...Introduction Classical theorists strived to develop one all encompassing theory that would improve management’s effectiveness within an organization and methods for dealing with the challenges they faced (Hartman, n.d.). There are three primary “classical” theories: Scientific Management, Bureaucratic Management / Autocratic management, and Administrative Management. This paper will discuss the three primary management theories as well as discuss several other theories relating to some of the primaries, and some that were slight precursors to the classical movement such as Change Management and Autocratic Management (Sridhar, n.d.). Classical Perspective The oldest of the "formal" viewpoints of management emerged during the late nineteenth and came to be known as the classical perspective. The classical perspective roots in management occurred rapidly through expanding manufacturing organizations that typified U.S and European industrialization. Early contributions were made by management practitioners and theorist from several corners of the world (Eastern, n.d.). The classical perspective consists of three main subfields: 1. Scientific Management (by Frederick Taylor) 2. Bureaucracy Management (by Max Weber) 3. Administrative Management (by Henry Fayol) Scientific Management Theory In the 19th century machinery was changing the means of production, and managers needed to find more efficient ways of production. Traditional methods of production, where a worker...
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...the classical and human relations approaches of management theory. One of the most important human activities is managing. Since the development of the first human civilizations managing has been essential to accomplish aims and objectives and ensure the coordination of individuals Olum (2004). Management is defined as the combination of the skills and talents of individuals concerned with getting things done through people by taking into account the resources for profitable activities Pettinger (1994). In the early twentieth century, Henry Fayol defined management as the process of “forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling” Fayol (1949). Subsequently, Koontz and O’donell (1988) suggested the definition of management as “an operational process dissected by analyzing the managerial functions such as planning and organizing”. Over the last centuries management has been studied with the view of establishing what constitutes a successful manager Petinger (1994). The search for applicable principles of management initiated in the last years of nineteenth century in Europe and America Cole (2004). Like any other social practice, at the heart of management is theory that managers can deploy to achieve competition advantage and use more incisive interventions McAuley et al (2007). In addition the basic requirement of managers for meeting the challenges like competition, use of sources and maximum output is the knowledge of management theories Mahmoud...
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...Explain the applications and criticisms of Fredrick Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber to educational administration and management. Fredrick Taylor Definition of Taylorism It’s the management process that scientific skills were to be applied to improve the productivity of workers. The characteristics of Taylorism 1. He used scientifically trained workers to improve the productivity. 2. Division of labour managers and workers so that managers can apply scientific method to planning the work and workers to perform the task. 3. Co-operation between the management and the workers, the management should that ensure the workers uses scientifically developed methods 4. He replaced the rule of the thumb, with scientific management 5. There was transfer of knowledge between the workers and from workers into tools 6. Enumerations were according to work produces. 7. Dictatorship was necessary because humans are lazy in nature and the scientific management required strict supervision 8. Scientific theory ensured efficiency and minimized waste. Applications of the scientific theory in Education Management 1. Members of staff, teaching and non- teaching, should know the aims and objectives of the school. With well-defined aims and objectives, better performance is expected and accountability is facilitated. 2. In school, all teachers must know the direction in which to move and work together for a joint objective specified...
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...What is Reliability? * Consistency * It is not a characteristic of the test but a property of the scores obtained when the test is administered to a particular group of people on a particular occasion under specific conditions * Not the same thing as stability Classical Reliability Theory * By Charles Spearman (1904) * Also called the Theory of true and error scores * It assumed that a person’s observed score on a test is composed of a “true” score plus some unsystematic error of measurement * TRUE SCORE – the average of the scores a person would obtain if he/she took the test an infinite number of times 2 Factors that influence test scores: * 1. Factors that contribute to consistency - consist of those stable attributes of the individual which the examiner is trying to measure (TRUE VARIANCE) * 2. Factors that contribute to inconsistency – these include the characteristics of the individual, test, or situation which have nothing to do with the attribute being measured but affects the scores (ERROR VARIANCE) EQUATION: * X = T + e * Where: * X is the obtained score * T is the true score * e is the errors of measurement * Errors in measurement –represent discrepancies b/n obtained scores and the corresponding true scores (E=X – T) SOURCES OF MEASUREMENT ERROR (ERROR VARIANCES) * Item Selection(Intrinsic Error Variance) * Found in the instrument itself * Test items may not be equally fair to all...
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...Sula Cottman Individual Assessment Martin Gilbert Psy.D. Personality/Behavioral Test Administration Reaction Paper: The test that was administered was the Beck youth Inventories Second edition, which is a test that is designed for children and adolescents ages 7 through 18 years. There are 5 self-report inventories which can be used separately or in combination. The goal is to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, anger, disruptive behavior, and self- concept. The Beck Inventories are validated tools that can be used to measure progress in both research, and clinical Having the opportunity to meet with Christine, and administer the Beck Youth Inventories Second Edition, she appeared to be a bright and intelligent young lady. She seem to be very withdrawn at times. Her counselor and mother discussed the testing process in the beginning, so she was prepared. Keeping Christine engaged at times was somewhat a challenge at times, but knowing some of her home life situations gave me a better way to know how to help her. The test time is 5-10 minutes per inventory, and 30-60 minutes for a full scale. I believe this instrument is a good for measure of self-concept and psychological well-being of children and adolescents. The Beck Inventories can also be used as a measure to identify children and adolescents that are in need of further intervention or evaluation, and as an assessment to the severity of their symptoms. Research shows that there have been many studies...
