...POWER ALLOCATION FOR THE NETWORK CODED COGNITIVE COOPERATIVE NETWORK by Major Awal Uddin Ahmed (ID: 1003) Major Md Shariful Islam(ID: 1004) Major K M Hasnut Zamil (ID: 1006) A Project Report submitted to the department of Electrical Electronic and Communication Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Electronic and Communication Engineering Advisor: M. Shamim Kaiser Military Institute of Science and Technology Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka December 2010 To Our Beloved Parents ii DECLARATION This thesis is a presentation of my original research work. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made to indicate this clearly, with due reference to the literature, and acknowledgement of collaborative research and discussions. The work was done under the guidance of Dr. M. Shamim Kaiser, at the Mililary Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Mirpur Cantonment, Dhaka. (Major Awal Uddin Ahmed (ID: 1003)) (Major Md Shariful Islam(ID: 1004)) (Major K M Hasnut Zamil (ID: 1006)) iii CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled POWER ALLOCATION FOR THE NETWORK CODED COGNITIVE COOPERATIVE NETWORK and submitted by Major Awal Uddin Ahmed (ID: 1003), Major Md Shariful Islam(ID: 1004), Major K M Hasnut Zamil (ID: 1006) for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical Electronics and Communication Engineering. They embody original work under my supervision...
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...A Comparative Study of Cognitive Radio Platforms Moshe Timothy Masonta CSIR Meraka and TUT P.O. Box 395 Pretoria 0001, South Africa Mjumo Mzyece Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) Pretoria, South Africa Fisseha Mekuria Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Pretoria 0001, South Africa mmasonta@csir.co.za mzyecem@tut.ac.za fmekuria@csir.co.za ABSTRACT Cognitive radio (CR) technology has become one of the buzzwords within the wireless communications community over the past 12 years. Its ability to learn, decide and adapt to the external environment made CR attractive to regulators, researchers, academia, politicians and the industry. CR promises to bring a paradigm shift in spectrum management policies from command-and-control regime to dynamic and opportunistic spectrum access. Despite more than a decade of research in the CR area, there are too little CR systems ready for the market. This lack of ready CR systems may reflect an overemphasis in the CR literature on theory and simulations with less work done in experimental-basedresearch and publications. In order to fast-track the real-life deployments of CR systems, the research community is now focusing on the development of CR platforms. With different software defined radio (SDR) packages and hardware available, it is confusing to decide which one to build or use. The objective of this paper is to study the design of CR platforms making use available SDR software packages and hardware...
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...A Design of Energy Detector in Cognitive Radio under Noise Uncertainty Wei Lin, and Qinyu Zhang Communication Engineering Research Center, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology Email: {hitblueghost@hotmail.com, zqy@hit.edu.cn} CR system being taken into practical use is on the premise that CR system will not cause unbearable interference to primary systems. Designers of CR system need to make a fundamental tradeoff between space and transmission power [3]. In “no-talk” zone around the protected primary receiver, cognitive users must keep silent to allow the primary receiver to decode the received signal correctly. Since the quiet zone is outside the decodable region, cognitive devices are required to have high sensitivity in order to detect the primary signal in low SNR. Device-centric sensing methods mainly used in CR include energy detection, coherent detection, and cyclostationary feature detection [4]. The energy detector (radiometer) can detect any type of unknown primary signal. The coherent detector (matched filter) is the optimal detector for deterministic signal on Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel, which can be used to detect the primary signals with a pilot. And the cyclostationary feature detector is suitable for the detection of non-white signal, such as the OFDM signal of DTV system [5]. Compared with other detectors, the performance of energy detector is lower. However, energy detector is most widely used because it doesn’t need any...
