...Chapter 8 CONSOLIDATIONS — CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP INTERESTS Answers to Questions 1 Preacquisition earnings and dividends are the earnings and dividends applicable to an investment interest prior to its acquisition during an accounting period. Assume that P purchases an 80 percent interest in S on July 1, 2011 and that S has earnings of $100,000 between January 1 and July 1, 2011 and pays $50,000 dividends on May 1, 2011. In this case, preacquisition earnings and dividends are $100,000 and $40,000, respectively. Historically, preacquisition earnings purchased were shown as a deduction on the income statement to arrive at consolidated net income. Under current GAAP, this is no longer the case. Instead, the consolidated income statement should only report revenues, expenses, gains and losses subsequent to the acquisition. For example, in a March 31 acquisition, the consolidated income statement would only include income of the subsidiary from April 1 through December 31. GAAP reasons that acquirers purchase assets and assume liabilities, based on their fair values. Acquirers do not “purchase” preacquisition earnings, although fair values of net assets should reflect earning power of the acquired firm. Preacquisition earnings are not recorded by a parent under the equity method because the investor only recognizes income subsequent to acquisition on the interest acquired. Historically, preacquisition earnings purchased were shown as a deduction on the income statement to arrive at...
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...CHAPTER 3 CONSOLIDATION SUBSEQUENT TO DATE OF ACQUISITION QUESTION SOLUTIONS 3-1. An 80 percent ownership requires the preparation of consolidated financial statements. Regardless of the method used to account for the investment on the parent’s financial records, the investment income or dividend income is replaced on the consolidated income statement by the subsidiary’s revenue and expense accounts. The equity method is required if the parent prepares separate financial statements. Search term “ownership” reveals 8 hits. The relevant item in this instance is paragraph 17, reproduced below: 17. The Board concludes that the equity method of accounting for an investment in common stock should also be followed by an investor whose investment in voting stock gives it the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of an investee even though the investor holds 50% or less of the voting stock. Ability to exercise that influence may be indicated in several ways, such as representation on the board of directors, participation in policy making processes, material intercompany transactions, interchange of managerial personnel, or technological dependency. Another important consideration is the extent of ownership by an investor in relation to the concentration of other shareholdings, but substantial or majority ownership of the voting stock of an investee by another investor does not necessarily preclude the ability to exercise significant influence...
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...financial statements Revised November 2013 Noncontrolling interests, combined financial statements, parent company financial statements and consolidating financial statements To our clients and other friends This Financial reporting developments (FRD) publication is primarily designed to help you understand financial reporting issues related to the accounting for noncontrolling interests. This publication also includes interpretive guidance on consolidation procedure and on the presentation of combined, parentonly, and consolidating financial statements. The publication reflects our current understanding of the relevant guidance in these areas, based on our experience with financial statement preparers and related discussions with the FASB and SEC staffs. The accounting for noncontrolling interests is based on the economic entity concept of consolidated financial statements. Under the economic entity concept, all residual economic interest holders in an entity have an equity interest in the consolidated entity, even if the residual interest is relative to only a portion of the entity (that is, a residual interest in a subsidiary). Therefore, a noncontrolling interest is required to be displayed in the consolidated statement of financial position as a separate component of equity. Likewise, the consolidated net income or loss and comprehensive income or loss attributable to both controlling and noncontrolling interests is separately presented on the consolidated statement of...
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...Consolidation-Date of Acquisition Chapter 4 • Consolidated statements bring together the operating results and financial position of two or more separate legal entities into a single set of statements for the economic entity as a whole. • To accomplish this, the consolidation process includes procedures that eliminate all effects of intercorporate ownership and intercompany transactions. 4-2 Consolidation As Of The Date Of Acquisition McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Consolidation-Date of Acquisition • The procedures used in accounting for intercorporate investments were discussed in Chapter 2. • These procedures are important for the preparation of consolidated statements because the specific consolidation procedures depend on the way in which the parent accounts for its investment in a subsidiary. • The consolidated statements, however, are the same regardless of the method used by the parent company to account for the investment. 4-3 Consolidation-GAAP • Consolidated and unconsolidated financial statements are prepared using the same generally accepted accounting principles. 4-4 Roadmap—Chapter 4 Roadmap—Chapters 5 to 10 • After introducing the consolidation workpaper, this chapter provides the foundation for an understanding of the preparation of consolidated financial statements by discussing the preparation of a consolidated balance sheet immediately following the establishment of...
