...married off as soon as their fathers had an idea of who they wanted to be allied with and to move up in hierarchy. As Susan Socolow said, “Indeed, chiefs offered their sisters and daughters to Spanish conquistadors, continuing the pre-Columbian pattern of using women to appease the powerful and ally with them.” Reigning Spanish conquistadors or other tribal leaders sought to establish alliances, so women were in other words seen as objects to benefit them. Spanish women at the time of colonization were rare, but for instance, Juan Jaramillo was one of the early conquistadors who married. As said, “Her father, don Leonel de Cervantes was a comendador of the Order of Santiago…” The few rare Spanish women available during the colonization state tended to be noble daughters of comendadors, who were married off quickly to other rising nobles, which is similar to how mestiza women were given off, but different because their availability was minimal and their status as well. During the colonization state in the story of Catalina de Erauso, “The lady was well-off, with a good deal of livestock and cattle, and it seems that, since Spaniards were scare in those parts, she began to fancy me as a husband for her...
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...Acceptance and Oppression Of Two Spirits and Hijras Marla Houston Ashford University Anthropology 101 Instructor Michelle Loose Celebration and Oppression Of Two Spirits and Hijras We see a number of cultures that have an identified third gender. “The baku in the Philippines, xaniths in Oman, serrers among the Pokot people of Kenya” (Khan, S et al., 2009). Throughout these cultures people are being revered, oppressed, celebrated, and mocked. Specifically, this will be a discussion of the differences between the Two Spirits of the Lakota Nation and the Hijra of South Asia, and how both cultures have changed throughout the years from cultural evolution and colonization. An example from Lakota Nation is “an old Lakota word, “Winyanktehca” has today been contracted to the simple word, “Wintke,” meaning, “two-souls-person” (Schützer, 1995). Two Spirit people are revered in the Lakota nation, they are considered sacred, spiritual and mysterious. When the European settlers arrived in the “new world”, they worked to change multiple aspects of the Lakota nation, including the treatment of the Wintke. Wintke are called to transform their gender in dreams from their deity. Schützer (1995) stated that she was given a choice “Lakota deities never order. [Her] gender transformation was called for by the Spirits” (Shützer, 1995). Schützer felt called by her ancestors, the spirits that she worshiped and held sacred, to change her life and her experience within...
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...This week's readings explored multiple perspectives on Decolonial feminist theory and colonialism's influence on ideas about women, womanhood, and culture. As the theorists explain, colonialism affected every aspect of life and effectively undermined the cultures of people across the Global South. Two major areas of contention are over land and gender. For colonialist powers to gain power they needed to control and regulate nature, in terms of natural resources and "natural" gender and sex paradigms. Through exploring the consequences of this control, decolonial feminist thought, theorizes about how decolonizing the world would alter nature, gender, and specifically womanhood in the modern era. Winona LaDuke states for her people, " land ownership is much more a concept that we belong to the land than the land belongs to us" (2001:1), illustrating that unlike in colonial culture, nature, including people, is not something to be conquered. LaDuke also illustrates the foundational belief system that leads to the capture and ownership of people. Primarily, LaDuke and Tamez utilize the capture and destruction of native land as a reality-based metaphor for the capture and destruction of women and specifically matriarchal systems of culture. Mohanty's idea of the monolithic classification and categorization of 'third world women' reflects the sense of ownership of...
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...industrialization and nation-building came attached with a gender ideology that prescribed the public/private division between male and females. In modern-day Canada, issues concerning equal rights in the public and private sphere of women have become more relevant to the female community. In contemporary Canada, the discussion of sex work and the ‘entertainment industry’ is a controversial subject to many women. The traditional view is expressed to view these workers as individuals who have chosen this path as ‘immoral criminals’ or ‘victims’ of aggression. There is not much sympathy for these women as they are degraded to be invisible within Canadian society. Given the blind eye, these sexual deviants have historically served as an representation to regulate women of the public sphere. However, it is necessary to make distinctions of the ‘hierarchy’ within Canada’s contemporary sex industry- from street sex workers to high-end escorts or strippers. In addition to the traditional view of women in the sex industry, there are other perspectives to take into account that differentiate these opinions from various feminist thoughts. Firstly, the sex work perspective believes that this type of work is just as much a legitimate work...
