...Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY PAPER - HEPATITIS B 1 Epidemiology Paper - Hepatitis B Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V-0102 EPIDEMIOLOGY PAPER - HEPATITIS B Epidemiology Paper - Hepatitis B 2 ―Communicable disease‖ means an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host‖ ("CDC," 2010, p. 1). Hepatitis B is one of the communicable diseases which are a contagious liver disease that results from infection with the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). CAUSES ―Exposure may occur: After a needle stick or sharps injury - Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood If any blood or other body fluid touches your skin, eyes or mouth People who may be at risk of hepatitis B are those who: Unprotected sex with an infected partner – one may become infected having unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner whose blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. Receive blood transfusions (not common in the United States) Have contact with blood at work (such as health care workers) Have been on long-term kidney dialysis Get a tattoo or acupuncture with unclean needles Share needles during drug use - HBV is easily transmitted through needles and syringes contaminated...
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...Hepatitis B is a global health problem, it is a liver infection that can cause serious complications and is potentially life threatening arising from the Hepatitis B virus (HBV). This paper will provide an overview of hepatitis B, including demographic information, determinants of health, the epidemiological triangle, the role of the community health nurse and a national organization that addresses the communicable disease. Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by HBV; the infection can be classified as acute or chronic (Daniel, 2014). An individual with acute hepatitis infection may not exhibit symptoms and are unaware they may be carrying the HBV. During this time, individuals infected with the virus may pass the virus on to others, symptoms do not persist longer than two to three weeks, it is considered short term. Normal liver function returns in four to six months. Symptoms include loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, low-grade fever, tenderness to right upper quadrant, jaundice, fatigue, muscle and joint aches and pain (Daniel, 2014). Tests performed will be positive for the hepatitis B virus, which are HBsAg+, HBc-IgM and HBe-antigen. The HBV is transmitted when the virus enters the bloodstream through breaks in the skin, the mouth and genitalia areas. Examples include unprotected sex, exposure to needle sticks, skin punctures (skin piercing, tattoos, acupuncture) and sharing personal items that are contaminated (www.cdc.gov). Healthy adults with...
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...Lucretia Wright Abstract The infectious disease I chose to write my paper on is Hepatitis B. This infectious disease is irritation and swelling of the liver. This can cause the liver to not function properly. When the liver cannot remove harmful toxins from the blood, fight infection, also help digest food, store important nutrients and vitamins a person is not capable of living without a liver. Hepatitis B What causes Hepatitis B and who may be at risk? Hepatitis B virus are germs that can cause a person to become sick and anyone can get Hepatitis B, however some people are at higher risk. Hepatitis B virus can be spread or infect a person if come into contact with another person’s blood, semen, or other body fluids. (1) Having sex with someone who is infected with the hepatitis virus. One way of becoming infected is through tattoos or piercings; this may happen if you go to someone who does not sterilize their tools after using it on an infected person. One of the environmental factors that may make someone vulnerable to contracting Hepatitis B virus is new born, if a mother is infected with the virus she can pass the virus to her child during childbirth. (2) Some of the risk factors of having Hepatitis b virus infection being infected with HIV virus. How the body responds to the infection will determine how much damage the Hepatitis B has done to body, the virus may lead to liver damage. Treatment for Hepatitis B virus varies from person to person...
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...nurse has a significant role in preventing and controlling infectious disease. A vital factor in preparing for clinical nursing practice is having an understanding of the infection process and techniques on how to prevent it. This paper focuses on a prevalent communicable disease, Hepatitis B. This writer will give a description of the disease, the demographic affected by the disease, what determinates contribute to the development of Hepatitis B, she will discuss the epidemiology triangle of the disease, explain the role of the community health nurse in this community, and explain various agencies and resources patients diagnosed with this disease can access. Hepatitis B is a serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. Two types exist: the acute illness and the chronic illness. In the acute illness, the immune system is able to rid the body of the virus and a complete recovery may occur in a few months. Chronic hepatitis infections last six months or longer. These occur when the patient’s immune system can no longer ward off the virus. The infection then become life-long and can lead to more serious illnesses. The chronic infections can go undetected for many years and usually aren’t diagnosed until a patient becomes seriously ill from liver disease (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Symptoms can take up to three...
