...occur over nuclear and biological attacks. Chemicals are much easier to purchase and produce and are often readily available in a grocery store. For this week’s assignment, I have chosen Chlorine as a chemical weapon of choice. This element is easily found in any store that sells pool-cleaning supplies. It has an odor similar to bleach and has similar cleaning effects. Chlorine’s mechanism of injury to the human body is acute repertory failure. A human will suffocate with agony if there is enough of the gas present in the space. According to the National Institute of Health (NIH) “Concentrations of about 400 ppm and beyond are generally fatal over 30 minutes, and at 1,000 ppm and above, fatality ensues within only a few minutes.” (White, C. W., & Martin, J. G....
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...In this research paper, I am going to investigate on how the concentration of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution affects the volume of the gases (Oxygen gas and Chlorine gas) at the anode during the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. In my previous chemistry classes, I have learnt that concentration affects the majority of the gas produced at the anode. This made me wonder, how does the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode vary at the electrodes. This made me formulate the research question: How does the concentration of Sodium Chloride solution affect the ratio of oxygen gas to chlorine gas produced at the anode during the electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution? This area specifically interests me because it is still...
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...FACTS ABOUT PAPER AND PAPER WASTE (Please do not print this fact sheet unless necessary!) Approx. 324 L. of water is used to produce 1 KG of paper. Source: Environment Canada Paper manufacturing is the largest industrial user of water per pound of finished product. Source: American Forest and Paper Association The World Commission on Environment and Development defines sustainability as “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Source: World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 The US uses 25% of the world's paper products. Source: American Forest and Paper Association The average American uses more than 748 pounds of paper per year. Source: American Forest and Paper Association Average worldwide annual paper consumption is 48 KG per person with North America accounting for over 1/3. Source: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) Discussion Paper (IIED, London, September 1996) The US uses approx. 68 million trees each year to produce 17 billion catalogues and 65 billion pieces of direct mail. Source: American Forest and Paper Association Average per capita paper use in the USA is 333 KG. Average per capital paper use worldwide is 48 KG. It is estimated that paper consumption will rise by 50% by 2010. Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997 Source: Food and Agriculture Organization...
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...Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing Inc The Bleach Strength Test — A Chemical Test Method to Determine the Strength of Sodium Hypochlorite Last Update: March 30, 2001 Background The liquid sodium hypochlorite made by the Powell Continuous Bleach Manufacturing Plant or by other methods is produced as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in the presence of excess caustic. Because consumers require differing solution concentrations, bleach manufacturers need to measure specific components of the product. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), excess caustic (NaOH), and excess alkalinity (Na2CO3) are components in bleach that are routinely tested. Although this test procedure does not address heavy metals and sodium chlorate (NaClO3), a decomposition product, they should be tested at intermittent intervals and will require a qualified laboratory to perform these tests. Comparative Sample Analysis The test method below will provide accurate and repeatable results by the producer and consumer to ensure the product is meeting the desired specification. However, there are times when the strength of the sodium hypochlorite as tested by the manufacturer will differ from the consumer’s results. Many times these differences can be accounted for by the losses in shipping due to decomposition. However, it is difficult to know when the differences in test results are decomposition losses and when they are errors in test methods or procedures. In order for both the manufacturer...
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...Buenavista Blanch Marie Gueco Angel Kazumi Sioson Gian Micah Cesa PROBLEM: How do CFCs products such as refrigerants, aerosols, and plant factory emissions affect the status of the ozone layer in the atmosphere? HYPOTHESIS: CFC strongly contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. OBJECTIVES: * To measure the amount of CFCs release from refrigerants, aerosols, emissions of factories and other products and materials that contain CFCs. * To determine the degree of CFCs in the ozone layer. * To quantify the percentage between different elements and chemicals that CFC contain. CHLOROFLUOROCARBON Significance of the Study This study will contribute to scientific research as statistical data about chlorofluorocarbons. As a further matter, it will give more ideas on how to promote vigorous conditions in the ecosystem in order to raise awareness of imminent dangers of using chlorofluorocarbons. It will help us how to fathom/understand the situations of some hurdles in the environment that might cause by CFCs. It will also assist folk on how they will grasp the drawbacks of the chemicals usage by being well-informed about it. They will be more clued in about being detrimental of the matter as well. Nevertheless, this study will furnish information concerning the substance which can cause complications in the environment and human system. In addition to what precedes, this study will be constructive enough...
