...Seen by most as the birthmark of French Literature, as well as perhaps the greatest and oldest chanson de geste (epically heroic poems that began to appear in the late eleventh century), La Chanson de Roland is undoubtedly a landmark in Medieval Literature. It celebrates the heroic feats of count Roland, Charlemagne’s nephew and right-hand, in serving his country, his king and his faith. A large variety of themes, including religion, faith, loyalty, bravery and heroism, amongst others, recur throughout La Chanson de Roland. I intend to draw upon a few of these themes, paying particular attention to what is considered by most as the climax of the chanson, Roland’s death; more specifically, laisses CLXXI and CLXXII. The importance given to Christian faith and God is both evident and undeniable throughout the chanson, and portrayed quite accurately in laisses CLXXI and CLXXII. For instance, Roland’s plea for help to ‘Sainte Marie’, to an extent, indicates this. Despite Roland's inherent stubbornness and arguably excessive pride, seen, for instance, through his reluctance to blow the Oliphant knowing that defeat was imminent, he doesn’t hesitate in seeking both comfort and help from celestial powers. Further religious importance is revealed through the divine powers Charlemagne is accredited: ‘Carles esteit es vals de Moriane, Quant Deus del cel li mandat par sun angle’. Here, as with his prophetic dreams, Charlemagne, the king, someone who would have been widely admired, and...
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...the unique property of the place or person that they depict, such as the story of young George Washington, the future first president of the United States, who confesses to chopping down the cherry tree. EPIC * A long narrative poem recounting heroic deeds, although the term has also been loosely used to describe novels, such as Leo Tolstoy’s War and Peace, and motion pictures, such as Sergey Eisenstein’sIvan the Terrible. In literary usage, the term encompasses both oral and written compositions. * The prime examples of the oral epic are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. Outstanding examples of the written epic include Virgil’s Aeneid and Lucan’s Pharsalia in Latin, Chanson de Roland in medieval French,Ludovico Ariosto’s Orlando furioso and Torquato Tasso’s Gerusalemme liberata in Italian, Cantar de mio Cid in Spanish, and John Milton’s Paradise Lost and Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene in English. PROVERB * A succinct and pithy saying in general use, expressing commonly held ideas and beliefs. Proverbs are part of every spoken language and are related to such other forms of folk literature as riddles and fables that have originated in oral tradition. * Comparisons of proverbs found in various parts of the world show that the same kernel of wisdom may be gleaned under different cultural conditions and languages. * The biblical proverb “An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth,” for example, has an equivalent among the Nandi of East...
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...Death In America First Paper Philippe Aries and Death in Early America In Philippe Aries’ Western Attitudes Towards Death, the author describes four separate, general attitudes towards death that occurred between 300 A.D. and the present. The two most relevant to the early American period that we have studied in class are the ones he terms “One’s Own Death,” in the period from c.1200 A.D. to 1700, and “Thy Death,” in the period between 1700 and 1920. Several different sources illustrate various aspects of these different stages, as well as the changes between them as the “language of death” varied over time. They offer evidence of the nature of the relationship between man and God, peoples’ reactions to death in their surroundings, and the changing overall American view towards death. One of the most obvious ways that Aries’ theories are reflected in early American writing is in the accounts of deathbed scenes. Because the artes moriendi shows a “struggle between the forces of good and evil who are fighting for possession of the dying man,” (Aries 36) as well as a “final test” (Aries 37) of the dying man’s virtue, the “ritual solemnity of the deathbed… by the end of the Middle Ages had assumed among the educated classes a dramatic character, an emotional burden which it had previously lacked” (Aries 38). Aries then states that this change had the effect of increasing the dying person’s role in his own death (Aries 38). We can see this deathbed drama and emotion in Cotton...
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...Angela Evans Unit 2 Individual Project 2 Historical Foundations American Intercontinental University February 19, 2012 Latin was one of the languages of choice but in literature it began to change early in the twelfth century. The language beginning to be used was easily understood by all who read this particular literature. Because it was an understood and easy language it spread throughout Europe and Italy. The impact of this changed language would go on to impact a variety of areas including cultures. Latin originated in Rome mainly used in Latium, Rome. It was used as early as the 6th century in the Etruscan alphabet (Ager 2012). Its capacity was spread over other areas of Italy, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East as an ordinary language for everyone (Ager). The alphabet had 23 letters: A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z with none being lower case letters, the I and V were consonants and vowels, K, X, Y, and Z were used to write Greek words, and the name Julius as it known to us today was spelled IVLIVS (Ager). The vernacular language was the language that had pushed in front of the Latin language. It was easily understood because it was written in the language used by those within the region respectively. The vernacular language is the dialect used for that particular region whether it was Spanish, French, Neapolitan or Italian to name a few (Matthews, 2012). Some examples of these languages are a poem from the Italian dialect is ritmo...
