questions of another team member who may tie into his or her portion of the project. Another conference call is conducted by the third day to try to bring the project to life and questions can be asked if there are any conflicts or unknown issues...
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...Communication Channels Melody Tice-Baird MGT521 April 22, 2012 Dr. Ronald Johnson Communication Channels Choosing the right form of communication channel to effectively deliver a message to the appropriate audience is important. It is not uncommon for the sender to pick the wrong communication channel simply because they want to choose the easiest and quickest method possible. Based on several scenarios, I will be discussing the best communication channel at different levels. For Scenario 1, the most effective communication channel I would use would be a face-to-face because I only have one week for my team to develop a strategy for entering a new beverage into the global market. Since time constraints and product details are vital to developing this strategy, the face-to-face communication will quickly facilitate questions, ideas, concerns, and feedback from the team resulting in commitment and support. More importantly, each team will have assigned tasks and a concrete deadline for task completion. As a marketing manager, I have selected both formal reports and face-to-face communication to convey the team’s new strategy. These are the most effective communication channels because it allows me to provide the vice president a detailed written outline on the development strategy for the new beverage. However, the complexity of this new strategy requires oral communication to reduce confusion and misunderstandings. (Robbins, pg 14) Lastly, I have the advantage...
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...Telephone conversations are one of the richer communication channels in which to convey information. A telephone conversation provides for immediate communication between an unlimited number of individuals from anywhere in the world. There are many advantages and challenges to having a telephone conversation in the working world. Primarily, it allows one to provide information, ask questions to obtain or clarify information or even seek confirmation via routine or nonroutine communications. In addition, telephone conversations allow for collaboration and an immediate response from more than one individual at the same time. However, the challenge in using telephone conversations as a communication channel is that one is limited to hearing only words and tone of voice without body language. As a result, communication can be misinterpreted if the tone does not match the message. In addition, telephone conversations are normally not recorded to be used as a reference in the future. In my role, quite often employees use telephone conversations as a communication channel to obtain immediate feedback from me. However, advantages and challenges of these conversations present themselves daily. For example, upon my return from vacation on Monday, an employee called me seeking my assistance in getting in touch with a colleague regarding internal job openings. At the time, I had previously met with her about two weeks earlier to announce that her job would be eliminated effective...
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