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“La Republica Popular de China y América Latina y el Caribe: hacia una relación estratégica.”

COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL
Julio 18, 2011

Profesor
David E. Lewis

Alumna
Carolina Auffant
10-1237

La Republica Popular de China y América Latina y el Caribe: hacia una relación estratégica.

El artículo pretende retratar como desde hace más de una década las relaciones y los lazos comerciales con China se han ido fortaleciendo y como el vínculo entre ambas regiones ha ido creciendo de manera acelerada y favorable.
Para el año 2009, las relaciones entre China y América Latina habían experimentado varios impactos, con la crisis financiera global y la derivada crisis económica mundial, China y los países Latinoamericanos contrario a lo que se esperaba se enfrentaron a ellas positivamente, convirtiendo la crisis en una oportunidad para el desarrollo.
China debido al paquete de estímulos económicos lanzados para mitigar los estragos de la crisis financiera mundial y mediante ajustes estructurales e incitando el crecimiento de industrias emergentes logro a diferencia de todas las grandes potencias económica mundiales un crecimiento de un 8.7 %, derrocando a Alemania como el principal exportador de mercancías a nivel mundial y suponiendo esto una gran oportunidad para el desarrollo comercial de Latinoamérica y el Caribe.
Para el futuro se proyecto que China seguirá creciendo de manera acelerada, estimándose según la oficina nacional de estadística de china entre un 8% y 9% de crecimiento, lo que implica que seguirá impulsando el crecimiento de las economías y generando oportunidades comerciales de exportación e importación de bienes para Latinoamérica.
También y a medida que se habla de este crecimiento colosal de China se habla de la posibilidad de que la Nación esté creando una burbuja financiera, producto de la especulación bursátil con los fondos públicos orientados al salvamento de bancos y empresas en problemas. Ahora mismo un desastre financiero supondría una amenaza para Latinoamericana y el Caribe que cada vez más dependen del comercio con China para mejorar su economía y disminuir los vestigios de la crisis en las que están envueltos.
Durante la pasada década ambas regiones consiguieron fortificar el diálogo y la participación estratégica, ampliado las relaciones económicas y comerciales, transformado los elementos de cooperación, robusteciendo la colaboración en medio de la crisis mundial y buscando un progreso conjunto. Las relaciones Sino-latinoamericanas están en una nueva etapa de desarrollo, notándose como China fue el socio comercial mas dinámico y con mayor crecimiento para Latinoamérica y como el crecimiento de las exportaciones hacia Asia pacifico aumento suscitado por esas relaciones.

Se estima que para el 2014 China desplazaría a la Unión Europea y pasaría a ser el segundo mayor mercado para las exportaciones de la región.
A pesar de los beneficios esenciales que suponen la presencia de China en Latinoamérica, cabe reiterar que no todo ha sido positivo ni ha estado exento de la especulaciones y críticas políticas, una de los primeros impactos negativos ante la presencia China en la región tiene que ver con el hecho de que los productos de manufactura chinos sean de bajo precio beneficia positivamente al consumidor latinoamericano pero también daña la producción local de aquellos productos que compiten directamente con la nación Nipona .
Esto es tema de preocupación entre el sector de las manufactureras en países Centro América y México quienes ven en China un competidor difícil de igualar por sus bajos costos en mano de obra humana y de fabricación, particularmente en la Republica Dominica se ha sentido el impacto que ha conllevado esta situación con el cierre y el traslado de muchas compañías manufactureras para abaratar costo hacia China.
Por otra parte la esperada IED China no ha alcanzado, ni siquiera se ha acercado a los niveles prometidos, lo cual es un freno para la consolidación de esta relación .Por el lado de la producción, China cuenta con una diversidad de productos con los cuales exportar e invadir los mercados latinoamericanos, mientras que Latinoamérica solo cuenta con una serie limitada de productos y se enfoca más en la exportación de recursos naturales productos Comodities y esto representa una desventaja desde el punto de vista competitivo, ya que se importa más de china de lo que se está exportando.
La naturaleza de las relaciones comerciales entre China y Latinoamérica no permite a este último aspirar a una real transferencia de tecnologías que le permitan salir de la senda de ser un proveedor neto de materias primas con los vaivenes de precios incluido en esto.
Unos de los mayores retos que se le presenta a Latinoamérica en la pretensión de conseguir mayores oportunidades y relaciones comerciales con China es la necesidad de impulsar y propinar la diversificación de las exportaciones mediante una mejora de la infraestructura y la promoción de incentivos que susciten esta diversificación y mas que limitarnos como hasta ahora a exportaciones de materia prima incursionar también en la exportación de bienes manufacturados a través de cadenas de valor e innovaciones tecnológicas para dinamizar la inversión extranjera directa en la región IED y poder lograr alianzas empresariales mas estratégicas con China.
Finalmente, ante la crisis financiera global y el profundo cambio del sistema internacional, China y América Latina han fortalecido la relación y cooperación en el comercio internacional. China, Brasil, México y Argentina son grandes países emergentes en vías de desarrollo, que juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo de estas relaciones estratégicas y del avance que han tenido en los últimos años.

