...Women Movement of 1960s Women Movement of 1960s In this paper I am going to discuss how my own life would be different if one specific event of the 1960s had never occurred. I also would like to discuss how this event influenced my course of study and my choice of career path and how different my life would be if this event had never taken place. The event I am speaking of is The Women’s Movement if the 10960’s. Background Since the rise of dawn women have been treated as second class citizens and unequal to men. They were not given equal rights regarding their education, health, career and other aspects of their lives. In many civilizations women are treated as slaves and men considered them their property. From the beginning of History women are considered to be inferior to men. Even scholars, learned men and socialists of the early age called women as the greatest source of temptation and evil. Women were treated second-rated not only by the social norms, but also by the religion. Many religions of the world considered women as a species to gratify male hunger and produce his offspring. Civilizations were of the views that as women are physically weaker than men in the same way they have weaker mental abilities and powers. Even Christian Fathers gave humiliated statements about women e.g. St Jerome, Latin Father of Christian Church has said “Women is the gate of Devil, the Path of Wickedness, the Sting of the Serpent, in the World...
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...Equal Rights Amendment and Its Implications for Business BMGT 380 Business Law The Equal Rights Amendment as proposed in 1923 was to specifically promote the equality of all persons regardless of gender. Arguments for and against use scary rhetoric to convince others that their side is the only option. The ratification of the ERA could diminish legal battles, as it would negate the traditional assumption that males hold rights and females must prove that they hold them. However, highly controversial and emotional issues such as abortion rights and gay right continue to cloud the overall intent of the Amendment. An Equal Rights Amendment would remove that differential assumption and shift the burden of proof to the alleged discriminator. The ERA while not creating a radical shift in most businesses, could affect industries and jobs that have been seen as traditionally male career fields including professional sports, the military and other highly physical or hazardous careers. Women would have the option to participate in these career fields and be subject to military conscription. “The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was the most highly publicized and debated constitutional amendment before the United States for most of the 1970s and early 1980s.” (Answers.com, 2009) The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) stated "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account...
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...Problem The history of women and minorities in the American workforce has been shaped by diverse cultural, legal, demographic, and ethno-racial influences. African American men had to prove themselves worthy to fight alongside white Americans in past wars for the same rights. Women had to fight for their rights to work along men whether it was for paid or unpaid labor. Minorities have had to prove themselves to others to advance to a higher position. Sometimes after proving their skills and leadership abilities, the job or else the opportunity still does not get delivered. Minorities have been struggling to get notice in America for hundred of years. Many people have been paving the way for future advancement of people no matter the race, sex, or national origin. Whenever a minority has the opportunity and skills to advance in the workforce, but is not given a fair chance, this is commonly known as glass ceiling. According to the online database, Answers, glass ceiling refers to situations where the advancement of a qualified person within the hierarchy of an organization is stopped at a lower level because of some form of discrimination. This situation is in reference to the term glass ceiling because there are limitations of upward movement or advancement. The word glass comes from being transparent because the limitations are not immediately apparent and is normally an unwritten or unofficial policy. This barrier prevents large numbers of women, ethnic, and sexual minorities...
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...In the 1920's women's roles were soon starting to change. After World War One it was called the "Jazz Age", known for new music and dancing styles. It was also known as the "Golden Twenties" or "Roaring Twenties" and everyone seemed to have money. Both single and married women we earning higher- paying jobs. Women were much more than just staying home with their kids and doing house work. They become independent both financially and literally. Women also earned the right to vote in 1920 after the Nineteenth Amendment was adopted. They worked hard for the same or greater equality as men and while all this was going on they also brought out a new style known as the flapper. All this brought them much closer to their goal. In the 1920's the term flapper referred to a "new breed" of women. They wore short skirts and dresses which were straight and very loose. The arms were left bare and the waistline was dropped to the hips. By 1927 the length of the skirts had rose just below the knee which when they danced would be shown. The chests appeared to look very small and women would tape themselves to look even smaller. Bras were also sold to make them appear very small. Their hairstyles were cut very short and were known as a bob, another popular style that was later introduced was the "Eaton" or "Shingle". These styles had slicked the hair back and covered the ears with curls. Women started wearing "kiss proof" lipstick in shades of red, their eyes were ringed a dark black color, and...
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...The Equal Rights Amendment is one of the twenty-seven failed amendments to the United States Constitution. This amendment would give equal rights to men and women, under federal and state laws within the United States. The amendment was written in 1923, by Alice Paul, a suffragist leader and founder of the National Woman’s Party. It was presented at every Congress from 1923, until 1972 when it was passed and sent to the states for ratification. However, only 35 out of the 38 required states, ratified the amendment, it was given an extension until 1982, but still failed to pass and has become extinct within Congress. The amendment has been proposed at every Congress since its failure to be ratified. The proposed amendments states that “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” The amendment has three sections, and this statement is featured as the first. The second section states that “The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article,” and the third section states that “This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.” Essentially, the amendment would affirm the equal application of the United States Constitution, to both sexes. However, according to some opposers of the Equal Rights Amendment, it would also take away some of the rights granted to women in previous years. The amendment would require women to sign...
