... 400 COURSE TITLE: MANAGEMENT THEORY COURSE CODE: BUS 413 ASSIGNMENT: Write about the Classical school of thought in Management in 2 pages. DATE: 26th of March 2014. CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF THOUGHT IN MANAGEMENT The classical school is the oldest formal school of management thought. Its roots predate the twentieth century. The classical school of thought generally concerns ways to manage work and organisations efficiently. Three areas of study that can be grouped under the classical school are scientific management, administrative management and bureaucratic management. The classical school (of management) has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. The classical school’s management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job satisfaction either don’t exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labour, centralized decision-making and profit maximization. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories. Classical theories and the principles derived...
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...“Classical approach of management professes the body of management thought based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs that the social needs and need for job satisfaction either does not exist or are unimportant. Accordingly, it advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making and profit maximization”. It is the oldest formal school of thought which began in the late 1800s and continued through the 1950s. its main focus is on “efficiency” and includes bureaucratic, scientific, and administrative management. "Henri Fayol, Mary Parker Follett, Henry Gantt, and Max Weber are theorists who believed in structured management approaches, and that money motivates employees" (Dunn 26). "Fayol, the author of General and Industrial Management (1916), is the founder of the classical school of management, which emphasizes “command and control” (Robinson 2005). “He identified five functions of management: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He further categorized the features of management into 14 principles: “division of work/labor through specialization, authority and responsibility, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to the organization’s needs, employee compensation (Hoffman 2005, 107), centralization, scalar chain (line of authority), order, equity, personnel stability, initiative, and esprit de corps (shared devotion to a common cause)” (Dunn 27) Henri...
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...For this assignment I have to critically examine the classical school of organisation and management and describe to what extent is this school of thought still applicable and relevant in the context of business organisations today and the challenges currently facing UK management. At present, training of modern manager professionals becomes very important. It is not possible without knowledge of the history management development. Management has evolved over the centuries, before becoming an independent branch of knowledge science. Significant influence on the formation of management provided by: 1. The classical school 2. The behavioral school 3. The quantitative or management science school 4. The systems school 5. The contingency school Distinguish the main directions of the classical school of management are scientific management, administrative management and bureaucracy management. The main strength of the classical school of management is that they are considered management as a universal process consisting of several interrelated functions, and the basic principles of management. They formulated a systematic theory of management throughout the organization by providing management as a special kind of activity. The representatives of this school were Frederick Taylor, Henri Fayol and Max Weber. F. Taylor (1856-1915) made the first major step to consider management as a science. His idea of the division of work on the most simple operations lead...
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...A Summary of the Key Thought Leaders of the Classical School of Management Beth J. Beal Mary Baldwin College BUAD200L WA SP2014 Principles of Management A Summary of the Key Thought Leaders of the Classical School of Management Introduction According to Daft (2009) "Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources." The classical school of management often referred to as the "Classical School of Thought" was born in the early 1900s out of a need to run organizations efficiently, and it is so named because it comprises the first works and contributions that make up the core of modern management theory. Classical theorists viewed workers as a production instrument and were interested in finding ways to use people efficiently or in "one best way" through the application of science (Lindsey, 1998). It was also during this period of development that the five basic functions of management were identified: planning, organizing, command, coordination, and controlling (Wren, 1994). These five functions are often referred to as "the management process" (Wren, 1994). The classical viewpoint sought to find ways to manage work and run the organization in the most efficient manner, and is made up of the following three major approaches. The scientific management approach represented by the work of Frederick W. Taylor and supporting efforts of Frank and Lillian...
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...Evolution of management thought and patterns of management analysis. Scientific management school •A theory is simply a blueprint or roadmap that guides towards achieving the goal. In other wards, it provides a systemic framework for actions. •Study of management only dates for the last century, although there has been concerns about effective management practice for over centuries Scientific management school The two earliest pioneers of management theory are: -Robert Own and -Charles Babbage Scientific management school Robert Own (1771 -1858) A British industrialist who valued the organization’s human resources. Scientific management school He advocated ideas such as, - better working condition - meals for employees - reduced working hours He claimed that people deserve more respect and dignity. Scientific management school *Charles Babbage (1792 -1871) An English Mathematician who encouraged the application of mathematics to solve efficiency problems Scientific management school His work put the basic lines of both classical and quantitative management theories. He was also the originator of modern management theory and practice The classical management theory Includes two approaches: Scientific management Classical management Scientific management Concerned with the management of work and workers. it grew from researches of five people: Scientific management *Fredrick W.Taylor(1856 -1915) He was interested in...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Objectives Introduction Historical Perspective Theory in Management Classification of Management Theories Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set the background about various...