Los intereses creados por parte de los gobiernos Latinoamericanos hacia la entrada de China como la gran potencia ascendente en la región y el impedimento de esta de estar a la altura de estas han enfriado el entusiasmo inicial con el que se percibía la llegada de este gigante asiático a la región. Esto último constituye, sin duda alguna, el obstáculo más grande para la construcción y consolidación de una relación más estratégica que consiga desalinear el foco de los países latinoamericanos de las potencias tradicionales.
China y Latinoamérica han reforzado los contactos e intercambios, coordinando las posiciones de los países en vías de desarrollo y salvaguardado sus intereses. La cooperación china-latinoamericana está pasando del nivel bilateral al multilateral, y del regional al mundial.

Conclusiones

La crisis en la que se encuentra sumergida Europa y los EE.UU ha tenido el efecto contrario en China, la cual ha salido fortalecida de ella no solo en su sistema productivo, sino también en el tecnológico o el financiero.
Hay que destacar la eliminación de ciertos aranceles para ciertos países (englobados en la ASEAN) lo que supone una pérdida de competitividad de ciertos países latinoamericanos en cuanto a las exportaciones debido a que estos últimos no se podrán beneficiar de estas desgravaciones.
El aumento considerable del consumo interno de materias primas tales como alimentos, energía, minerales, etc. en China ha hecho que países latinoamericanos tales como Brasil, Chile o Argentina salgan beneficiados con lo que aumentan su crecimiento.4: El mercado chino, debido a que es un país con una población de más de 1000 millones de personas, hace que se abra un gran abanico de oportunidades para poder suscribir acuerdos de exportación e inversión en campos tan diversos como la agricultura, minería o tecnología. Con esta perspectiva de futuro los países de América Latina y Caribe no deben dejar escapar esta oportunidad, que podría resultar muy ventajosa para sus economías.
Uno de los problemas a los que se enfrentan las economías latinoamericanas es el tipo de relación entre estos países y China, es decir, principalmente los intercambios son productos manufacturados (China) por materias primas (Latinoamérica) con lo que se reducen considerablemente las posibilidades de inversiones futuras. Para poder cambiar esto se debería tender a una diversificación mayor del comercio.
Para poder incorporarse a las cadenas de valor que se están gestando en Asia en torno a China, los países latinoamericanos y caribeños deberían crear asociaciones estratégicas para así estimular las inversiones Chinas en sus países y las inversiones regionales en China.
Otro punto importante sería favorecer las inversiones de la banca, empresas y Gobierno chino en sus países, mediante un programa de iniciativas que favorecieran inversiones en terrenos tan importantes como las infraestructuras o energía.
En este momento las relaciones entre los países latinoamericanos y caribeños con China están creciendo, pero para dar un salto cualitativo y de madurez se debería diversificar más las ventas a China con lo que se incorporaría más valor y conocimientos a estos productos, así como mejorar las alianzas empresariales, comerciales y tecnológicas. Además un punto importante también sería dotar de una mayor relevancia las relaciones entre universidades y centros tecnológicos.
América Latina y el Caribe deberían dar una respuesta al Libro Blanco mediante una coordinación regional conjunta que favoreciera en un futuro concretar una Cumbre de Jefes de Estado China-América Latina para así favorecer la inversión y diversificar el comercio con este país.

En conclusión podríamos decir que para que realmente se lleve a cabo una verdadera relación estratégica entre China con Latinoamérica y El Caribe, Latinoamérica tiene que pasar de ser un simple proveedor de materias primas para convertirse en un verdadero socio estratégico y consolidar una alianza que favorezca a ambas regiones. Se debe velar por una relación que estimule el progreso, la inversión de capital, la diversificación y la innovación tecnológica.

Indicar cualquier perspectiva prospectiva adicional con respecto a la republica Dominicana.

Algo que me llamo mucho la atención es que la Republica Dominicana de casi todos los países de Latinoamérica es uno de los pocos a los que China no ha destinado IED y donde el comercio, las exportaciones e importaciones no son significativas, esto básicamente se debe a que ambos países no mantienen relaciones diplomáticas. Lo que hace que sea más difícil una relación comercial entre ellos, otra de los factores que enfrenta la relación comercial entre China y República Dominicana es que muchos productos llegan vía Panamá por la falta de logística para que esos productos lleguen directamente al país.
En América Latina varios países obtienen beneficios, con una balanza comercial favorable cada año por sus relaciones completas con esta potencia económica mundial, podemos citar a países como Chile y Brasil sostienen negocios sobre los 20,000 millones de dólares anuales mientras que los negocios entre China y Republica Dominicana no sobrepasan los 800 millones de dólares.
Según el artículo la Republica Dominicana exporto a China, ferroaleaciones, chatarras. En cambio los productos que la República Dominicana importa desde China son máquinas, herramientas, utensilios de metal, automóviles, motocicletas, textiles, juguetes y útiles escolares lo cual hace que la balanza comercial no esté equilibrada y que el número de importaciones sea mayor al número de exportaciones.
No podemos darnos el lujo de quedarnos rezagados en la relación comercial con un mercado que es inmenso y sigue creciendo. La tarea del Gobierno es colosal, se debe propinar en el país un ambiente que fomente la inversión y facilite las relaciones entre ambos países, pero falta mayor voluntad política para lograrlo.

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