...17th century theories of racial difference While the 17th century did not have systematic notions of racial difference, colonialism led to the development of social and political institutions, such as slavery in the New World, that were later justified through racial theories (cf. Gossett 1997:17). [edit] Society Must Be Defended: the "race struggle" discourse In Society Must be Defended (1978-79), Michel Foucault traced the "historical and political discourse" of "race struggle" to the "Glorious Revolution" and Louis XIV's end of reign. According to him, it was the first example of a popular history, opposed to the classical juridical and philosophical discourse of sovereignty. In Great Britain, it was used by Edward Coke or John Lilburn against the monarchy. In France, Boulainvilliers, Nicolas Fréret, and then Sieyès, Augustin Thierry and Cournot reappropriated this discourse. [edit] François Bernier's New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it" (1684) The first comprehensive classification of humans into distinct races is believed to be François Bernier's Nouvelle division de la terre par les différents espèces ou races qui l'habitent ("New division of Earth by the different species or races which inhabit it"), published in 1684 (Gossett, 1997:32-33). Bernier distinguished four "races": |[pic] |European, North African, Middle Eastern, South | |[pic] ...
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...Demetria Brown COM 2010: Intro to Film Term Paper Assignment Spike Lee’s: “Do the Right Thing” Film Analysis: Do the Right Thing Spike Lee's 1989 film, Do the Right Thing is able to effectively explore the problem of racial conflict in America by skillfully manipulating cinematic devices such as staging, narrative, cinematography, editing and sound. The concentration and emphasis on characters' certain physical attributes with the use of photography and camera framing, the fast-pace editing style and manipulation of sound all contribute to film's overall meaning. In analyzing the short sequence beginning with a small girl drawing a chalk painting on the road and ending with Sal, the local pizzeria owner, making Radio Raheem, "a hulking misunderstood home-boy" , two slices of pizza, these devices are seen to illustrate the hostility between Black and Italian working class Americans. The narrative style in this double scene sequence encapsulates the major oppositions at work in the film, which is racial acceptance and alienation. This can be seen in the juxtaposition of two scenes that show Radio Raheem's acceptance of his Black friend Mookie and his rejection and disdain of the White Italian pizzeria owners. The story is told within the course of one day and scenes follow each other sequentially. This particular sequence begins with Mookie treading over the young girl's drawing of a harmonious scene with the sun shining and people smiling, implying to the viewer...
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...The tension that was characteristic of the 1920’s came from a clash between traditional values and new progressive ideals. This manifested from new developments in commercial ideals, technology, and a new emerging ideal of the expression of "self" in society. The rapidly expanding industry which was consumer goods spearheaded the changes within the American home, especially technology. Furthermore many people were torn by the identification of the self in this new society; to identify with the newer progressive ideals or to hold steadfast to the traditional, victorian ideals which they held so sacred. The division between the progressive, secular, urban northern way of thinking and the traditional, christian, rural, southern mind set are what...
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...candidates were wealthy and political chaos often occurred (Pettengill, 7-12-2016). Socially, America was divided based upon minority groups. These groups were limited to not only Blacks and Hispanics but also the Irish, Germans and Asians. Working class Americans were not free based upon racial discriminations, hazardous working conditions and economical division between social classes. Over 25 million immigrants migrated from countries such as Ireland, Germany and Asia for a new American opportunity. According to the American Society in the Industrial Age, the transition to America was very difficult...
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...anthropological research” (Rosenberg, 2002). Many now understand that ‘race’ is not the correct term, but there is still debate over what framework to use that adequately reflects the new criteria of these recent findings (Royal & Dunston, 2004). This new research in genetic variation has made it near impossible to still believe that race is a genetically relevant way to classify human beings. Our background regarding the variation of our genetic makeup is essentially a melting pot. As ancestors carry on genes and incoming members of the population introduce new ones, our history continues to change. It is said that, “ the process of using genetics to define ‘race’ is like slicing soup, you can cut wherever you want, but the soup stays mixed (Anonymous, 2002).” In other words, there can be no clear cut boundaries such as those provided by the concept of ‘race.’ Every individual is a unique mix of their...