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...High-Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion Paper Shova Rajbhandari NUR/542 April 23rd, 2012 Tracy Kramer MSN, RNC, FNP High-Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion Paper For High risk family assessment: Intravenous Drug users (IDUs) family is chosen Common health issues /profile among members or families from this high-risk group: Drug abuse involves the regular taking of a deleterious or noxious quantity of any drug, prescribed or illicit over a period of time (Freidman, 2003). Those people who become severely drug dependent most often need specialized treatment in order to recover. A wide range of treatment is available through private sector and public sector. Recovery treatment centers usually incorporate the family into treatment plan, which makes it more effective in their treatment of the substance abuser. > HIV positive IDU and family members > IDU has a wide range of coinfections, coinfections, comorbidities and injecting related health issues. The common health problems in this IDU family are: • Infection with blood borne viruses, including hepatitis B, C and D (delta) leading to liver diseases • Bacterial infections: tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, • Alcohol dependence and alcohol-related liver disease • Poly substance dependence • Psychiatric comorbidity, including depression. • Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) • Local soft tissue and vascular injuries, including skin abscesses and...
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...I chose to review an article related to the treatment of chronic pain for a plethora of reasons. To begin with it will be on my first test, secondly it is one the reasons most people go to the emergency room and see their doctors. And finally in my opinion pain along with mental health illnesses may be the most often misunderstood and mistreated diagnosed in health care today; therefore as a nurse and patient advocate it is imperative that I attain a wide knowledge base on the subject of pain and its complimentary treatments. The article discussed a variety of complementary and alternative methods to manage and treat varying types of pain. The article was not inclusive of all CAMs, only the most common practices of complementary alternative medicine. Including on the list discussed was acupuncture, acupressure, homeopathy, naturopathy, and tai chi. These are the more common modalities of CAM, as well as other CAMs that were new to me such as Jin Shin Jyutsu, lymphatic therapy, myofascial therapy and craniosacral therapy. Also included were reviews and evidence base practice regarding some of these therapies. Though the article made mention of several research and clinical trials. For example, “In randomized clinical trials, qigong has been shown to be effective in significantly reducing pain when compared with the general pain care.” (Schulenburg, 2015, p. 322), it was not a research paper or clinical analysis. It is a journal article written by a registered nurse for...
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...As one prescription drug abuser in his early 20’s explained: Once people (pill brokers) know you take them prescription opioids, they’ll start calling you. “Oh, it’s this time of the month.” Then they wait for that person to get their script. They know exactly in their head what day the script’s getting ready to come so they got the patterns down. Pill brokers and dealers reported congregating in open air drug markets typically strip mall and pharmacy parking lots, and outside methadone clinics to buy, sell, and trade prescription drugs. These markets were reported to involve a variety of transactions, including the purchase of prescription drugs for cash, as well as trades for crack and heroin. Pill brokers also reported the purchase of used fentanyl patches from nurses who have stolen them from pain patients or from disposal containers in hospitals. Some individuals frequenting the drug markets also barter their oxycodone for other opioids or benzodiazepines, typically alprazolam. Doctor Shopping focus group participants indicated that even in a small state like Delaware, doctor shopping appeared to be fairly easy. The vast majority of abusers reported obtaining medications through doctor shopping, and most reported frequenting at least four physicians in order to obtain sufficient amounts of their desired medications. Occasionally clinics and hospital emergency rooms were reported as locations for doctor shopping as well. A heavy user stated: Another focus group member...
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...Demographics The exact number of people in any country with anemia is difficult to determine because the disorder often goes undiagnosed. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), anemia affects more than 3 million Americans. Other sources estimate that 4% of men and 8% of women in the general populations of Canada, the United States, and Western Europe have mild anemia. It is thought that the rates of anemia are 2-5 times higher in the developing countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), iron deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder in the world. WHO, estimates that 80% of the world's population may be iron deficient. The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency among the geriatric population is estimated at 5-15%. Although the prevalence of anemia is greater in women than men aged less than 75, by age 75, male prevalence surpasses female prevalence by about 5%. Anemia can be mild, moderate, or severe enough to lead to life-threatening complications. More than 400 different types of anemia have been identified, many of which are rare. Iron deficiency anemia The onset of iron deficiency anemia is gradual and, at first, there may not be any symptoms. The deficiency begins when the body loses more iron than it derives from food and other sources. Because depleted iron stores cannot meet the red blood cell's needs, fewer red blood cells develop. In this early stage of anemia, the red blood cells look normal but they are...