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...“The Effectiveness of Saccharum spontaneum (Kans Grass) for the Production of Paper” Chapter I The Problem and it’s Setting Introduction Paper is very important to every man’s life. It is used by all types of people mostly students for personal or general purposes. That is why production of paper increases dramatically every year. Paper is made from the cellulose fibres that are present in hard wood and softwood plants. Usually, paper trees are being processed to produce paper. However, due to the rapid increase of the demands in paper, the source of these is being lessen little by little. Paper trees which is the main source of paper were cut and almost extinct. These facts gave the researchers the idea of conducting a research study entitled “The Effectiveness of Saccharum spontaneum (Kans grass) for the Production of Paper” that will be an alternative source of paper. Kans grass are suitable for making paper because it’s structure is just the same with the fibres that is used to make paper. Statement of the Problem This study was conducted to find an alternative source of paper making. It also aims to answer the following specific questions: 1. Is there a significa1nt difference on commercial paper and the paper made from Kans grass? 2. How may the paper made from Kans grass be described in terms of: 2.1) Cost 2.2) Availability 2.3) Efficiency Hypotheses Based on the problems stated, the following hypotheses...
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...Micheal Faraday: Father of modern Electricity Faraday was born on September 22, 1791, in Newington (today’s South London), England. His father, James Faraday, was a blacksmith of slender income and challenged health who, with his wife, Margaret, managed to raise a tight-knit family of three children. Faraday's father was of the Sandemanian faith, which Faraday was to adopt as a guiding force throughout his life. When Faraday turned 14, he was apprenticed to a book binder, and during this time, familiarized himself with the teachings of Isaac Watts, a cleric from the previous century. It was Watts's work, The Improvement of the Mind, that put Faraday on the road to self-improvement. In 1810, Faraday began attending meetings of the then recently formed City Philosophical Society, where he heard lectures on scientific subjects, of which chemistry and electricity held the most sway over his imagination. Faraday's relationship with Sir Humphry Davy began when Faraday attended a series of lectures by the famous scientist. Faraday was about to dedicate the rest of his life to bookbinding when, in what turned out to be a happy accident, Davy injured himself as a result of an experiment gone awry, and, in need of a secretary, hired Faraday. Faraday then gave Davy a copy of bound notes from Davy's lectures that Faraday had attended. Davy was impressed, and in 1813, when an assistant at the Royal Institution lost his job, Davy hired Faraday as his replacement. When Davy went abroad...
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...V: Results and Discussions: After doing research and sifting through all information pertaining to the goals set forth in this paper, the results and discussions explain fully just how the information was received and used to comply with all the goals and reasons for the research paper. The main goal was to explain fully what activated carbon is and that is charcoal that has been heated or otherwise treated to increase its adsorptive power. In the course text, Controlling Environmental Pollution: An Introduction to the Technologies, History, and Ethics: authors P. Aarne Vesilind and Thomas D. DiStefano describe activated carbon adsorption as a method of BOD removal (2006). The authors also go on to describing the process as an added advantage...
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...Environmental Pollution Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems the world faces today. It is an issue that troubles us economically, physically and everyday of our lives. The contamination of the environment is also being linked to some of the diseases that are around currently. Yet, most people do not know about this problem. This shows that environmental pollution is becoming an increasingly worse problem that needs to be taken care of as soon as possible, not only for the good of the environment but also for the people that live in it. Many factors are present for why environmental pollution has become such a large issue in the world. However, if the people of the world were to address the issue it would definitely help both the environment and it’s people. There are many activities that can be done by both the common citizen to the governments of the world, which could severally improve the world’s environmental problem. On the other hand, if the current way the world’s environmental problem is being handled continues, catastrophic consequences can follow for the future population. http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/12389.html Nowadays environmental problems are too big to be managed by individual persons or individual countries. In other words, it is an international problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? An essential problem of the 21st century is world pollution. Currently the environment is so much contaminated that urgent measures...
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...Report on Pulp and Paper Industry Leif Duncan S. Urdaneta University of San Carlos Technological Center Cebu City, Philippines Abstract Information about the pulp and paper industry that focuses mainly on kraft pulping using wood as raw material for paper production is covered in this report. Content includes a brief account of the global paper production status, a general overview of the kraft paper making process that is presented with a model mill PFD (with materials balance) from ÅForsk Engineering (2011) as well as actual information from Danao Paper Mill, general waste management practices recommendations by authoritative figures, actual waste management of Danao Paper Mill, future trends and direction of the industry in general and that of Danao Paper Mill, and finally, author’s conclusion and closing remarks. Table of Contents Introduction | 4 | Existing Industries | 5 - 8 | Manufacturing | General Overview | | | Pulp production | 9-11 | | Chemical Recovery | 12-13 | | Paper Making | 13-14 | | Danao Paper Mill | 14-15 | | Stock Preparation | 15 | | Repulping | 15-18 | | The Paper Machine | 18-20 | | Mass Balances | 21 | | Process Flow Diagrams | 22-23 | Waste Management | Overview | 24-25 | | Danao Paper Mill | 25 | Future Trends and Direction | Philippines | 26 | | Danao Paper Mill | 26 | Conclusion | 27 | Recommendations | 27 | References | 28-30 | Introduction Starting at around 1965, paper industries around...