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...After reviewing the evidence provided regarding the dispute between Ms. Mendoza and Mr. Flood, I have determined there is no factual evidence of racial or sexual discrimination. However, I have found underlying issues that have led up to these events. There are many statements within the documents that display a lack of communication between both parties. Ms. Mendoza claims she was overlooked for a promotion to a supervisory position due to her being a Hispanic female, despite being highly qualified. After reviewing both claims, Ms. Mendoza proves she has the appropriate amount of experience and education for the position. In fact, Mr. Flood does not dispute these qualifications. However, based on the statements provided, there appears to be evidence that Ms. Mendoza lacks leadership skills required for the position. I found no direct evidence to support the claim that she was discriminated against for being a Hispanic female. In fact, one third of the current supervisors are Hispanic. Moreover, in the last five years, of those promoted to division supervisor positions, one third have been female, and one fifth have been Hispanic. Ms. Mendoza states that two white males have been promoted in the past twelve years of her working in the department. However, Ms. Mendoza herself states that she has been promoted five times in that time period. Many of the statements and claims made by Ms. Mendoza are based on hearsay and personal feelings, not facts. In contrast, the...
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...segregation that had occurred that it’s just a natural thing that happened in the past and still goes on today. The invention of racism was socially constructed and as a society, we developed the concept of racial segregation, racial discrimination, racial stereotyping and negative prejudice. Some believe that there is no real original concepts of how racism began, but how would we wrap ourselves around the concept of racism being uniquely developed so that one race was meant to be inferior to all the rest? There are many ideas about how racism came about. Some say that it’s because that’s how nature took its course. It was just made to have one race has to be above all the others, a superior race, and the inferior races, which are looked at as being intolerable. Seeing one race less important than another is dehumanizing but it is within the definition of racism, inferiority and superiority are stated. According to the Oxford dictionary, racism is defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, esp. so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races. This mentality of having superior and inferior races began in the 1600s where slave trade was considered to be normal. Slavery was not based on racial discrimination against one specific race or ethnicity but it was based on what was available. Eric Williams, author of the book called “Capitalism and Slavery,” states beautifully the role racism played...
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...outlets on an almost daily basis. In order to fully understand the weight of the influence of youth gangs in our communities, we must make an attempt to look at how various scholars define it. There seems to be no clear-cut definition for the term “youth gang” because different communities have their own perception on what they refer to as a “youth gang”. Various researchers agree that defining, recognizing and identifying youth gangs is perplexed by inappropriate labelling of youth social groups by outsiders (Mathews, 1993; Gordon, 2000; Church Council on Justice and Corrections, 1995). There is also insufficient...
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...The U.S. Constitution provides every American certain guaranteed freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition. Expression or the right to free speech is one of those rights that is being targeted in some areas, including right here in some of our public and private universities, as a way to combat racism. Some people believe that universities should have the ability to regulate student’s free speech rights on certain types of dialog; racist speech. This is a very controversial topic that probably will never be agreed upon by the masses and will only cause more of a division between the people. However, racism is such an important topic, that maybe society should look at less typical methods to eliminate it, and maybe giving public and private universities the ability to limit their student’s free speech rights, could work? In the article “On Racist Speech” by Charles...
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...In recent years, the private educational institutions have opened up more to minorities and women, yet even though this trend has been expanding, the inequality in society has increased. Khan studies these parallel trends and struggles to determine how they could simultaneously exist. In order to do this he returns to St Paul’s where he attended high school and where he most acutely felt the affects of the inequalities within a meritocracy. Many of the students attending St. Paul’s came from families that were already wealthy, already held high positions in society and were simply hoping to pass this on to the next generation. “St. Paul’s helped transfer the birthright of each new group of students into credentials, relationships, and culture, all of which ensured their future success.” (Khan 13) St Paul’s however strives to have their student body represent the population of the world, with both the wealthiest and the poorest, female and male, and students of all races living together. Khan works to present the idea of a “‘new elite’ – a group of advantaged youths who don’t quite reflect what we typically imagine when we conjure up a vision of the well-off.” (Khan 16) These “new elite” are not all white or from rich families or live in picturesque houses in New England. Instead, this group is diverse, hard working, and believe that they can achieve upward mobility if they are determined enough to do so. Privilege is Shamus Khan’s attempt to understand and explain this new elite...
