...development level is primarily determined by the local institutional quality, the extent of government police, geographic elements, native income level and cultural tradition. These factors formed the economic environment in which the banks and other financial firms to make decision for investment project and exogenous financing, furthermore, the customers decide whether consumption or saving, moreover, the financial intermediaries finance the fund in which approach from savers to borrowers. The well financial system can perfect the effect of information, enforcement and transaction cost on the saving rate, investment decision and technological innovation, and steady state growth rate. Financial market channel the fund to investment opportunities to get the profit, so if the financial system cannot work well, the economic growth also more or less affected. The essay mainly gives a brief introduction on the points of financial development and economic growth based on the area of Chinese. The essay mainly talks about the theories relate to the relationship of financial development and economic growth, the determining elements to accelerate the financial development, reform in financial sector in China, and the positive relationship between financial development...
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...The analysis on the development of Chinese Mainland banking industry internationalization Table of Content Introduction 3 1.0 Analysis on capital management based on Basel III 3 1.1 Potential risk determinants 3 1.1.1 CRAR based on Basel III 3 1.1.2 NPL perspective 4 1.1.3 Internal risk control system 4 1.1.4 The fund sourcing exploration through finance innovation 5 1.2 The risk identification 5 1.2.1 Risk of local government financial platform 5 1.2.2 NPL and Due Diligence Investigation 5 1.2.3 Risk of lending to SMEs and Derivative Deposit problems 5 1.2.4 Risk of collateral assets auctions 6 2.0 Analysis on internationalization of operation overseas 6 2.1 Key factors identification and comparison 6 2.1.1 Operation efficiency on ROA and ROE perspective 6 2.1.2 Operation scale and scope 7 2.2 Government potential influence on policies and regulation 8 2.3 Challenge and Risk based on the analysis 8 2.3.1 Strategic partnership with developed bank 8 2.3.2 Human Resource management 8 3.0 Analysis on internationalization of interest rate liberalization 8 3.1 Government potential influence on policies and regulation 9 3.2 Comparison between Chinese Mainland banks and HSBC 9 Conclusion 9 Appendices 11 Reference 13 Introduction From 2013, the trend of catching up with international standard and increasing Chinese banking competitiveness is under the agenda of PBOC through the frequent policies transformation...
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...by Faculty of Business Administration, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Guanghua School of Management, Peking University Written by: HE Jia, Hugh THOMAS Researchers: HE Jia, Hugh THOMAS, ZHOU Chunsheng Research Assistants: WAN Yanyan, SU Jun, MAO Tianshi Part One: Background for Asian Banks’ Competitiveness Study I. Asian Banking Reform Reform has surged across the banking industry in Asia over the last decade. In the large, insular, developing economies of China and India, the reform movement originated with internationalizing and introducing market mechanisms to stimulate previously state-owned systems. In Japan and the other traditionally market oriented Asian economies, the reform was born out of crisis. Japan’s slow and painful, a decade-long recession of the 1990s, following the bursting of the bank-financed real estate and stock markets bubbles, finally led to a consensus on the need for reform. But real urgency did not enter banking reform in Asia until the Asian Financial Crisis struck the smaller, developing, market-based economies of Asia in 1997. In the run-up to the crisis, capital inflows helped fuel debt-financed investment, while stable exchange rates and surging economic growth masked the risks of many loans to leveraged and risky companies, often based more on connections than sound credit analysis. Many banks were profitable notwithstanding corruption, poor control and lax banking practices. In mid 1997, investor sentiment turned...
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...2nd International Conference on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS 2014) Research on Chinese Commercial Banks' Capital Structure Optimization Jianwen ZHENG Wuhan University of Technology,China email:174068598@qq.com Keywords: Commercial Banking, Capital Structure, Optimization, Strategy Abstract. Optimize the capital structure is the fact that the premise of improving corporate governance.This paper describes the status of the capital structure of Chinese commercial banks, analyzes the main problems of Chinese commercial banks supplement existing capital structure, optimization strategies proposed capital structure of commercial banks in China, China's policy of commercial banks and other wealthy significant ownership concentration, such as optimization of innovative recommendations. Introduction The capital structure of the model can have a significant impact on the Company's operating performance.This effect can be divided into two cases: one is the direct impact that the capital structure, the financing risk and the cost of capital can directly affect business performance; while another case is the indirect impact, mainly on the company's first impact on the governance structure, and then have an impact on business performance through the governance structure.The pace of development of China's listed banks initially very slow. Under conditions of economic system reform, the bank's capital structure gradual adjustments, operating performance...