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...A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISPARATE SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT Scholars in the field of management, from the late 19th century till modern times, have come up with different perspectives on how to manage people and organizations. These gave rise to what is called ‘Management Schools of Thought’. This study looks at the Classical School of Thought in relation to modern day management, as it pertains to the built environment. Though so many years have passed since the Classical School of Thought was developed, it is widely used in modern day management as the preferred choice by many organizations in the built environment. One major area that arose from the Classical School of Thought is productivity and efficiency in the workplace [http://www.cliffnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8851.html]. Managers were so much inclined to assign workers to areas that best fitted their expertise. This was in order to increase their productivity and efficiency in their various responsibilities. A facilities services provider, ISS, uses a system that effectively manages its workers and all facets of a worker’s responsibilities by placing the right people in the right positions, based on their qualifications (BOOTY, 2008). This is also evident in Faceo FM UK, according to its Chief Executive, Chris Kenneally. In his words, “Our focus has been on the sustainability of our customers and putting the right people in the right positions to deliver what the client wants, as evidenced...
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...to our deepest values. We have an independent will that does not allow genetic influences or the environment to dictate our actions. We have an infinite creative imagination that allows us to create beyond our reality but perhaps the most uniquely human endowment we all possess is self-awareness. Self-awareness is the recognition of how we feel and how we behave. It also allows us to examine why we exist and ultimately, that we are going to die. While self-preservation is a characteristic to both humans and animals, the understanding of one’s own mortality is uniquely human. How do we, as humans, deal with the terror that is associated with this knowledge? According to Terror Management Theory (TMT), developed by Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, and Tom Pyszczynski (1989), the need for “terror management” is a fundamental function possessed by humans and cultural systems. Based on the writings of anthropologist Ernest Becker and inspired by Freud’s work on how death provokes belief in mystical transcendence, TMT can provide explanations for a variety of human behaviors and relate them to the basic reason of why humans protect themselves from mortality awareness (Magdalena Smieja et al., 2006). The actuality that we are all going to die, one of the only certainties in life, is an on-going source of existential anguish for humans. This anguish stems from our desire to preserve life and the awareness of this impossibility. Since we cannot resolve this paradox, we use culture...
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...Running head: Foundations of Management Evolution of Management Janesha Edwards Kaplan University MT140: Introduction to Management Dr. Jim January 19, 2012 There are numerous management methods and theories. In the world of business, reaching maximum efficiency is a common goal that companies all over the world strive to achieve in order to obtain the maximum profits. Management theories evolve from certain business gurus' perspectives on how to run the most efficient business, although some of them are arcane and hard to implement; many feature plenty of good concepts that are practiced in thousands of businesses. (Ehow, 1999-2012) The video discusses Classical, Behavioral, Systems and Contignecy maanagment theories. In this paper I will compare and contrast the previous mentioned theories and dicsuss which one I think is more important and why. The classical management theory is a method of management thought in which theorists determined how to find the best possible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. The classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity...
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...Classical Management Theory (1900 – 1930) It was the rise of the Industrial Revolution and factories were becoming more common. Inside these factories, managers were constantly look for ways to improve productivity and efficiency. As time moved on, it became apparent that searching for the single best way to do things was the most important thing for managers to do. Thus, classical management theory was born. The Evolution of Classical Management Theory The Industrial Revolution was a time where innovation really began to change the way that products were produced and sold. The invention of machines to produce goods in the 19th century drastically improved productivity, which in turn lowered the cost to the consumer. The lower price resulted in a greater demand for products and thus a greater need for more factories and workers. As factories increased in number, managers continued to search for ways to improve productivity, lower cost, increase quality of their products, improve employee/manager relationships and increase efficiency. The focus shifted from using machines to increase productivity to how they could increase employee productivity and efficiency. When they did this, they began to notice some new problems inside their factory systems. Employees were dissatisfied with their current working conditions, and many lacked the necessary training for how to do their work efficiently. Managers then began to formulate and test possible solutions, one of which was to find...
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...Classical Management Thought Paper Management theories can be largely categorized into two parts: Beginnings of modern management thought and contemporary organization and management thought. Beginnings of modern management thought can be categorized as classical theorist, human relations school, and early modernists (Chow, LRDS 302, Fall). Classical management theory based on Fayol and Urwick’s writings is “a set of [m]anagement [t]heories that focus on the increasing the efficiency of the organization as a whole” (Chow). On the other hand, human relations theory of Follett and Likert explains that “work is accomplished through people”, so cooperation, participation, satisfaction, and interpersonal skills are required (Chow). This paper will discuss 1) the similarities and the differences between these two broad theories, 2) relationship between Taylor’s scientific management and these two theories, 3) my ideas on these theories, and 4) my preference. First, classical management and human relations management have some differences and similarities. Classical management focuses on efficiency. Fayol who was a “father of modern management” categorized management as forecasting and planning which are predicting the future and making plans, organizing which is building up the material and human structure, commanding which is maintaining activities of workers, coordinating which is working together, and controlling which is ruling and instructing (discovering management). He...