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...Appendix II Page 11 Appendix III Page 12 Appendix IV Page 13 Appendix V Page 13 Appendix VI Page 16 Abstract This paper will focus on the clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy and its effects on Mrs. X. She is a 64 year old female who has been an alcoholic for more than 40 years. The constant abuse of alcohol has left her with cirrhosis of the liver. One problem of cirrhosis is the inability of the liver to filter ammonia. When the levels of ammonia build up in the body, it affects various organs and systems. In Mrs. X’s case, it affected her brain. She manifested impaired cognitive abilities as well as physical limitations. This case study will expand on these processes as well as her prognosis and nursing implications. Hepatic Encephalopathy Mrs. X is a 64 year old white female and was a functional alcoholic and smoker for more than 40 years. She presented to the E.R. from home with complaints of lethargy, confusion, and decreased mobility. This paper will discuss the clinical manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy and the effects it has had and still do on Mrs. X’s mind, body, and soul. Mosby’s medical dictionary (2007) defines hepatic encephalopathy as: A neuropsychiatric manifestation of extensive liver...
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...The Complicated Relationship between Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders Amber M. Paradise Kaplan University Abstract This paper explores four articles about research on the complicated relationship between mental health and substance use disorders. I focused my research on the relationship between depression, including post-partum, and alcoholism. In this paper, I will explain why my client, Rhonda is considered dually diagnosed, I will explain the health problems that can occur from using alcohol and the effects alcohol has on the brain and body, I will explain how alcohol impacts depression, and last, I will explain the specific problems that exist in treating the dually diagnosed individual. An individual who has any combination of a mental disorder (anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder) and addiction (drugs, alcohol, sex, gambling) is considered to be dual diagnosed. (Foundations Recovery Network, 1995) In one article, Paljärvi (2009) states “experimental studies have found that alcohol intoxication can produce even severe depressive symptoms during heavy drinking episodes.” Becker (2012) states in his article, “Alcohol has anxiety-reducing properties and can relieve stress, while at the same time acting as a stressor and activating the bodies stress response systems.” According to Evans and Sullivan (2001), individuals with a history of alcohol dependence, especially those early in recovery and those who are older, show significant cognitive impairments...
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...Technology Integration: Stem Cell Research HCS/578 May 26, 2012 Linda Bell JD, BSN, RN Technology Integration: Stem Cell Research Stems cells are the building blocks of the human body. Stems cells are valuable because of their capability to develop into other cell types. Studies have been conducted that suggest that stem cell could be used to repair or regenerate damaged organs or tissues and treat an assortment of medical diseases, such as diabetes, or Alzheimer’s along with the development of new medications. Three types of stems cells exist embryonic, adult, and foetal, which are found in human tissue and animals. This paper will highlight ethical dilemmas of stem cell research. It will also stress the effects stem cell research has on global health. The paper will also feature health policies on stem cell research in the United States and how these policies differ from international policies. Ethical Dilemmas Posed by Stem Cell Research Several ethical issues need to be considered on the use of this type of research, such as the safety, legality, and morality of stem cell research. Stem cell research requires the general population to pick among two moral principles. The first one is the obligation of preventing and alleviating suffering and the obligation to respect and value human life. The use of embryos for stem cells research results in “...the destruction of blastocysts formed from laboratory-fertilized human eggs” (Mukhopadhyay, Tokas, & Mathur...