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...Introduction As a developing socialist country, China’s banking system is quite different from the banking systems in the western economies. In this essay, after a brief illustration of the development of banking system in China, the recent event of money shortage in it will be discussed. Development of banking system in China “Piaohao” is the earliest Chinese form of bank which appeared in the Qing dynasty (over 200 years ago). It is a firm for exchanging and transferring money, and it also provided deposit and loan services. However, the first modern bank is established by the English in Shanghai in 1845 (Wang, 2008). After the People's Republic was founded in 1949, the modern banking system of china was built and developed gradually. Recently there are 3 major types of bank in the system. First, the central bank, which is The People’s bank of China, operates similar functions as that of western countries. And it is the only bank that can issue Chinese currency (RMB) and unify the national currency (PBC, 2013). The second type of bank is policy banks, which are established by the Chinese government and they are non-profit oriented. The major role of these banks is to provide long-term financing support for economic and trade development and state-invested projects (Wong, 2001). The last type is commercial banks, including state-owned banks, local bank, private bank, foreign bank and other types of small and medium banks (Wong, 2001). In particular, the “big four” state-owned...
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...for foreign firms trying to integrate themselves into the Chinese banking sector. • Despite having extremely conservative guidelines, the Chinese government managed to attract significant foreign interest and investment. • However, while most of the developing nations adopted trends set by the global banking giants, China made its own norms and forced those banking giants to comply with it. • Instead of the traditional mergers and acquisitions practiced in most foreign direct investments, China offered strategic partnerships to a maximum permissible limit of 20%, while total foreign ownership in any bank was capped at 25%. • The global banks developed customized lending policies, banks cards, and asset management products to cater to the huge retail banking market. • The partnership between the foreign partner and the Chinese bank not only needed to be a strategic fit and complementary in nature, but it also had to be in line with Chinese culture and value system and had to gradually modify the system to make it more beneficial for both parties. • Biggest challenge for the strategic alliances came from the alignment of the critical human resource management (HRM) functions such as HR planning, staffing, appraisal, training and development, employee retention, etc., with Chinese culture. Key Issues Differences in Business Cultures • The differences in culture, labor markets, and employments systems between China and other countries created challenges for multinational...
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...Shadow Banking in China: Boon to Bane The shadow banking system is a term for the collection of non-bank financial intermediaries that provide services similar to traditional commercial banks. Shadow banking, in other words, is a system that is governed by a coterie of financial intermediaries that carry out traditional banking functions like borrowing and lending but in a way that is loosely connected with the traditional functions of depository institutions. Examples of important components of the shadow banking system include securitization vehicles, asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) conduits, money market mutual funds, markets for repurchase agreements (repos), investment banks, and mortgage companies." Shadow banking has grown in importance to rival traditional depository banking and was a primary factor in the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007-2008 and global recession that followed. Shadow banking is sometimes said to include entities such as hedge funds, money market funds, structured investment vehicles (SIV), "credit investment funds, exchange-traded funds, but the meaning and scope of shadow banking is a matter of much debate. It is said that commercial as well as investment banks conduct much of their business in the shadow banking system, but most are generally classified as shadow banking institutions themselves. RISK OR VULNERABILITY: Shadow banks, since they are not covered by the same prudential regulations as depository banks, can afford to have a relatively...