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...Published by Cambridge Business Publishers, LLC. Exclusive rights by Cambridge Business Publishers, LLC for manufacture and export. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or stored in a database or retrieval system in any form or by any means, without prior written consent of Cambridge Business Publishers, LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. STUDENT EDITION ISBN: 978-1-61853-151-3 Bookstores & Faculty: to order this book, call 800-619-6473 or email customerservice@cambridgepub.com. Students: to order this book, please visit the book’s Website and order directly online. Printed in Canada. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE W elcome to Advanced Accounting. We wrote this book with two major objectives in mind. First, we seek to reflect the changing topical emphases and content in the advanced accounting course; coverage is completely updated for new developments concerning applicable reporting issues and requirements, including the newest FASB and GASB pronouncements and proposals. We extensively discuss International Financial Reporting Standards where appropriate throughout the book. Second, we write from the perspective of enhancing teachability; many of the topics in this course are complex and require careful explanation. We highlight the major issues in...
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...Chapter 7 Consolidated Financial Statements - Ownership Patterns and Income Taxes Chapter Outline I. Indirect subsidiary control A. Control of subsidiary companies within a business combination is often of an indirect nature; one subsidiary possesses the stock of another rather than the parent having direct ownership. 1. These ownership patterns may be developed specifically to enhance control or for organizational purposes. 2. Such ownership patterns may also result from the parent company's acquisition of a company that already possesses subsidiaries. B. One of the most common corporate structures is the father-son-grandson configuration where each subsidiary in turn owns one or more subsidiaries. C. The consolidation process is altered somewhat when indirect control is present. 1. The worksheet entries are effectively doubled by each corporate ownership layer but the concepts underlying the consolidation process are not changed. 2. Calculation of the accrual-based income of a subsidiary recognizing the consolidated relationships is an important step in an indirect ownership structure. a. The determination of accrual-based income figures is needed for equity income accruals as well as for the computation of noncontrolling interest balances. b. Any company within the business combination that is in both a parent and a subsidiary position must recognize the equity...
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...Accounting, 12th ed. (custom print with ConnectPlus access), McGraw-Hill Create, ISBN: 9781308536347. Software: McGraw-Hill Connect Plus Course Description Study of specialized aspects of financial reporting, including business combinations and emerging practices and developments in financial accounting. Prerequisite: Enrollment in the MPAcc program. Course Objectives and Learning Outcomes Students completing this course will demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the financial reporting framework used by business enterprises as it relates to partnerships, variable interest entities, and parent and subsidiary companies. Specifically, you will learn the accounting procedures and reporting requirements for: partnership formation, operation, cessation and liquidation; the treatment of variable interest entities, and combining corporate entities; and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for domestic parents with domestic and foreign subsidiaries. Methods of Assessing Expected Learning Outcomes Multiple choice questions, open-ended problems, and short answer questions will be used to assess knowledge of accounting procedures, reporting requirements and problem-solving skills. Grade Scale Contribution to final grade A 90 - 100% Exam I 20% B 80 - 89% Exam II 20% C 70 - 79%...