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...Poema de Mio Cid es el primer monumento literario español llegado hasta nosotros. Es nuestro poema nacional. Este poema fue descubierto por Eugenio Llaguno en el siglo XVIII, en un convento de Vivar. Está escrito en letra del siglo XIV, de tipo carolingia. Es un poema épico escrito, según Menéndez Pidal, hacia el año 1140, y, según otros autores más modernos, hacia 1200, es decir, bastante tiempo después de la muerte del Cid y cuando su imagen estaba ya muy mitificada. Aunque se desconoce su autor, Menéndez Pidal sostuvo la existencia de dos juglares autores: uno más próximo a los hechos, con una visión realista de los mismos, y otro que reformó el poema posteriormente añadiéndole los pocos episodios fantásticos que aparecen en él (un juglar de San Esteban de Gormaz y otro de Medinaceli). Hay varios escritos sobre el Cid, pero destaca el llamado Cantar de Mio Cid (se nota que no es un Poema sino un Cantar, ya que se toma como letra de una canción y no como texto de un poema). Así pues, El Cantar del Cid, es una canción recitada por los juglares de aquellos tiempos medievales. El manuscrito del Mio Cid, al igual que su "primo" de La Chanson de Roland, no es de gran belleza y contiene varias faltas, algunas corregidas, esto es debido a una finalidad de uso por parte de los juglares y no para más altos menesteres. Este cantar de gesta, narra los hechos finales de la vida de Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, el Cid Campeador (1043-1099), caballero de la corte de Sancho II de Castilla...
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...Biography of Homer (?-? BC) Beyond a few fragments of information, historians and classicists can only speculate about the life of the man who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey. The details are few. We do not even know the century in which he lived, and it is difficult to say with absolute certainty that the same poet composed both works. The Greeks attributed both of the epics to the same man, and we have little hard evidence that would make us doubt the ancient authorities, but uncertainty is a constant feature of scholarly work dealing with Homer's era of Greek history. The Greeks hailed him as their greatest poet, as well as their first. Although the Greeks recognized other poets who composed in Greek before Homer, no texts from these earlier poets survived. Perhaps they were lost, or perhaps they were never written down‹Homer himself was probably on the cusp between the tradition of oral poetry and the new invention of written language. Texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey existed from at least the sixth century BC, and probably for a considerable span of time before that. These two great epic poems also had a life in performance: through the centuries, professional artists made their living by reciting Homer, performing the great epics for audiences that often know great parts of the poem by heart. It is impossible to pin down with any certainty when Homer lived. Eratosthenes gives the traditional date of 1184 BC for the end of the Trojan War, the semi-mythical...
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...Easy French STEP-BY-STEP Master High-Frequency Grammar for French Proficiency—FAST! Myrna Bell Rochester New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-164221-7 MHID: 0-07-164221-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-145387-5, MHID: 0-07-145387-3. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of...
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...MEDIEVAL WEAPONS Other Titles in ABC-CLIO’s WEAPONS AND WARFARE SERIES Aircraft Carriers, Paul E. Fontenoy Ancient Weapons, James T. Chambers Artillery, Jeff Kinard Ballistic Missiles, Kev Darling Battleships, Stanley Sandler Cruisers and Battle Cruisers, Eric W. Osborne Destroyers, Eric W. Osborne Helicopters, Stanley S. McGowen Machine Guns, James H. Willbanks Military Aircraft in the Jet Age, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, 1919–1945, Justin D. Murphy Military Aircraft, Origins to 1918, Justin D. Murphy Pistols, Jeff Kinard Rifles, David Westwood Submarines, Paul E. Fontenoy Tanks, Spencer C. Tucker MEDIEVAL WEAPONS AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THEIR IMPACT Kelly DeVries Robert D. Smith Santa Barbara, California • Denver, Colorado • Oxford, England Copyright 2007 by ABC-CLIO, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data DeVries, Kelly, 1956– Medieval weapons : an illustrated history of their impact / Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith. p. cm. — (Weapons and warfare series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-10: 1-85109-526-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-85109-531-4...
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...62118 0/nm 1/n1 2/nm 3/nm 4/nm 5/nm 6/nm 7/nm 8/nm 9/nm 1990s 0th/pt 1st/p 1th/tc 2nd/p 2th/tc 3rd/p 3th/tc 4th/pt 5th/pt 6th/pt 7th/pt 8th/pt 9th/pt 0s/pt a A AA AAA Aachen/M aardvark/SM Aaren/M Aarhus/M Aarika/M Aaron/M AB aback abacus/SM abaft Abagael/M Abagail/M abalone/SM abandoner/M abandon/LGDRS abandonment/SM abase/LGDSR abasement/S abaser/M abashed/UY abashment/MS abash/SDLG abate/DSRLG abated/U abatement/MS abater/M abattoir/SM Abba/M Abbe/M abbé/S abbess/SM Abbey/M abbey/MS Abbie/M Abbi/M Abbot/M abbot/MS Abbott/M abbr abbrev abbreviated/UA abbreviates/A abbreviate/XDSNG abbreviating/A abbreviation/M Abbye/M Abby/M ABC/M Abdel/M abdicate/NGDSX abdication/M abdomen/SM abdominal/YS abduct/DGS abduction/SM abductor/SM Abdul/M ab/DY abeam Abelard/M Abel/M Abelson/M Abe/M Aberdeen/M Abernathy/M aberrant/YS aberrational aberration/SM abet/S abetted abetting abettor/SM Abeu/M abeyance/MS abeyant Abey/M abhorred abhorrence/MS abhorrent/Y abhorrer/M abhorring abhor/S abidance/MS abide/JGSR abider/M abiding/Y Abidjan/M Abie/M Abigael/M Abigail/M Abigale/M Abilene/M ability/IMES abjection/MS abjectness/SM abject/SGPDY abjuration/SM abjuratory abjurer/M abjure/ZGSRD ablate/VGNSDX ablation/M ablative/SY ablaze abler/E ables/E ablest able/U abloom ablution/MS Ab/M ABM/S abnegate/NGSDX abnegation/M Abner/M abnormality/SM abnormal/SY aboard ...
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