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...Racial discrimination: racial discrimination basically started with colonization it differentiates people with real or perceived difference. Even till now blacks have not got their proper right. The colonial countries regarded the colonized people as beast and savage just because of their color therefore they were subjected to harsh and brutal treatment. They were treated as beast and faced inhuman torture. They were not given their due right of education or employment but the civil rights act game as remedy for these people and they got opportunity to work in private and state owned organization. When you write your paper on racial discrimination you have to discuss in detail how it started, who were subjected to this and what measures are being taken to end this discrimination based on color and race. Sex and gender discrimination: it is the oldest form of discrimination based on gender which is biological. There are different set of norms for male and female. The fair sex was considered weak in bodily as well as moral strength, the root of this can be seen in bible itself. This sex discrimination can be seen in different fields for example an employer may not take you in spite of all the required qualification just because you are female and he has a prejudice that females can not tackle difficult problem independently. Similarly in an educational institute or hostel you may not be taken because of your sex. It is very common in every society that women do not enjoy all privileges...
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...The Puritans and Sex In The Puritans and Sex, Edmund S. Morgan states sex as desirable by all people (28). Puritans have long been perceived as radical, religious conservatives that condemned life’s pleasures; sex in particular. Adding to the stereotype, they have been labeled as humorless, devoted believers of God emphasizing theocratic government through strict laws based upon the Clergy and The Bible through severe punishment. Above all, the Puritans were often viewed as individuals who discouraged relationships between the opposite sexes and trained themselves to be sexually repressive through the lack of intercourse; however, the Puritans encouraged sex within the bounds of marriage and emphasized their government to be structured through their beliefs and views of intimacy. The narrative begins explaining the views of sexual intercourse in the Puritan colonies. They emphasized that sex was a pleasure that was to be enjoyed through the use of the Marriage Bed founded by the nature in man (18). It was completely forbidden outside of marriage, and was propagated to have a penalty of death if adultery was to be committed. In conjunction, within a marriage, sex was also treated in line with other pleasures of life. During fasting, sex was also abandoned with food and drink. It was stressed that sex was to be centered to glorify God. In addition, if sex was conducted in an excessive manner, it was frowned upon similar to other displeasures such as drunkenness and gambling...
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...Their main focus was to preserve nonmarket values including love, friendship, as well as common obligation. He also mentions how the definition of “virtue” quickly changed, correlating more with women. He states that a woman’s virtue represented sexual innocence, elegance, frailty, as well as a strong dependence on the opposite sex. Foner also describes the extreme differences between men and women, remarking how men tended to be more analytic, combative, and autocratic, where women showed more of a generous and loving side. Unlike men, the women were not as qualified for the public...
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...GLOBALIZATION TEST CONSTRUCTION ITEMS SUB TESTS A. MEDIA EFFECT 1. Electronic media- tv,cable t.v,etc 2. Internet 3. E shopping and e commerce 4. Advertisements in visual media 5. Movies and serials aand other visuals in channels and media B. COMMUNICATION MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT 1. Mobile 2. Internet and social media 3. Face book, twitter and social net works 4. Computer games 5. Importance of country games 6. Type of music enjoy 7. Type of dance enjoy 8. Type of games you like to play C. LIFE SYLE- CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 1. Shopping 2. Dress fashion items 3. Kind of shops used to go to purchase 4. Monthly expense 5. Importance of branded items D. LIFE SYLE FOOD 1. Food menu 2. Food products select to buy? 3. Significance of tropical fruits and food items 4. Influence of advertisement and visual medi 5. Children and food menu 6. Ice cream and other desert items 7. Use of maida and masala E. LIFE SYLE comfort & Food 1. Vehicle purchased 2. Frequency of using vehicle 3. Time and distance used to walk 4. Use of public transport 5. Furniture used in house 6. Air conditioner, fridge and entertainment items 7. Kitchen articles 8. House construction model 9. House size 10. Water facility F. RELATIONSHIP FAMILY 1. Relationship with parents and siblings I think that my parents do not allow me to use my freedom I am totally against the conventional family system existing at...
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...don’t have choice but to follow where the money is or else, they will die in hunger. The scarcity of primary needs pushed people to desperately make some money even if they became “immoral” .It is considered as immoral because until now, it is not accepted in the society and there’s still debate if the world must accept this profession since it can’t be stop as the powerful group protects and control the illegality of this work. In fact, there’s many syndicate that cover the mouth of media and even our own politicians. Therefore, if the man of power was also controlled by this syndicate, there’s no chance to eradicate this issue. It will remain as an issue without solution. I. Definition Prostitution – define by the scholars as a sex work and study it as an occupation ORIGIN: Came from a...