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...four major economic institutions will then be discussed in detail. This paper will then go briefly into China joining the WTO and will conclude with China’s economic situation at present. Chinese economic policies and institution have undergone a number of extreme changes since the establishment of the Communist regime in 1949. After the Communist Party took national power in 1949, the disorder caused by the imperialist invasions and domestic wars were put to an end and China began to strive for development by following Russia’s example in pursuing Leninist and Marxist doctrine. By following this doctrine they would replace free market and private ownership with socialist planning and public ownership. In order for this to become a reality China had to pursue radical revolutionary domestic and foreign policies to overcome the resistance to the Chinese Communist movements. After closing its doors to western concepts of capitalism and free market economy it seemed like China was doing well but it was soon evident that the rigid planning and the command market economy was becoming inefficient. In contrast to the western economies China was indeed falling behind. Even China’s neighbors such as Taiwan, Singapore, Korea and Hong Kong were growing rapidly after adopting market economic systems. At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978, the realist Party leaders headed by Deng Xiaoping formally adopted a series of important measures to save China from crisis...
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...Contents Aims 3 1. Introduction 3 1.1 HSBC and China 3 1.2 Foreign Activity 4 1.3 HSBC in China 5 2. Chinese Business Environment 5 2.1 PEST Analysis 6 Political- Communism and World Trade Organisation Membership 6 Economical - High levels of FDI and a strong economy 8 Social- Education and Ageing Population 10 Technological- Accessibility 11 2.2 Analysis of the Chinese banking industry 11 2.3- Porter’s Five Force analysis 12 2.4 Culture Analysis 15 3. Mode of Entry 18 3.1 Reasons for mode of entry. 18 3.2 International Theory 18 4 - Conclusion 20 References 20 Aims This report will look at banking giant HSBCs entry into mainland China. The aim is to 1. Provide a brief outline of HSBCs entry into china, including background information on HSBC and China and take a look at the nature and location of HSBCs foreign activity. 2 Identify and analyse the main characteristics of the business environment in China that are likely to have influenced HSBCs decision to operate there. 3 Evaluate the factors that HSBC took into account when choosing its mode of international entry into China. 1. Introduction Globalisation has interconnected the world and is seen by some as an evolutionary process, although it does have its critics. Expansion into foreign markets is as a must for big businesses if they want to stay at the top of their industry. Banking is one of the largest industries in the world with HSBC one of the largest in said industry, China is one of...
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...Internation Business Case Study Bank of Amerian and The Chinese Credit Card Market 1. How important is China to Bank of America? Did BOA do the right thing by taking a minority position in CCB? We considered that Bank of America’s taking minority position in CCB (9 percent, as stated from the case) is an adequate decision. Looking at the situation from the perspective of a firm in search for successful overseas expansion, we considered that CCB - one of the largest commercial banks in China - could serve as a profitable business partner. A big advantage is that CCB has relationships with many of the largest business groups and leading companies in industries strategically important to China's economy. Another is that CCB already has a big market share in the industry: 12.63% of credit card issued. Considering that work-site marketing is critical in issuing credit cards, this will play as a big advantage. Also it has the least non-performing loans, and because it is state-owned, CCB seems to be a very safe and rational choice. The Chinese credit card industry is described to be in the process of a very promising growth stage and provide the possibility for a successful expansion through first-mover advantage. Since its entry to WTO in 2001, China’s GDP has been growing at over 10% each year. This will result in higher purchasing powers of individuals which will promise growth for the industry. In the same sense, according to the case, 3 million credit cards had been...
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...Term paper of Ef4461 Topic : Shadow Banking in China Created by Pan Date: 24/4/2015 Abstract: In this paper , I will examine the China’s shadow banking for its potential risks. China, an expansion of risky and complicated financial practices in the world’s second-largest economy , what is the potential risk behind? Introduction: From Bloomberg, the definition of“shadow banking” encompasses risky investment products, lending between individuals, pawnshop and loan-shark operations in emerging markets, as well as more respectable activities like derivatives, money-market funds, securities lending and repurchase agreements at financial institutions These activities are beyond the control regular banking system and regulators. Therefore are exempt from the limited regulations and oversight placed on the traditional banking sector. So it is hard to restrict risky lending for the regulators. In china, savings deposit rates of 3 percent which is lower than the target for inflation, combined with at least 90% of small businesses could not get bank loans which propelled the shadow-banking sector to an estimated $6 trillion. Overview of shadow banking in the world and China There are $75 trillion global shadow banking assets worldwide in 2013 according to Financial Stability Board Report,(Appendix 2). After 2008 crisis, The U.S. and the euro area each accounted for a global shadow banking assets, followed by Britain with a 12 percent share and Japan’s 5 percent share(Appendix3)...