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...Merrit Duke History of American Women May 27, 2015 Equality: Too Much to Ask For? The Equal Rights Amendment has been the source of much debate for almost an entire century now. Since first purposed by Alice Paul in the 1920s one’s stance on the potential amendment has been a dividing factor in the political sphere. Though the amendment was shut down in the 1920s there has been discussion about adding the Equal Rights Amendment into the constitution today. If the potential amendment was to be brought back up my stance on the debate would be in support of the amendment. For some background on the debate on the Equal Rights Amendment it would be good to look back and see where activists in the past were split and what about the Equal Rights Amendment has divided them. The Antebellum era gave two different types of women activists, the true women and the Early Feminists. The True Women argued for gender distinctions, separate spheres, domesticity, and women as moral guardians in their natural role as a mother. The True Women would be the women who be apposed to the Equal Rights Amendment and would be active in the fight against it. Arguing against the True Women were the Early Feminists who stressed gender equality, suffrage for women, equal education, human rights, and saw women as rational beings. This group of activists would be in support of the Equal Rights Amendment. Next would be the Progressive era where the two parties in the debate would be the Early Feminists and...
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...Dark Money and its Influence on US Politics Dark Money and its Influence on US Politics Abstract The influence of voters is overcast by lobbyists who funnel channels of dividends toward the candidate or party of their choosing. With our self-galvanized democracy, this is becoming all too common as our voices in collusion begin to fade. To placate reign, we acknowledge fault as the American public pleads with the top justices to limit lobbyist inequity through entitled equity only to be dismayed by the brittleness of our justice system as it concedes to an ambiguous constitutional amendment that endures free speech equates to filled pockets. Dark money’s malignant strike is designed to silence the many who toil for the sake of the few who take. Conservatives protest anonymity for protection from public outrage which could lead to dwindling sales and lost revenues from faithful lobbyists and big businesses. The American public demands disclosure to ensure greater confidence and voter turnout and prosperous turn in gracious candidacy. In a political climate built on attack ads, clarity is essential for due process not matter how high the stakes are for candidate. Association will either lead to adequate support or an inevitable defeat. Introduction A 5-4 vote was need for the Supreme Court to dislodge the necessary caps to plug lucrative high-profile tycoons and corporate conglomerate...
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...wave has left its mark on history, being focused on a specific goal. However, over time these goals have shifted from wave to wave to wave. The first wave is known today for getting women all over the country the right to vote. The second wave rejected traditional labor, house wives everywhere seeking to work outside of the home and hold jobs other than a nurse or a school teacher. The third wave was more individually centered especially when it came to the arts, but it also focused on violence against women. Today there are many who believe the feminist movement to be dead, but they would be wrong. While today’s movement still focuses on some of the same issues from the second and third wave such as equal job opportunity and violence against women, it has also spread beyond just our countries boarders. These days, our voices have shifted to become less focused about the individual and more geared toward helping women everywhere. In our country we still don’t have equal opportunity for women, and women in general are pushed into thinking that men are more important in their everyday lives. This usually starts at a young age, from the time that we’re told we need to change our clothes so we don’t distract the twelve year old boys in our classrooms. Even the equal rights amendment is still not a part of our constitution. So we have a long ways to go ourselves, but our focus,...
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...that essentially mirrored the middle-class existence of most Americans. Their phone number had been listed. Their garage was filled with sports gear and lawn care equipment. They were concerned how they’d put all their children through college as the national economy endured an economic recession. Among the family, this personal side of the new presidency was transmitted primarily by Betty Ford in simple, honest conversation in interviews, speeches and responses in a rare press conference by a First Lady, conducted on 4 September 1974. At that press conference, the new First Lady announced areas of interest that she would foster, such as the performing and fine arts, and disabled children. However, she also reiterated her support of the Equal Rights Amendment and the Supreme Court decision in favor of legal abortion, and her having divorced and having consulted a psychiatrist. These were extremely rare expressions not only of a First Lady’s genuine opinion on controversial domestic issues of her time, but also of personal revelations the likes of which had never before been disclosed by a First Lady. Two dramatic events that occurred within three weeks of the press conference, however, eclipsed any further indepth coverage of the issues Betty Ford raised in her press...