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...Possible Problem/Essay Topics Chapter 1 1) Determining amount of goodwill during an acquisition (problem that includes Figure 1-3 on page 19) * Components used in determining goodwill: * The fair value of the consideration given by the acquirer * The fair value of any interest in the acquiree already held by the acquirer * The fair value of the noncontrolling interest in the acquiree, if any * The total of these three amounts, all measured at the acquisition date, and is compared with the acquisition-date fair value of the acquiree’s net identifiable assets, and the difference is goodwill. * Establishes A New Basis of Accounting * The new basis of accounting depends on the acquirer’s purchase price (FMV) + the NCI’s (FMV). * The depreciation cycle for fixed assets starts over based on current values and estimates. * If acquisition price > FMV, goodwill exists. * Recognize as an asset. * Do not amortize. * Evaluate periodically for possible impairment. * If acquisition price < FMV, a bargain purchase element (formerly called “negative goodwill”) exists. * Testing for goodwill impairment * When goodwill arises in a business combination, it must be assigned to individual reporting units. * To test for impairment, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying amount. * If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, the goodwill of...
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...Chapter 3 Consolidations – Subsequent to the Date of Acquisition Chapter Outline I. Consolidation — the Effects Created by the Passage of Time A. The present chapter examines the consolidation procedures that must be followed in subsequent periods whenever separate incorporation of the subsidiary is maintained. B. Purchase combinations will continue to require a different set of procedures than a pooling of interests because of allocations and amortization. C. A worksheet and consolidation entries continue to provide structure for the rendering of a single set of financial statements for the combined entity. D. When a time factor is included in the consolidation process, additional complications are encountered. 1. The parent must select and apply an accounting method to cover the relationship between the two companies. The investment balance recorded by the parent varies over time as a result of the method chosen, as does the income consequently recognized. 2. The parent’s investment balance is eliminated on the worksheet so that the subsidiary’s actual assets and liabilities can be consolidated. 3. Additionally, the income figure accrued by the parent is excluded each period so that the subsidiary’s revenues and expenses can be included can be included when creating an income statement for the combined entity. ...
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...23 Consolidation: controlled entities ACCOUNTING STANDARDS IN FOCUS LEARNING OBJECTIVES IFRS 10 Consolidated Financial Statements After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 explain the meaning of consolidated financial statements 2 discuss the meaning and application of the criterion of control 3 discuss which entities should prepare consolidated financial statements 4 understand the relationship between a parent and an acquirer in a business combination 5 explain the differences in disclosure requirements between single entities and consolidated entities. CHAPTER 23 Consolidation: controlled entities Prepared for Rotterdam School of Management 429 813 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the preparation of a single set of financial statements, referred to as the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of consolidated financial statements involves combining the financial statements of the individual entities in a group so that they show the financial position and financial performance of the group of entities, presented as if they were a single economic entity. The first issue covered in this chapter is the determination of which entities are required to prepare consolidated financial statements. This involves a discussion of the criterion for consolidation and its application to economic situations. The second issue in this chapter is the accounting procedures for preparing the consolidated financial...
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...Chapter 11: Highlights 1. For a variety of reasons, corporations often acquire the securities (bonds, preferred stock, common stock) of other entities. For example, a business may invest (in the short term) some of its excess cash in income-yielding securities such as bonds or stocks. A business may also invest in securities intending to hold them for a longer period. 2. The accounting for investments in securities depends on the expected holding period and the purpose of the investment. 3. The expected holding period determines where investments in securities appear in the balance sheet. Securities that firms expect to sell within the next year appear as “Marketable Securities” in the Current Asset section of the balance sheet. Securities that firms expect to hold for more than one year from the date of the balance sheet appear in “Investments in Securities,” which firms include in a separate section of the balance sheet between Current Assets and Property, Plant and Equipment. When a company owns sufficient number of shares to control another company, it prepares consolidated financial statements. Consolidated financial statements combine, with some adjustments, the assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and cash flows of both companies. 4. The accounting for the investment in securities depends on the purpose of the investment and the percentage of voting stock that one corporation owns of another. Three types of investments are: (1) minority, passive...