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...Schools of Management Thought SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Structure 4.0 Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Historical Perspective 4.3 Theory in Management 4.4 Classification of Management Theories 4.5 Classical Management Theory 4.5.1 Scientific Management 4.5.2 Administrative Management 4.5.3 Bureaucratic Organization 4.5.4 Criticisms on Classical Management Theory 4.6 Neo-Classical Theory 4.6.1 Human-Relations School 4.6.2 Behavioural Schools 4.7 Modem Management Theory 4.7.1 Systems Theory 4.1.2 Contingency Theory 4.7.3 Organizational Humanism 4.7.4 Management Science 4.8 Other Schools of Thoughts, Styles and Approaches 4.9 Problems and Conflicts in Management Theories 4.10 Summary 4.11 Key Words 4.12 References and Further Reading 4.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit, you will be able to • know the historical development of schools of management thought; • explain what a theory in management is; • outline the classification of management theories; • describe important schools of management, their contributions and limitations; • elaborate problems and conflicting issues in management theory; and 4.1 INTRODUCTION In the preceding three units of this block you have learnt various scientific principles of management, management functions and what constitutes managerial quality and leadership as propounded by management experts. In this Unit you will have a historical perspective of management approaches or thoughts. The block in toto will set...
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...One of the first schools of management, the classical management theory, developed during the Industrial Revolution when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees. A large amount of the non-English speaking immigrants or dealing with increased labor dissatisfaction caused managers to test solutions. According to Plunkett, Attner & Allen (2008) “The classical management focused on finding the “one best way” to perform and manage tasks” (p.38). This school of thought is made up of two branches: classical scientific and classical administrative. The scientific branch arose because of the need to increase efficiency and productivity. The emphasis was on trying to find the best way to get the most work done by examining how the work process was actually accomplished and by paying close attention to the skills of the workforce. The classical scientific school got its roots to several contributors, including Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Whereas scientific management focused on the productivity of the certain individuals, the classical administrative approach emphasizes on the total organization. The emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than work methods. Contributors to this school of thought include: Henri Fayol, Max Weber, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester I. Barnard. During World War II, mathematicians, physicists, and others joined together to solve...
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...PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT (MAN-301) June 2014 PROFESSOR: DR. WILLIAM REED WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 1 Question: Define and discuss the different theories of management, using practical examples from your experience or knowledge. Compare classical management theory to any contemporary management theory. Over more than 200 years, since the Industrial Revolution of late 1700s, humans have evolved as a better managers by learning from their past (successes and failures) and improving their skills. Scholars have attempted to define this evolution of management into six major theories or schools of management. From oldest to more recent, they are the Classical Management theory, the Behavioral Management theory, Quantitative Management theory, Systems Management theory, Contingency Management theory, and Qualitative Management theory. The oldest, Classical Management theory, came to an existence with a primary focus to find the “one best way” to perform and manage tasks. This theory was further dissected into two schools, classical scientific school that is based on the improvement of productivity at the factory floors, and classical administrative school that is based on the information flow and how organizations should be structured and operate. In US, elements of the classical scientific school are still observed today at places like auto manufacturers that have dissected each process and have aligned the staff to be perfect at each individual tasks. The efficiently at the...
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...A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DISPARATE SCHOOLS OF MANAGEMENT Scholars in the field of management, from the late 19th century till modern times, have come up with different perspectives on how to manage people and organizations. These gave rise to what is called ‘Management Schools of Thought’. This study looks at the Classical School of Thought in relation to modern day management, as it pertains to the built environment. Though so many years have passed since the Classical School of Thought was developed, it is widely used in modern day management as the preferred choice by many organizations in the built environment. One major area that arose from the Classical School of Thought is productivity and efficiency in the workplace [http://www.cliffnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8851.html]. Managers were so much inclined to assign workers to areas that best fitted their expertise. This was in order to increase their productivity and efficiency in their various responsibilities. A facilities services provider, ISS, uses a system that effectively manages its workers and all facets of a worker’s responsibilities by placing the right people in the right positions, based on their qualifications (BOOTY, 2008). This is also evident in Faceo FM UK, according to its Chief Executive, Chris Kenneally. In his words, “Our focus has been on the sustainability of our customers and putting the right people in the right positions to deliver what the client wants, as evidenced...