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...Abstract TITLE：R&D for Network Establishment Utilizing Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications. Speaker: TOYOTA InfoTechnology Center Co., Ltd., NICT ■INTRODUCTION To achieve flexible and high frequency utilization, and to improve communication in case of a disaster, we designed a cognitive vehicle-to-vehicle communication network with protection of primary spectrum users. This research is completed jointly by the Toyota InfoTechnology Center, the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and the University of Electro-Communications. ■ IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS A. Dynamic frequency management We designed the database that contains spectrum occupancy. Based on the predicted moving range, the secondary mobile clients read from the database which frequencies are not used by the primary users. In addition to populating the database by a less accurate empirical propagation model, we developed the sensing subsystem with software defined radios, which improves accuracy through the primary signal measurements. B. The mobile base station and the communication terminal We developed the mobile base station and the mobile terminal based on the LTE standard, which can be mounted on a car. These units use the above mentioned database system to find available frequencies. While moving, these units can communicate over the white space in the TV broadcasting band (470 - 710 MHz) without interference to the primary users. C. Vehicle-to-vehicle communications by means of secondary...
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...Multiuser Wireless Sytems and Networks (Project Proposal) 1 Introduction MIMO communication and cognitive radios have both been two of the most productive areas of research thelast decade in the wireless communication community. Generally speaking, a cognitive radio automatically adapts its transmission and/or reception parameters in a way that it is bene_cial to him and/or to the entirewireless communication network. A typical paradigm (and the one that this project will assume) is onewhere secondary users (SUs) communicate (radios that do not \own" the wireless resources that are usingfor their communication) and coexist with the primary users (PUs) without harming their communication.MIMO technology provides a means for the SUs to adapt their transmission in a way that the PUs are not severely a_ected. In this project, my starting point will be a recent work from Yair Noam and Andrea Goldsmith [1],where the authors propose a Null-Space Learning algorithm for Spatial coexistence. In few words, the SUTransmitter learns the null-space of the PU receiver and then transmits only in this subspace so as to causeminimal interference. The goal of this project is to extend this work for time-varying channels and to proposetracking algorithms that could mitigate the e_ects of a changing wireless environment.In section 2 we are going to present the framework in which we are going to work on, and in section 3we are going to provide a detailed description of the goals and plans of...
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...Taylor Hogan BIO Research Paper Lawrence Cwik 14 April 2014 Over the past decade the debate between the relationship between brain disease and cell phone radiation has been a current issue. Whether or not the radio frequency cell phones put out can lead to brain bombardment of any type such as brain tumors, brain disease, etc. There have been many case studies, experiments, and the use of high levels of technology to be able to determine the answers to such a controversial issue. Through the explanation of different levels radiation and what radiowave/frequency the cell phones emits, the scientific effect of the radiation on the brain, and lastly through the research to answer the question of whether or not this could be a cause of brain disease to occur. Though there is a lot of supporting evidence that has been found on this topic, I do not believe that cell phone radiation can lead to brain disease. Mobile devices emit very small levels of radiation, though there are many different types of radiation: Electromagnetic radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. These different forms radiation has been found electromagnetic radiation linking to some cancers (Leikind). Where as theses types of radiation can have a negative impact on the body and become very dangerous over time. Radiation can break covalent bonds in ones body (Lekind). When using a cell phone though one is allowing the electromagnetic fields to constantly bombard the body but not to the levels of harm. Electromagnetic...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Indian FM radio industry was privatized in the year 2000. Many industry observers advised against investing in the market as the general notion was that after introducing the satellite television, the market for radio broadcasters is dead as television has more to offer. Although there were many deterring factors, still organizations invested heavily and begun operations across the country. In a short time span, the enthusiasm started failing as investments were not recovered from operations and profits were dipping. A number of factors pointed out that with amendments in Government rules and regulations, the industry could revive from their losses. Considering this, the Phase II of privatization was initiated in 2006, wherein the regulations were made more flexible and provided ample scope of growth. The general audience notion of the available radio stations is lack of differentiation in terms of content. This report gives a description of the problem regarding similar content and is a result of a market survey providing an insight in the consumer preference. Specifically, the report was an exercise conducted to validate the application of brand extension in service industry. 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am indebted to Dr. Samar Faten Badar, Faculty Member (Marketing,), for her great support and help all through the project. I am also thankful to Prof. Ramkishen, without whose help and support it would have been difficult to obtain the necessary data for...