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...INTO Newcastle University INU 3506 Management and Organization Seminar Tutor: John Timney Name of Student: Muyi Peng Student Number: b1028149 Group: 7 Date: 15/ 3/ 2010 Word Count: 981 The systematic development of management thinking is viewed, generally, as spanning from the end of the nineteenth century with the emergence of large industrial organizations. Management theories consist of two group—classical management theory and human relations theory. In this essay, the nature of the “Classical” and “Human Relations” approaches to management will be described at first and then bring out the differences and similarities between them. The classical theory of management was formed in the early 20th century and based on a pyramid, formal structure. To be more precise, it puts an emphasis on technical requirements of the organisation, common principles as well as hierarchy of management. There are three well-established theories of classical management, such as Bureaucratic Organization of Weber, Administrative Management of Fayol and Scientific Management of Taylor. Weber features extensive and binding systems of rules, a strict hierarchical organizational structure. Fayol identified POCCC: plan organize command, coordination, control. Scientific management is a branch of the classical school of management and concentrates on the philosophies of economic rationality, efficiency, individualism as well as the scientific...
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...Evolution of management thought and patterns of management analysis. Scientific management school •A theory is simply a blueprint or roadmap that guides towards achieving the goal. In other wards, it provides a systemic framework for actions. •Study of management only dates for the last century, although there has been concerns about effective management practice for over centuries Scientific management school The two earliest pioneers of management theory are: -Robert Own and -Charles Babbage Scientific management school Robert Own (1771 -1858) A British industrialist who valued the organization’s human resources. Scientific management school He advocated ideas such as, - better working condition - meals for employees - reduced working hours He claimed that people deserve more respect and dignity. Scientific management school *Charles Babbage (1792 -1871) An English Mathematician who encouraged the application of mathematics to solve efficiency problems Scientific management school His work put the basic lines of both classical and quantitative management theories. He was also the originator of modern management theory and practice The classical management theory Includes two approaches: Scientific management Classical management Scientific management Concerned with the management of work and workers. it grew from researches of five people: Scientific management *Fredrick W.Taylor(1856 -1915) He was interested in...
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...400 COURSE TITLE: MANAGEMENT THEORY COURSE CODE: BUS 413 ASSIGNMENT: Write about the Classical school of thought in Management in 2 pages. DATE: 26th of March 2014. CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN MANAGEMENT The classical school is the oldest formal school of management thought. Its roots predate the twentieth century. The classical school of thought generally concerns ways to manage work and organisations efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical school are scientific management, administrative management and bureaucratic management. The classical school (of management) has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. The classical school’s management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job satisfaction either don’t exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labour, centralized decision-making and profit maximization. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories. Classical theories and the principles derived from...
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...Organization and Management Analysis By Bianca Andrews Course: HCS/514 March 23, 2014 Professor Samantha Bame Introduction Most, if not all, companies are made up of organizations. As an organization, it consists of people who are structured and managed with a specific purpose. That purpose is to create and achieve one or more specific goals as a whole. The people within the organization all play a different role that helps to meet the goals that are set for them individually and as a whole. Each organization’s practices come from various theories that help to explain their structure, behavior, and function of these organizations. These theories consist of classical, neo-classical, and modern. Organizational Theories Classical Organization Theory The classical organizational theory was created back in the twentieth century during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The classical theory was created from the ideas of Frederick Taylor and Max Weber. They were the ones to establish the foundation of the classical theory. This theory focuses on bringing together scientific management, bureaucratic and administrative theory. These theories focus on putting production first and the workers second (Broad, 2009). Frederick Taylor went more for the scientific management approach. This approach is one that looks more and what can increase productivity based on what is needed. It did not take into consideration how the workers felt about their work and working...
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...Historical Approaches to Management Management, as it is known today, exists in all organizations. With the continuous growth of size and complexity of these organizations, it has become necessary to follow a defined and professional approach to the practices of management. Samson & Daft (2012) defines management as “the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources”. The foundation to modern day management theory lies in the study of one of the oldest schools of management knows as classical management which emerged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its developers focused on efficiency and contained three subfields: scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Scientific Management was a theory created by Frederick Winslow Taylor, an American engineer. He believed that the limited success in organizations during the nineteenth century was was due to poor management practices rather than poor labour. Taylor believed that by increasing specialization and the division of labour, the production process would become more efficient. He introduced the development of a science for each unit of a task of a person’s work, replacing the old ‘rule-of-thumb’ methods previously used in industry. He achieved this by studying each task and then developing a standard method to perform that job. He would then select workers with specific skills and train...
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