...orphans depend on the relatedness of orphans to their household heads. The lower enrollment of orphans is largely explained by the greater tendency of orphans to live with distant relatives or unrelated caregivers. I n a follow-up to the 2001 noted that nearlyGeneral Assembly Specialare suffering HIV/ United Nations Session on AIDS, UNAIDS researchers 40% of the countries that from a generalized AIDS epidemic lack a national policy to support children “orphaned or made vulnerable by AIDS” (Joint United Nations Programme 2003:12). This is an important issue in sub-Saharan Africa, where the death of prime-aged adults from HIV/AIDS has led to pronounced concentrations of orphans. Recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have indicated that in Uganda, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, nearly 15% of all children under age 15 have lost one or both parents, and more than 20% of 15-year-old children in these countries are orphans. Are orphans more vulnerable than other poor children in sub-Saharan Africa? Understanding the risks that orphans face is important for policy: if extended families insure each other, then governmental policies may not need to target orphans specifically. Households could be singled out for help on...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies A Research Paper presented by: Joreen Nkole Mwelwa (ZAMBIA) In partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: Public Policy and Management (PPM) Members of the examining committee: Prof. Dr Michael Grimm (Supervisor) Dr Bridget O’Laughlin (Reader) The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2009 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Acknowledgements I give my sincere gratitude to Jehovah God for his love and care throughout my life and the fifteen months I have been here. With much honour I sincerely thank my Supervisor, Prof M.Grimm, truth be told it was a blessing to have a supervisor like him, I am short of words to describe him, I would simply say he has been...
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...In September 2000, the 189 member countries of the United Nations at that time adopted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). The eight goals are ambitious, and involve among others halving the number of people without clean water and sanitation by 2015. The challenges in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) target for sanitation in Zambia by 2015 are many and include the large numbers of temporary latrines, low capacity for sanitation promotion in the country, weak policies and strategies for sanitation promotion, low support for sanitation in donor supported programs, social resistance to the use of the latrines, and lack of multi-sectoral partnerships for sanitation promotion. This paper endeavours to outline and discuss the sequential platform of activities in the policy process which the policy maker would use to address the problem of poor sanitation in Luangeni Village of Chief Mpezeni’s area. The essay also attempts to establish the seriousness of the problem of poor sanitation in the village by presenting statistical evidence. In order to fully comprehend and come up with solutions concerning the topic under discussion it is imperative that we understand some key concepts to be used in this essay, these include policy, policy makers and sanitation. Development policy making lies within the domain of the state. The word policy however has no single defination in literature, this is so because there are different points of view and diverging opinions and...
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...THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA SCHOOL OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT NAME : LIMPO NAMAKAU COMPUTER NO : 11053909 COURSE : CVE 3020 LECTURER : MR. CHIDONGO PHIRI TASK : ASSIGNMENT (1) ONE LENGTH : BETWEEN 12 and 30 TYPED PAGES DUE DATE : 30th JANUARY, 2014. QUESTION : Critically discuss how the study of Public Legal Education would help school managers analyse the following; i). Public Nuisance ii). Negligence of girl child iii). Abortion Practices iv). Examination Malpractice Without rules and regulations, society would be impossible to have because freedom without boundaries results in anarchy which means total confusion. From birth, human beings’ lives, safety, health and peace are controlled by law. It is for this reason that this piece of work seeks to critically discuss how the study of public legal education would help school managers analyze public nuisance, negligence of the girl child, abortion practices and examination malpractices. According to Johari (1989), law is a set of rules which society develops for itself to control the behaviours of its members towards one another. Migel et al (2005) defines public as something that is not owned privately but in common, while legal is a word used to refer to issues, things, activities or information to do with how or what the law requires (Cooper, 1978). For a rule to be recognized as a law there should be a way of compelling people to obey it and this is done...
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...media attention, another less visible but equally important discussion of the impact of demographic trends and policy options is under way among the leaders of the least- developed countries. A large majority of these leaders agree that population growth and birth rates are too high (United Nations, 2007). In many developing countries, these concerns have led to action. Since the 1960s, alongside efforts to increase educational opportunity and improve health conditions, the main policy response to concern about rapid population growth has been the implementation of voluntary family planning programs that provide information about, and access to, contraceptives. In the developing world, 137 million women who don't want to get pregnant are not practicing contraception (United Nations, 2007). The key cause of this unmet need for contraception is that contraception is often quite costly to individuals in terms of commodities (pills, condoms, Intrauterine devices (IUDs) etc.), transportation, and provider fees for contraceptives and health care services, even when subsidies are provided by the government. Therefore, this paper seeks to discuss whether family planning programmes are obsolete and alternative programmes must be derived in amelioration of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. It will start by defining key terms that will be used in the discussion, and discuss possible...