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...restaurant goes under the name Panera Bread Company and offers the same food at all areas. (Panera Bread Company Overview, 2013) Another example of glocalization, is where an Asian subsidiary of News Corp started broadcasting satellite television into India but for this T.V. station to really take off was to hire a person who was experience in Indian programming to create soap operas that would appeal to that cultural environment not the American soap operas dubbed in Hindi and they also took over the production of news and current affairs. (Johnson, 2007) Finally an example of “glocalization” is our music that we play on the radio or even MTV. Whether it is a different area of the U.S. or other countries the radio/TV stations adapt to that area and what the community wants to listen too. When you cross state lines or country borders you have to change your radio station because you listening to that local areas music taste. If you don’t like changing your music taste then...
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...Media Worksheet Write brief 250-to 300-word answers to each of the following: Questions | Answers | What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century? | There are many major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century. Some of them are able to turn on your TV at any time of the day and see music videos, watch the news, and even see movies. Another one would be turning on the radio and hear music at any time you wanted. You could see anything from documentaries, fashion, models, and much more. Celebrities are able to gain publicity by just advertising something on TV, and most of their fans would buy the product. It also helps in their ratings in the music videos. It has impacted all over the world in a sense that people cannot live without it any more. Every day, children, teens, and even adults turn on their TV to see what is going on. If not at their home, some buses, medical offices, all over Manhattan, and even trains have TV’s to inform, entertain, and even educate people. Radio stations have also become very popular and growing rapidly. There are so many different types of songs in the FM station. You also have the AM where inform people about the news and traffic around your area. The development of mass media has been developing rapidly and continues expanding because of new and more advanced technologies. It is amazing how the years pass and with it the different types of advancements. You would be able to...
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...different major developments in the 20th century. The internet was one of the major developments during the 20th century. The internet provided many ways to communicate with others from places all over the world. Another major development in the 20th century is the radio. The radio is for entertainment with music and it also gives you information. Also the television is a major development in the 20th century. The television provided people with entertainment with television shows and also gave people information like the news. The newspaper is another major development in the 20th century. The newspaper also gives people information like what is happening in the world. The reason they are major developments in the 20th century is because of technology is expanding. It is important to know the major developments in the 20th century and they are the television, radio, internet, and the newspaper. | How did each development influence American culture? | The development influenced American culture because helped American spread information with the internet, radio, television, phones, and the newspaper. It also helped Americans with many things like informing them and educating them with things like the internet, radio, and the television. With the technology people are able to do many things like communicating, being entertained, and being informed. It also helped Americans with communication with things like the internet and cell phones. With the technology people are able to communicate...
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...Dimension to innovate and solve the problem of bus ticketing in Nigeria. Currently bus ticketing is being sold inside the bus by the bus ticketing and this is primitive. I would like to propose the use of Mobile smart phone using NFC and QR code as a new ticketing strategy this would ease the long queue experienced by passengers all day. QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response Code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is an optically machine-readable label that is attached to an item and that records information related to that item while Near field communication (NFC) is a set of standards for smartphones and similar devices to establish radio communication with each other by touching them together or bringing them into close proximity, usually no more than a few inches. Present and anticipated applications include contactless transactions, data exchange. With these two set of technology we could make the transportation system in Nigeria a much efficient system In Nigeria the use of smart phone is high which are capable of either QR code reading or NFC. I am suggesting using the both option to complement each other. The simple logic is for the state bus agency to develop one customized application that would make people either purchase through QR code or Through NFC technology. The State bus conductor could a QR tag reader/NFC reader could be installed on all Bus so as to enable...