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...management In general, management is the activity of resolving a disorderly situation into an intentionally orderly situation, to achieve pre-determined (i.e., purposeful) outcomes. Since disorder continuously arises from creativity, destruction, decay, variance, versioning, chaos, and other natural and intentional changes, resolving that disorder into an intended order requires continuous tracking and adjustments in the "architecture" of the intended order's parts, part relationships, and part and relationship attributes. The classic approach to management Classical approach to management is dated back to the Industrial Revolution. the classical approach was an approach that places reliance on such management principals as unity of command, a balance between authority and responsibility, division of labor, and delegation to establish relationships between managers and subordinates. This approach constitutes the core of the discipline of management and the process of management. The classic approach to management – Classical approach - consists of two separate branches: the scientific and administrative management. The achievements of the classical school - the school has created a basis for further development of management theory, identified key processes, functions and leadership skills, which today are considered significant. Limitations of the classical school - more suitable for stable and simple organization of the modern and dynamic. Often recommended...
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...Midterm Essay: Classical Organizational Theory Liberty University February 5, 2014 Midterm Essay: Classical Organizational Theory "Classical Organizational Theory deals with the 'systematic processes necessary to make bureaucracy more efficient and effective.' Name three scholars that are credited with the development of classical organization thought that most correctly fit into this definition of Classical Organizational Theory. What were the basic arguments articulated by each in their contributions to the development of Classical Organizational Theory?" Classical organizational theory supports two views. Scientific management which focuses on managing work and employees and administrative management which addresses issues which affects the how the organization should be structured. (Classical School of Management, 2011). There are a few contributors to the classical organizational theory, Frederick Taylor focused on scientific management and Henri Fayol, Max Weber and Luther Gulick are known for the their theories on the administrative management portion. Frederick Taylor was born on March 20. 1856 in Pennsylvania, after his studies in Europe he had plans of attending Harvard but did not pass the entrance exams. Taylor instead worked as a pattern maker at a pump manufacturing company in Philadelphia. His techniques and managerial practices were adopted in the United States and the world in the 20th century. His principles of management emphasized the control of...
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...Organizational theory NEOCLASSICAL AND MODERN THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 I Company background II Human Resource Department 2.1. Recruitment and Placement 2.2. Training and Development 2.3. Compensation 2.4. Employee Relations III Evaluation measurement Conclusion 17 Reference 18 Introduction This assignment is an overview of two important areas of management: Neo-classical and Modern theories. It will provide a general description of each of these management theories together with observations on the environment in which these theories were applied and the successes that they achieved. I NEO-CLASSICAL THEORY (1920s-1950s) The Traditional classical theory and its principles are attacked on the ground that they are contradictory, pay little attention to motivation, and make hasty pronouncements on what should be done without examining time assumptions underlying such pronouncements. As such, these principles do not represent the heart of knowledge of management but a small part of the total body of administrative management. As a reaction to schools of classical theory which over-emphasized the mechanical and physiological characters of management, came up the schools of neoclassical theory with a more human-oriented approach and emphasis on time needs, drives, behaviors and attitudes...
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...INTRODUCTION Although modern management theory dates primarily from the early twentieth century, there was serious thinking and theorizing about managing many years before. Two events are especially significant to management history. First, in 1776, Adams Smith published The Wealth of Nations, in which he argued the economic advantages that organizations and society would gain from the division of labor (or job specialization). The second important event is the industrial revolution. Starting in the late eighteenth century when machine power was substituted for human power, it became more economical to manufacture goods in factories than at home. These large, efficient factories needed someone to forecast demand, ensure that enough material was on hand to make products, assign task to people, direct daily activities, and so fort. That “someone” was managers, and these managers would need formal theories to guide them in running these large organizations. It wasn’t until the early 1900s, however, that the first steps were taken toward developing such theories. The evolution of modern management thinking begins in the nineteenth century and flourished during the twentieth. EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Today's management theory is the result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. THE FOUNDERS The beginning of the modern organization occurred primarily during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory system, principally...
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...Running head: Evolution of Management Principles The Evolution of Management Principles Tim Akers American Public University 20 April 2013 ABSTRACT In this paper I will be explaining the evolution of management from the beginning of the industrial revolution to present which includes Classical School of Management, the Human Relations/ Behavioral School of Management, Theory X and Y, the Scientific Approach, Contingency Approach, and Theory Z. I will also be comparing the classical style and the present style to each other and to my current work environment. The Evolution of Management Principles The Classical school of thought began during the Industrial Revolution around 1900 and continued into the 1920s when new problems related to the factory system began to appear. Managers were unsure of how to train employees (many of them non-English speaking immigrants) or deal with increased labor dissatisfaction, so they began to test solutions. Traditional or classical management focuses on efficiency and includes scientific, bureaucratic and administrative management. Bureaucratic management needs a rational set of structuring guidelines, such as rules and procedures, hierarchy, and a clear division of labor. Scientific management focuses on the "one best way" to do the job. Administrative management emphasizes the flow of information in the operation of the organization. The first management theory approach to emerge was...
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