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...ESPN.com | July 18, 2013 When a national sportswriter calls to talk about minority hiring in college basketball, folks of all races seem to get nervous. As I sought feedback following last week's release of the "2012 Racial and Gender Report Card: College Sport" by Central Florida's Institute for Diversity and Ethics in Sport -- the report excludes historically black colleges and universities -- which states that the current pool of Division I African-American head coaches (18.6 percent through the 2011-12 season) is at its lowest mark since the 1995-96 season, people weren't sure what, if anything, they should say. Multiple administrators passed on the opportunity. The NCAA wanted to see my questions, and then it wanted a pre-interview phone conversation before it ultimately emailed its responses. The coaches who talked on the record always ended our chats with the same concern: "I didn't say anything that will make me look bad, right?" Shaka Smart Andy Lyons/Getty Images To reach Shaka Smart's level, black coaches often have to overcome certain labels. I don't blame them. It's an incendiary issue, because we're uncomfortable with race as dialogue. It's still a subject that makes athletic directors -- 89 percent of whom are white at the Division I level, per the report -- squirm. Minority coaches speak cautiously, because they don't want to be labeled as rebels or militants. That hesitancy is a significant component in a perennial problem that's often managed...
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...Throughout the past century, there have been boiling debates between the Democratic and Republican Party about ideological, cultural, and racial issues. Though these two parties may differ in certain beliefs, they still share a common ground and actually are not much different from each other. Therefore, in this paper I argue that the United States electorate is not polarized, or deeply divided. I base my argument from various tables shown in Morris P. Fiorina’s “From Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America,” which shows evidence of America not being polarized; as well as a table listed in Alan I. Abramowitz’s “The Polarized Electorate,” which shows how the information provided is biased and inaccurate in terms of justifying that the electorate...
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...Student’s Name Instructor’s Name Course Date Visual Analysis of World War II in Multiple Mediums Abstract During this Visual story telling class we learned ways to visually analyze different mediums. We learned about John Berger who introduced people seeing things in a new way. This is paralleled with the way the Holocaust has been portrayed in different mediums. He also introduced the idea of “seeing” depends on a person’s habit and their environment. I will be comparing elements in the mediums of Reflections and Echoes, Maus, Life is Beautiful, and Inglorious Bastards as well as the methods in the perceptions of the author and the lenses through which they see, and then go into detail about the readers perceptions. Introduction The medium through which an artist chooses to express their message or ideas has an effect on the way it is perceived by the viewer. Imagery has deeper meaning that artists tend to hide their message through the use of several representations. The type of image that an author decides to use has an ultimate effect on the perception of the audience. Members of the audience decode varied meanings from an image in the text. The World War II is among issues that have been represented in texts and movies through the use of imagery. It is upon the audience to have extra skills so that they decipher the intended meaning of the author. In this analysis, the focus will be on how different texts and films have portrayed World War II. However,...
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...Internet. A company has every right to foster and protect its brand, such as stores that cater to plus sizes, petite sizes, or preteens. In doing so, these stores exclude certain customers, but the unwanted customers should not be publicly insulted and humiliated. Unfortunately, Jeffries failed to realize that his targeted consumers – rich, young, beautiful college students – would also turn against the A&F brand. However, Jeffries did have second thoughts concerning his scandalous remarks two days later and cut off communication with the magazine...
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...Projective processes: gangs, bullying, and racism Groups and gangs When does a group become a gang? Hamish Canham (2002) defines a gang mentality as one in which de- structive forces have taken over. It is paranoid-schizoid functioning where there is no thinking, only a need to rid oneself of parts of the personality that might expose the individual (or group) to feelings of neediness, ignorance, or weakness. Within the personality, this is achieved by imposing a reign of terror on the vulnerable parts. In gang behaviour, the reign of terror is directed towards other groups. A gang is anti-thought, anti-parents, and anti-life. Hamish offers a commentary on William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies and tracks the way in which the boys lose touch with an idea of parental function and give way to the lure of the gang. He draws attention to the way in which Ralph and Piggy manage to impose some structure by making the rule about the conch: in community meetings, boys cannot speak unless they are holding the conch. At the beginning of their time on the island, the older boys are in touch with the idea of rules (which Hamish suggests are a representation of parental function), and they agree to this arrangement. Later, the rule is cast aside, the conch smashed, and order is overthrown in an outpouring of paranoid-schizoid behaviour. Jack, the leader of the choir, represents the pull in the group away from feeling lonely, afraid and dependent on each other ...
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