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...categories people usually stereotype a person by. They are: ● Race - Racial stereotypes can be found for every race and ethnicity. They can be hurtful and may lead to harmful situations. ● Sex - Sexual stereotypes are presumed ideas of how a man or woman will act. ● Gender - Gender stereotypes pertains more to the person or group of people directly. (Example: A woman’s place is in the kitchen or the man is the provider and protector). Stereotypes and prejudices are often confused by people because they are assumed. Prejudices refer more to a personal attitude and feelings towards others. Jews, blacks, women, and gays are the main targets of stereotyping and prejudices. “There are advantages and disadvantages to stereotyping” Mcleod, S.A. (2008). The advantage is that it enables us to respond quickly to situations, whereas, the disadvantage is it makes people ignore the differences in people, says Mcleod (2008) “The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify our social world; since they reduce the amount of processing (thinking) we have to do when we meet a new person”. (Cardwell, 1996). A stereotype, which is a belief, leads to prejudice, which is an attitude, which leads to discrimination, which is negative treatment. They go hand in hand and as far back as early colonization period in History. I feel stereotyping, prejudices, and discrimination are completely...
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...infections are caused by a viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogen that is not present at the time of admission to a hospital or other healthcare setting. These infections can result in an extended stay for patients, mortality, and increased healthcare costs. They can also occur in pediatric and adult patients of either sex, but are more common in critically ill patients. Healthcare acquired infections are a huge concern in the medical field, because they can be associated with medical equipment and involve any system of the body. The most common HAI’s are pneumonia, bloodstream, and urinary tract infections (Custodio, 2015). Ventilator-associated pneumonia or VAP is pneumonia that occurs longer than forty-eight hours after a patient has been intubated and receiving mechanical ventilation. This illness is the second most common hospital acquired infection in critically ill patients. Around eighty-six percent of healthcare acquired pneumonias are due to mechanical ventilation. Every year in the United...
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...responsible for most of the health inequalities that exist. Common determinants contributing to sub-par health status include: early child development, education, income, employment, social and physical environment, personal health practices and coping skills, access to health services, racism, and gender. These determinants work alongside Aboriginal-specific determinants like cultural identity, self-determination, and colonialism to create significant health discrepancies compared to non-Aboriginal Canadians. Aboriginal women are at an even greater disadvantage because of the role gender plays on top of the other determinants. The term gender refers to the socially constructed perceptions of feminine and masculine and is not to be confused with sex, which refers to the biological differences between men and women (Steckley and Letts 2010). While the two are different concepts, they are closely related and do influence each other because while biology may condition behaviour, it is in turn conditioned by the social environment (Halseth 2013). Health is also a social construct and issue, rather than simply a medical and technical problem associated with body parts and their functions. Because it is defined by and shaped in social, psychological, and economic environments and relationships, bodies and minds cannot be understood apart from their history and culture. As health is defined within social, economic, and physical environments where class, race, culture, age, location, and personal...
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...patriarchy, and gender inequality force women into the street sex trade in order to survive, and how social organizations provide useful resources despite the portrayal of these women as undeserving. Drawing on interviews conducted with Sage House and Transitional Educational Resources for Women (TERF) and several secondary sources, an intersectionality approach will be used to illustrate that the difficulties women in the street sex trade face are a result...
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...Osteoarthritis is one of the most common ailments plaguing humanity. Since these pathological lesions are universal, osteoarthritis can be used to hypothesize behavioral changes in early populations (Bridges, 1992:67; Larsen, 1997:164-166; Waldron, 1995:385; 1992:235). There are multiple reasons for osteoarthritis to occur, and these can include repetitive use of a joint from exercise, activity, work, or even forced labor brought on during colonization. This degenerative disease is found in articulating joints. These are the joints that allow for movement in the body. Chronic breakdown of cartilage is the main cause of osteoarthritis and typically occurs from mechanical stressors, injury, and age. The effects of this breakdown, then...
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...involved the capture and exportation and exploitation of human beings as forced labor with no freedom of movement or choice. Slavery brings to mind the forcible deportation of Africans into the new world, associated with colonization and empirical money making ventures, like sugar, coffee and cotton. Yet, the reality of the situation is that slavery exists today, and on an even greater scale than it did during the empirical era. Human trafficking is one of today's most egregious human rights violations. Traffickers prey on the most vulnerable members of society: people burdened with poverty, disabilities and discrimination. Trafficking in persons refers to the illegal trade or "sale" of human beings for sexual exploitation or forced labor through abduction, the use or threat of force, deception and fraud. It knows no gender, race, age, or even boundaries (due to globalization). (Perkins) Slavery today is often called by other names, like human trafficking and undocumented immigration as well as many other less savory monikers but it is still slavery and people are still stripped of human dignity, choice and human rights on a grand scale, be they women and children smuggled across national or international borders to forcibly participate in the shady sex trade or men, women and children smuggled across borders to work in unsanitary and even dangerous conditions in sweat shops, creating cheaply made garments or goods for export for little if any compensation, in a state of...
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