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...Performance: A Data Envelopment Analysis A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Commerce and Management at Lincoln University By Jiyun Xu Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand 2011 I Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of M. C. M. An Empirical Analysis of China Big Four State-Owned Banks’ Performance: A Data Envelopment Analysis By Jiyun Xu Banks are becoming more international, disintermediation, concentrated and contestable in the financial market in providing services to foreign enterprises and individuals. There is also a shift from the traditional bank lending activities towards investment banking activities. Competition in financial markets encourages consolidation of banks and other financial institutions through mergers and acquisitions in order to increase contestability (Bikker & Bos, 2005). Hence, it is important to determine whether the bank is performing well under constant changes in the financial markets. This study examines the efficiency and performance of the Big four state-owned commercial bank...
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...Country Attractiveness Report Alex V Sukhodolov Business in Asia Date: 04-19-2014 Executive summary Recent trends on borrowing and payment system for instance, in salary payment, debt payment, mortgage borrowing and payment as well as other loan services, more and more industries and institutions are dependent on banks more than ever before. This high dependability on banks is in fact making this banking industry highly competitive and concentrated as discussed below. As these industries take their time to analyze the merits and demerits of each bank in the industry and which is likely to benefit them more, the banks on the other hand strive to make their business attractive to those potential customers. What will result is onset of competition that will increase the innovativeness of the banks as each struggle to attract the highest number of industries in form of customers. Attractiveness in Banking Investment Introduction The recent years have seen a rise in large and well-established banks in developed economies. This has raised concerns on the effects such banks will have on the countries’ economy. Many economists are of the view that large banks may have a negative impact on a country’s economy as well as the borrowers. As such, there have been debates on whether or not large banks should be broken up into small banks that have less market power. Scholars from Vietnam and China advocated for the need to break up banks in order...
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...1. Westpac PESTEL analysis 1. Political and Legal analysis There are huge amounts of regulations and laws supervising the banking system in Australia. In this paper, we focus on one important and famous regulation: ‘four pillars’ policy. Basically, the ‘four pillar’ is a specific Australian policy to maintain the separation of ‘big four’ banks including Westpac and to prevent any merge and acquisition among these four banks (1997) .In terms of the report from both TUNSTALL (2007) and The Age (2006), the main objective of the policy is to keep the competition of the banking industry. Such the policy is a threat to the Westpac because the increasing competition will lead to shrinking interest margin definitely. And the profit channel such as making loans in domestic market will be in tough condition. While the ‘four pillar’ policy is also a big opportunity for Westpac due to the fact Australian banks were force to borrow offshore under the policy based on the speech of Macfarlane (2009). Additionally, according to the analysis released by IMF (2012), ‘Australia has limited foreign bank presence’. Therefore, it’s a big opportunity for Westpac to build up foreign presence to join the international banks and adsorb the cheaper foreign capital. 1. 2 Social and Economic analysis After the GFC, based on BBC many important economic entities cut their interest rate with the quantity easing policy issued by US, including Australia, to stimulate the domestic economy...
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...about them and some simple analyses will be give along with their stock price this year (from June). 0005.hk(HSBC HOLDINGS): Introduction HSBC Holdings plc is a British multinational banking and FINANCIAL services company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It is the world's fourth largest bank. It was founded in London in 1991 by the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation to act as a new group holding company. The origins of the bank lie in Hong Kong and Shanghai, where branches were first opened in 1865. The HSBC name is derived from the initials of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. As such, the company refers to both the United Kingdom and Hong Kong as its "home MARKETS". HSBC has around 6,600 offices in 80 countries and territories across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America, and around 60 million customers. As of 31 December 2013, it had total assets of $2.671 trillion, of which roughly half were in Europe, the Middle East and Africa, and a quarter in each of Asia-Pacific and the Americas. As of 2012, it was the world's largest bank in terms of assets and sixth-largest public company, according to a composite measure by Forbes magazine. HSBC is organised within four business groups: Commercial Banking; Global Banking and Markets (investment banking);...
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