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...Variable Interest Model ..................... 2 Voting model ..................................... 3 Navigating through the Variable Interest Model ............................... 3 1. Does a scope exception to consolidation guidance (ASC 810) apply? ....................... 4 2. Does a scope exception to the Variable Interest Model apply? .... 4 3. Does the enterprise have a variable interest in a legal entity? ............................... 6 4. Is the legal entity a VIE? .............. 8 5. If the legal entity is a VIE, is the enterprise the primary beneficiary? ................. 14 Conclusion....................................... 19 Appendix: Flowchart of the consolidation models in ASC 810 ..21 A quick guide to understanding the Variable Interest Model and eight common misconceptions What you need to know • Depending on the circumstances, consolidation may be based on factors other than majority ownership. • To help you navigate through the Variable Interest Model, we lay out five questions you need to ask to evaluate an entity for consolidation. • We identify eight common misconceptions involving scope exceptions, determining whether an entity is a variable interest entity (VIE) and determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE. Introduction Two years after the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) revised the Variable Interest Model in its consolidation guidance, we continue to see eight common misconceptions. Under the traditional voting model, ownership of a...
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...Chapter 6 Variable interest entities, Intra-entity Debt, Consolidated Cash flows, and Other Issues Chapter Outline I. Variable interest entities (VIEs) A. VIEs typically take the form of a trust, partnership, joint venture, or corporation. In most cases a sponsoring firm creates these entities to engage in a limited and well-defined set of business activities. For example, a business may create a VIE to finance the acquisition of a large asset. The VIE purchases the asset using debt and equity financing, and then leases the asset back to the sponsoring firm. If their activities are strictly limited and the asset is pledged as collateral, VIEs are often viewed by lenders as less risky than their sponsoring firms. As a result, such arrangements can allow financing at lower interest rates than would otherwise be available to the sponsor. B. Control of VIEs, by design, sometimes does not rest with its equity holders. Instead, control is exercised through contractual arrangements with the sponsoring firm who becomes the "primary beneficiary" of the entity. These contracts can take the form of leases, participation rights, guarantees, or other residual interests. Through contracting, the primary beneficiary bears a majority of the risks and receives a majority of the rewards of the entity, often without owning any voting shares. C. An entity whose control rests with a primary beneficiary is addressed by FASB ASC subtopic 810-10 Variable Interest...
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...chapter The Equity Method of Accounting for Investments The first several chapters of this text present the accounting and reporting for investment activities of businesses. The focus is on investments when one firm possesses either significant influence or control over another through ownership of voting shares. When one firm owns enough voting shares to be able to affect the decisions of another, accounting for the investment can become challenging and complex. The source of such complexities typically stems from the fact that transactions among the firms affiliated through ownership cannot be considered independent, arm’s-length transactions. As in many matters relating to financial reporting, we look to transactions with outside parties to provide a basis for accounting valuation. When firms are affiliated through a common set of owners, measurements that recognize the relationships among the firms help to provide objectivity in financial reporting. LO4 LO3 LO2 LO1 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Describe in general the various methods of accounting for an investment in equity shares of another company. Identify the sole criterion for applying the equity method of accounting and guidance in assessing whether the criterion is met. Prepare basic equity method journal entries for an investor and describe the financial reporting for equity method investments. Record the sale of an equity investment and identify the accounting...
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...Chapter 1 the equity method of accounting for investments Answers to Questions 1. The equity method should be applied if the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investee has been achieved by the investor. However, if actual control has been established, consolidating the financial information of the two companies will normally be the appropriate method for reporting the investment. 2. According to Paragraph 17 of APB Opinion 18, "Ability to exercise that influence may be indicated in several ways, such as representation on the board of directors, participation in policy-making processes, material intercompany transactions, interchange of managerial personnel, or technological dependency. Another important consideration is the extent of ownership by an investor in relation to the extent of ownership of other shareholdings." The most objective of the criteria established by the Board is that holding (either directly or indirectly) 20 percent or more of the outstanding voting stock is presumed to constitute the ability to hold significant influence over the decision-making process of the investee. 3. The equity method is appropriate when an investor has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financing decisions of an investee. Because dividends represent financing decisions, the investor may have the ability to influence the timing of the dividend. If dividends were recorded as income...
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