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...Access to quality healthcare is important for human beings across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed a six building block framework to help developing countries implement health care system best practices to enable meeting the millennium development goals (Mutale, Bond, Mwanamwenge, Mlewa, Alaanova, Spicer, & Ayles, 2013). Zambia is struggling to meet the WHO goals. The ethnographic qualitative study reviewed is “Systems thinking in practice: The current status of the six WHO building blocks for health system strengthening in three BHOMA intervention districts of zambia: A baseline qualitative study” (Mutale et al., 2013). The paper reviews the key elements, and a general evaluation of the study as guided by Table...
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...and nearly every firm needs to undergo reorganization at some point to help meet new challenges. Structural changes are needed to reflect new strategies or respond to changes in other contingency factors such as environment, technology, size and life cycle, and culture. The following essay seeks to critically analyze and discuss the realignments that have taken place in the Zambian bureaucracy since the last quarter of 2011 with reference to the body of knowledge on organization structure and design. In the period between October, 2010 - September 2012, the government of the Republic of Zambia has made pronouncements to change the public service organization structure. This has been as a result of the change of government following the Patriotic Front under the leadership of Micheal Chilufya Sata (PF) ousting the Movement for Multiparty Development (MMD), this was in the September, 2011 Zambia general elections. Ludwig (1944, defines bureaucracy as a personnel and administrative structure of an organization, implying that the bureaucracy of any organization is a structure that has got positions with people carrying on day to day activities. Organizational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. It determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organization's...
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...and nearly every firm needs to undergo reorganization at some point to help meet new challenges. Structural changes are needed to reflect new strategies or respond to changes in other contingency factors such as environment, technology, size and life cycle, and culture. The following essay seeks to critically analyze and discuss the realignments that have taken place in the Zambian bureaucracy since the last quarter of 2011 with reference to the body of knowledge on organization structure and design. In the period between October, 2010 - September 2012, the government of the Republic of Zambia has made pronouncements to change the public service organization structure. This has been as a result of the change of government following the Patriotic Front under the leadership of Micheal Chilufya Sata (PF) ousting the Movement for Multiparty Development (MMD), this was in the September, 2011 Zambia general elections. Ludwig (1944, defines bureaucracy as a personnel and administrative structure of an organization, implying that the bureaucracy of any organization is a structure that has got positions with people carrying on day to day activities. Organizational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of lines of authority, communications, rights and duties of an organization. It determines how the roles, power and responsibilities are assigned, controlled, and coordinated, and how information flows between the different levels of management. A structure depends on the organization's...
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...000 people died from malaria. Over 90% of malaria cases occur in Africa. Poverty and lack of access to simple preventative measures lead to an increased occurrence of the disease. In Northern Province of Zambia, Malaria has continued to be a threat and more than 50% of morbidity and mortality that occur are as a result of Malaria.(Northern Province Statistical Bulletin, 2011). Morbidity is the number of cases, whilst mortality is the number of deaths due to the disease. Malaria; the deadly illness caused by a bite of the mosquitoes and similar insects, can be cured and prevented through the use of anti-malarial drugs and spraying of chemicals(indoor residual spraying). I therefore, feel that the spraying of chemicals in homes and breeding places can positively reduce the number of mosquitoes and contribute to reduction in malaria cases. By so doing the cost of seeking treatment will drastically be cheap and reduced as long as human behavior, the existence of socio-cultural and traditional factors such as economic, spiritual, technological and political and all effects that contribute to how human beings behave are looked at as a thing that may bring about epidemiological causes of health and disease patterns. According to the National Health Strategic Plan, 2011 – 15, Zambia has continued to make significant progress in the fight against malaria and there is documented evidence that the malaria burden is reducing. Annual malaria incidence has dropped from 412...
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...1.1 BACKGROUND The earth is naturally surrounded by the warm blanket of air that has the capacity to absorb or retain heat rays from the surface of the earth, however, if the earth did not have small amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and other gases called the greenhouse gases it would be impossible for humans to inhabit the earth because it would have been too cold for any living thing to survive. The surface of the earth is warmed by the process called the greenhouse effect which occurs once the greenhouse gases retain some amounts of heat rays that bounce from the sun rays that heat the earth’s surface. The levels of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases have increased over the years due to both natural and anthropogenic factors but mostly human induced. Some human activities such as deforestation, industrial activities and combustion of fossil fuels have increased the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leading to the increase in temperature of the surface of the earth. Scientists and researchers have argued that the increase in the earth’s surface temperature can cause climate change which can lead to catastrophic and disastrous events such as the raise of the ocean water levels due to the melting of the polar ice and flooding the coastal areas. 1.2 INTRODUCTION Climate change is the world phenomenon in which the temperature of the earth’s surface increases to the level in which it threatens...