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...also affected by AIDS, which is affected by contaminated water. To get this water, people, often mothers or girls, spend two to three hours round trip just to get one bucket. Luckily, there is a non-profit organization located here in Kenya called Water is Life, which is dedicated to helping developing countries with access to clean water. Water is Life also provided the people with straws that can filter water. The straws contain iodine crystals, charcoal, and a membrane that together can purify the water, making it safe to drink. These straws are very portable and make clean water more accessible. Another program in Kenya, Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), was distributing PUR packets. These PUR packets used a chlorine compound to disinfect the water. Each packet is capable of purifying 10 liters of water. After mixing, the contaminants will settle out of the solution to the bottom, where it can be filtered out. After leaving Kenya, the girls went to the Dominican Republic, where they found another program called Filter Pure. This program started in 2006, purified water by using ceramic pots and sawdust. The iron in the ceramic and the carbon in the sawdust help to decontaminate the water. The sawdust used is also burned to improve the taste of water. Nearby communities that used this ceramic filter draw water from nearby streams and store the water in plastic buckets. However, only 5% of the people who need the ceramic filters have access to them...
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...Appendix B Together We Stand Letter Outline Learning Team B Doris Torres, Edgardo Martinez, Henry Hector University of Phoenix HUM/114 Week Four Individual Assignments April 30, 2011 Peter Ciccotelli Un-explained Illnesses Spreading Through Our Community Searching for answers to the cause of the mysterious sickness affecting our community. It has come to our attention that many families in our community are suffering from similar illnesses: seizures, learning problems, and hyperactivity. Some citizens in our community have shared concerns with the city council and others have expressed their concerns with the local health department. In researching these unusual events we have learned that a company in our local community is practicing unsafe chemical disposal, which is the cause of these unexplained illnesses. In an effort to correct this dilemma, we have researched for facts, and found this company negligent of its decision to build on recorded disposal sites. We reach out to all citizens of our community and stand together to express our concerns to the developers, city council and environmental health department that what has evolved is unacceptable. In review of our findings, we have to make a decision about what action should be taken to best solve this problem. We will adhere to the readers to decide what reasonable action measures should be taken and proceed accordingly. Strategies we would apply when investigation the problem: generating the...
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...Unit 2 Research Paper 1: Global Warming During the last fifty years, two environmental issues have received significant attention: global warming and the hole in the ozone layer. As scientists have investigated these two environmental phenomena some have made some effort to show that these two effects are somehow related. In this research paper I will further elaborate on their relationship. Ozone high in the atmosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun, thereby protecting living organisms below from this dangerous radiation. The term ‘ozone hole’ refers to recent depletion of this protective layer over Earth's Polar Regions. People, plants, and animals living under the ozone hole are harmed by the solar radiation now reaching the Earth's surface—where it causes health problems from eye damage to skin cancer. In the 1980s, scientists discovered that the ozone layer was thinning in the lower stratosphere, with particularly dramatic ozone loss known as the ozone hole in the Antarctic springtime. This is caused by increasing concentrations of ozone-depleting chemicals in the stratosphere that come from spray cans and refrigerants. These long-lived chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs (chemical compounds with chlorine and/or fluorine attached to carbon) remain in the atmosphere for decades to over a century depending on the CFC. At the poles CFCs attach to ice particles. When the sun comes out again in the polar spring, the ice particles melt, releasing the ozone-depleting molecules...
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...Upgrading Water Treatment Plants E. G. Wagner and R. G. Pinheiro ISBN 0-419-26050-1 (pbk) 0-419-26040-4 Published on behalf of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION London and New York First published 2001 by Spon Press 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Spon Press 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2001 World Health Organization The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication. Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Publisher's Note This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided by the authors. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record has been requested Foreword The availability of safe water, and in particular...
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...Nowadays, people more and more care about their health, especially, the food that they eat every day. Not only do they care about the quantity of foods, but also they consider the quality of foods. People confirm the ingredient before they buy products and they usually choose artificial sweeteners over natural sugar. They think artificial sweeteners will not add extra calories to the body and help them to control their weight. However, many health experts doubt the safety of artificial sweeteners after doing research about it. They have discovered several dangerous elements in artificial sweeteners. This paper reports the types of common artificial sweeteners, the reason why they are harmful, their bad influences on the body, and why they are not helpful to control our weight. The first artificial sweetener, saccharin, was discovered in 1879 in America. In the beginning, artificial sweetener was only used by diabetics who couldn’t absorb too much natural sugar (de la Pena, 2010). Since 1980, people have started to use chemical sweeteners to control their weight and improve their health. Suddenly, artificial sweetener products became very popular in the United States (de la Pena, 2010). Millions of Americans use chemical sweeteners instead of natural sugar in order to enhance their health. However, it does not mean that chemical sweeteners are health foods. Actually, they are not. They are not like vitamins, whole grains, or proteins that can contribute to our health...
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