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...Colin White Mr. Shaw W131 12/4/14 Essay 3 Although there have been many laws put in place and women have seemingly become more individualistic with their roles in society, there is still an unspoken idea of what seems to be the role of women. Due to many selfless attempts from female activists and politicians, there are now a lot of opportunities for women to achieve successful lives by getting an education and being treated fairly in the workforce. However, many women still have difficulty overcoming the stereotypes and expectations that once dictated the responsibilities and opportunities for women in this country. Although there are no longer laws inhibiting unequal treatment towards women there is still a sense of inferiority towards them versus men. A picture drawn by Wladyslaw Theodore in 1873 displays a woman who seems to be a mother going through various tasks that Americans have traditionally recognized as “womanly duties.” In her picture she attempted to display some of the most common domestic tasks that women have historically been in charge of taking care of such as cooking, nurturing for her children, sewing, and cleaning. Wladyshaw’s picture displayed the common tasks of women in older generations and some of these responsibilities that are displayed still remain very common for women today. The photograph suggests, that throughout the history of the United States, the advancement of women has been constricted by certain stereotypes, expectations and preconceived...
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...However, the great debate is “has America truly changed for the better?” A closer look at the positive changes developed through social movements, societal policy expansion, and technological advancements paints a picture of an improved American society. Social Movements After World War II ended in 1945, America experienced a brief moment of contented peacefulness and growth. However, this quickly changed as the country moved toward a decade of cold war in an effort to prevent the spread of Russian communism, which denied those under its rule the right to basic human freedoms. This cold war was founded on the principle of protecting global human rights, which would sparked an era of social unrest among American minority groups who desired to have their own basic human freedoms recognized. Martin Luther King & The Civil Rights Act of 1964 By the late 1950’s, American was experiencing the first in a long line of civil rights movements demanding that the government take action to end social inequalities. The most prominent of these was the battle over racial segregation in public areas, such as schools, restaurants, stores, and...
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...The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was written in 1923 by Alice Paul. The purpose of the ERA was to ensure the equal application of the Constitution to all United States citizens, regardless of their sex. This is stated succinctly in the first section of the amendment: “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”1 The ERA was proposed in every Congress between 1923 and 1972.2 In 1972, it was finally passed and sent to individual states for ratification. At the end of the ERA’s proposing clause in 1982, it had been ratified by 35 states, making it fall just short of the 38 required to put it into the constitution.3 As the political tide turned more conservative...
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...with men. According to the U.S. Department of Labor and Statics in its 2006 report, “At all levels of education women have fared better than men with respect to earnings.” Upper-class women may use a college education as a stepping-stone into the primary labor market. Their educational credentials and family background will help them get good positions. Working-class women, without family connections and educational opportunity, are likely to remain in the secondary labor market and fall further behind. A few new words that I learned this chapter are comparable worth, Equal Rights Amendment, and Beguines. Comparable worth is evaluating and rewarding different occupations equally if the work in each occupation requires the same level of skill and is of equal value to the employer. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States giving equal rights to women that was not ratified. Beguines are communes, existing...
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...discharge against Maggies Market under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights act as it pertains to religious discrimination. The following memo will cover the relevance of constructive discharge and the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII, in addition to my recommendations with specific court cases that pertain. For your information and for further perusal, I have attached a references page to this document with the article, book, and cases referenced within this memo. Relevance of Constructive Discharge Constructive discharge has complete applicability to the situation at hand. Constructive discharge as explained in the case Turner v. Anheuser-Busch (1994) is termed when an employee can prove that a work situation created by an employer was so intolerable or in our situation, incompliant to Ms. Jackson's Sabbath day observance, that the employee feels compelled to resign. Although Ms. Jackson may be required to provide evidence that we as a company were allowed the opportunity to make allowances for Ms. Jackson's religious needs and in some courts, that we as an employer deliberately created a work environment with the intent of forcing Ms. Jackson to resign, which we of course did not, there is still great relevance to the claim of constructive discharge and Ms. Jackson's claim should be treated with care and timeliness. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964) Relevance Under Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act we as a company are prohibited from discrimination based on...
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...Women in the Workforce Ask yourself if the rights and equality of the women in the workforce has changed as much as it should have over the last eighty eight years and then ask why. The women were given the right to vote in August 1920 after years of protests, but even then it took another fifty years before all fifty states had it written into law and practiced. The Second World War provided another opportunity for women to crush the belief that they could not perform and maintain the work or work load of a man by doing their jobs. Even though they performed the work at a level equal, and sometimes more proficient than a man, the jobs were handed back over to the returning military men with only a fraction of change in making these jobs more available to women. Now knowing they could do a man’s job, bring home the bacon and fry it up in a pan to support a family, was now know throughout the country and world. In the 1960’s another spark ignited the women cause for equality with the National Woman’s party and others in congress. The sixties on into the early seventies may be remembered as the era of Love and Peace, but I would have to say it was one of the most violent and productive times of the century. The addition of Sex Discrimination to the Civil Rights Bill at the last minute added another chapter in our history. Early in 1919 the House of Representatives passed the 19th amendment by a vote of 304 to 90, and the Senate approved it 56 to 25. Within the government when...
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