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...INTRODUCTION Addiction is specifically concern with the process by which drug-taking behavior, in certain individuals, evolves into compulsive patterns of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior that take place at the expense of most other activities and the inability to cease drug-taking. THERE ARE FIVE THEORIES OF ADDICTION NAMELY; * MEDICAL MODEL * PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL * SOCIAL MODEL * MORAL MODEL * BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL MEDICAL MODEL This involves * Addiction as a “brain disease” * Neurotransmitter imbalance * Disease model: * Agent: drug * Vector: dealers * Host: addict PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL This involves the following * Drug abusers who are self-medicating * Drug abuse which is a symptom of underlying psychological problems * Drug use is also a maladaptive psychological coping strategy * Drug abusers also need to resolve internal conflict, and when they do, drug use will be unnecessary. SOCIAL MODEL This involves * Drug use as a learned behavior * People using drugs because drug use is modeled by others * Peer pressure * Environmental effects leading to drug use MORAL MODEL * Addicts are usually weak and can overcome a compulsion to use with willpower * Drug abusers are anti-social and should be punished for that * Drug are generally evil BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL MODEL * All the above are true, to greater or lesser degrees * Each person’s drug use is a result of some aspects of some or all...
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...Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and serious chronic disease state that plagues all ages and races. Globally 1.7% of people are classified as obese, with body mass indexes (BMI) of 30 or higher (Sonnenberg, Matfin, & Reinhardt, 2007). According to Flegal, Carroll, Ogden, and Curtin (2010) 35% of men and 35.5% of women in the United States (U.S.) are obese. The prevalence of childhood obesity is steadily climbing each year with the ensuing repercussions of adult disease states now being diagnosed in children and teens (Ben-Sefer, Ben-Natan, & Ehrenfeld, 2010). Hence, the race for finding an answer to weight control has become a priority. The pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has supposedly offered one answer in the form of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) approval of the over the counter (OTC) version of orlistat, commercially known as the anti-obesity drug Alli. This paper will summarize information obtained on the Medical News Today’s website regarding GSK’s January 28, 2010 press release entitled, “In New Data Alli Proven to Reduce Visceral Fat, a Dangerous Fat Linked to Many Life-Threatening Diseases" as authored by Bolding (2010), GSK’s spokesperson. A critique of the public media statement in regards to potential misrepresentations of effectiveness, possible omissions of scientific findings, and limitations of information presented will be discussed. The media posting can be found at http://tinyurl.com/3zoocm4 , also refer to attached...
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...enhance their singing. However, its real purpose in the human body is more important than that. The diaphragm plays such a crucial role in everyday life to the extent that one cannot survive without it. In this paper we will consider the role of the diaphragm through its anatomy and physiology. We will then review a congenital birth defect known as Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) and how it changes the anatomy and physiology of the body. We will also look at current research and prognosis of the disease in an effort to gain a better understanding of this often-fatal defect. The diaphragm is located almost centrally in the body. It is a continuous sheet of muscle that spreads across the bottom of the rib cage creating a divide between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. As detailed in the text Gray’s Anatomy, the convex upper surface of the diaphragm faces the thorax and forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The concave inferior surface is pointed towards the abdomen and is mostly covered in peritoneum forming the superior part of the abdominal cavity. The right side of the diaphragm is superior to the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney, and the right adrenal gland. The left side of the diaphragm lays over the left lobe of the liver, the fundus of the stomach, the spleen, the left kidney, and the left adrenal gland (Gray, 2005). The diaphragm has three parts, which are based on the regions of attachment of its outer surfaces. They are...
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...healthy life. United Health Care has very clear set of goals and committed to fulfill the future targets as well as to increase the level of performance and up gradation of treatment and services for the betterment of patients. The organization is very keen about quality services in health care at a fair and reasonable price. But they never compromise the standards of proficiency and ethics. For this reason United Healthcare emphasizes the relationship or bonding between physician and patients and tries to fulfill the promises and commitments. They also provide proper guidance and valuable information to the people with full of feelings also to serve the individuals or group or the whole society as quick as possible. The main motive of this paper is directing the citizen’s need of health care in future and also to evaluate the strategies with proper planning regarding: network, satisfaction of patients, and recruitment of nurses. Readiness in Addressing To fulfill the individual needs of health care in recent future the organization launches number of programs regarding proper health treatment and the care for patients,...
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