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...work only under clear line-of-sight conditions between each unit, but they eliminate the need for securing right of ways, buried cable installations and no government licensing is necessary. Free space laser communications systems can be quickly deployed since they are small and do not need any radio interference calculations. Additionally, no spectrum fees have to be paid. This paper includes analysis, optimization, design and system level development of signal transformation between satellites or any two sources. Which work similarly to fibre optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space. The carrier used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception. INTRUDUCTION: Laser Communication is one of the emerging areas of wireless communication system. Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium for exchange of information. Currently laser commutation is adopted in satellite communication for space research activities and due to its efficiency on low noise ratio, inexpensive, low power and its flexibility and its resistance to the radio interferences makes laser communication as one of research area in wireless communication. In this process, this paper comprises the one such application of laser communication for information exchange between any two devices. In Laser Communication the transmitter and receiver must require a line-of-sight...
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...NFC technology uses the following smart devices: • NFC – enabled mobile phone: NFC enabled mobile phones, which also are referred to as NFC mobiles, are the most important NFC devices. Currently, integration of NFC technology with mobile phones creates a big opportunity for the ease of use, acceptance and spread of NFC ecosystem. • NFC reader: An NFC reader is capable of data transfer with another NFC component. The most common example is the contactless point of sale (POS) terminal, which can perform contactless NFC-enabled payments when the NFC device is touched against the NFC reader. • NFC tag: An NFC tag is actually an RFID tag that 8. How Does The NFC Technology Work : NFC works in an intuitive way. The touching action is taken as the triggering condition for NFC communication. Two NFC devices immediately start their communication when they are touched. The NFC application is designed so that when the mobile or the device touches some other NFC component that contains the expected form of data, it boots up. Hence, the user does not need to interact with the mobile device anymore but just touches one appropriate NFC device, which may be an NFC tag, an NFC reader, or another NFC-enabled mobile phone, because the coupling occurs intuitively and immediately. When you consider ubiquitous computing requirements, this is a useful property of NFC communication. For each NFC communication session, the party who initiates the communication is called the initiator, whereas...
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...involved, the word is often used in a plural form, as telecommunications. Early telecommunication technologies included visual signals, such as beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs, signal flags, and optical heliographs. Other examples of pre-modern telecommunications include audio messages such as coded drumbeats, lung-blown horns, and loud whistles. Electrical and electromagnetic telecommunication technologies include telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter, networks, radio, microwave transmission, fiber optics, communications satellites and the Internet. A revolution in wireless telecommunications began in the 1900s with pioneering developments in radio communications by Guglielmo Marconi. Marconi won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909 for his efforts. Other highly notable pioneering inventors and developers in the field of electrical and electronic telecommunications include Charles Wheatstone and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong, and Lee de Forest (radio), as well as John Logie Baird and Philo Farnsworth (television). The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, to 471 petabytes in 1993, to 2.2 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2000, and to 65 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person...
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...Task 4: Overcoming barriers to communication Smokey four key barriers to communication are process barriers, personal barriers, physical barriers, and semantic barriers. As an effective manager, I will have to overcome smokeyse barriers. Smokey first barrier that I would have to overcome is smokey process barrier. 1). Process barriers: Smokey process of communication involves a sender of information and a receiver of information. Communication can be defined as smokey process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to anosmokeyr. Smokeyre has to be a common understanding in smokey exchange of information. This is called smokey process of communication. Smokey process of communication can break down. Every step of smokey communication process is necessary for effective and good communication . Any step that is blocked in smokey process can be a barrier. Smokey way to overcome smokey process barrier is to make sure that all phases of smokey communication process are being used effectively from smokey sender to smokey encoder, from smokey encoder to smokey decoder, and from smokey decoder to smokey receiver. Smokey language that is being spoken must be able to be understood. That is smokey bottom line in overcoming smokey process barriers to communication. Clarity, purpose, and proper planning are important to overcoming process barriers in communication. Smokey end of this process is for smokey receiver to respond...
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