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...Generally, a problem is a social condition that has negative consequences for individuals, our social world, or our physical world. If there were only positive consequences, there would be no problem. A social problem such as unemployment, alcoholism, or drug abuse may negatively impact a person’s life and health, along with the well-being of that person’s family and friends. Problems can threaten our social institutions, for example, the family (spousal abuse), education (the rising cost of college tuition), or the economy (unemployment and underemployment). Our physical and social worlds can be threatened by problems related to urbanization and the environment. It has to be noted that social problems need to seeing as interconnectedness of the problematic issues under study. Social problems should not be viewed as a separate issue to be solved independently from others. We need more than one theoretical approach in studying social problems. The study of social problems develops an appreciation for the complexity of social problems and why divergent perspectives are required in order to analyze so many different issues. You may not just look at Child defilement or unemployment as a single social problem because at some stage they tend to have linkages for a certain trait to continue escalating Second, a social problem has objective and subjective realities. A social condition does not have to be personally experienced by every individual in order to be considered...
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...This essay is going to expose the extent to which development has taken place in Zambia under the Patriotic Front (PF) government. Development in this essay will be looked at according to Dudley Seers’ definition. As we proceed looking at the current extent of development in Zambia in view of Seers three pointers of development, recourse will be made to a number of authorities, such as books written by renown authors and or any other valid sources to support the argument. The essay will be concluded by making a summary of the whole essay and suggest possible way in which the government may deliver or even improve on the delivery of development to its people. Before proceeding to look at the extent of development in Zambia under the current government, it is important first to understand what “development” is according to Dudley Seers. According to Seers, (1969:5), to consider whether development has taken place in a particular country; you need to ask what has been happening to poverty, unemployment and inequality. He further states that, “If all the three of these have declined from high levels, then beyond doubt this has been a period of development for the country concerned. However, if one or two of these central problems have been growing worse, especially if all the three, it would be strange to call the result ‘development’ even if per capita income had doubled” ibid. Hence, the truth can be deduced from the aforementioned that ‘development’ according to Seers, is the...
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...Fo r Te a ch er s Growing up in Zambia A Teachers’ Guide to Civic Education Camfed has created a new and innovative resource pack for the teaching and learning of Civic Education. It combines three books: this teachers’ guide, a student workbook and a collection of stories and photographs entitled Listen to My Story. We hope that together, they will inspire a high level of creativity in classrooms across Zambia. Civic Education is a key aspect of the school curriculum and one that prepares pupils for a productive and fulfulling life. The resource pack addresses issues of great concern to children and young people as they grow up in our society. A particular focus is gender and issues of inequality in Zambia. Many of the stories, photographs and activities enable boys and girls to reflect on the influences on their lives that shape their choices. English skills, literacy, and other elements of the curriculum are also supported and the sessions in the pack are designed to show how life and learning converge to change people’s futures. I hope that the many Zambian teachers and students who use this rich resource will benefit from the stories, and that the interactive and reflective activities will stimulate interest and learning in different local settings. Every child has the right to education. Yet in Zambia, as in many other countries around the world, millions of children, especially girls, are excluded from school. We often hear the statistics, but it is rare for those...
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...Introduction Gender-based violence is violence against women based on women’s subordinate status in society. It includes any act or threat by men or male dominated institutions that inflict physical, sexual, or psychological harm on a woman or girl because of their gender. In most cultures, traditional beliefs, norms and social institutions legitimize and therefore perpetuate violence against women. Gender-based violence includes physical, sexual and psychological violence such as domestic violence; sexual abuse, including rape and sexual abuse of children by family members; forced pregnancy; sexual slavery; traditional practices harmful to women, such as honor killings, burning or acid throwing, female genital mutilation, dowry-related violence; violence in armed conflict, such as murder and rape; and emotional abuse, such as coercion and abusive language. Trafficking of women and girls for prostitution, forced marriage, sexual harassment and intimidation at work are additional examples of violence against women. Gender violence occurs in both the ‘public’ and ‘private’ spheres. Such violence not only occurs in the family and in the general community, but is sometimes also perpetuated by the state through policies or the actions of agents of the state such as the police, military or immigration authorities. Gender-based violence happens in all societies, across all social classes, with women particularly at risk from men they know. (United Nations declaration...
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...PROGRAMME SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY COURSE ANTHROPOLOGY OF GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT MARK QUESTION EXAMINE THE ARGUMENT THAT ECONOMIC STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES AFFECTED WOMEN MORE THAN MEN The view that Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes (ESAPs) affected women more than men is true to a considerable extent. This was because women were a vulnerable group and Economic Structural Adjustment Programs worsened the situation and that is why ESAP have been cynically changed to mean Extreme Suffering of the African People, and this implies that Economic Structural Adjustment Programs brought more negative impact than positive ones and it were women who particularly suffered more than any other group. Economic Structural Adjustment Programmes are perceived by the Bretton Wood institutions as the process which aims at making national economies of developing countries more efficient, more flexible and better able to use resources through cutting of expenses. The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were arguing that Third World countries were being faced with finance problems because they were spending too much on arms and paying workers. Hence the way to address these financial problems was by reducing on arms spending...
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