...What is Osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis (or OA for short) is the most common type of arthritis and is associated with joint pain and reduced range of motion and quality of life. It is a vast, chronic condition which affects the weight bearing joints and involves biomechanical, morphologic and biochemical alterations of the matrix and cells of the bone. Common symptoms are pain in the affected joint area and loss of mobility however, structural changes may occur without any accompanying symptoms. In itself, OA is not a life threatening condition although it can affect considerably the quality of life. OA can be classified depending on the number of joints affected, the site which it affects and also the type. By type, one means whether it is inflammatory, generalised (affects many joints) or erosive (David & Lloyd, 1998). Osteoarthritis may also be divided into primary idiopathic or secondary. In primary OA there are no preceding injuries or trauma which could have caused it. The main cause is repetitive stress on the joint and cumulative changes to the joint surfaces. It is typically found in women over the age of forty five which repeatedly stress the same joints such as the knees and hips. Secondary OA, on the other hand, is caused by a previous condition, injury or disease. Injury to the joint, gout, rheumatoid arthritis and even obesity may eventually lead to the development of secondary OA (Koopman, 2000) Osteoarthritis Affecting the Knee Joint The knee is the most...
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...Donald Unger (1998) published a letter entitled “Does knuckle cracking lead to arthritis of the fingers?” He had been cracking his knuckles of his left hand at least twice a day for the past five decades. Unger analyzed his data set: “there was no arthritis in either hand and no differences between the two hands.” He also concluded that, “There is no apparent relationship between knuckle cracking and the subsequent development of arthritis of the fingers.” Habitual knuckle cracking does not seem to be a risk factor for hand osteoarthritis. A retrospective case- control study resulted in 20% occurrence in knuckle cracking that in 215 respondents, there are 135 students that undergone the experiment and 80 of them did not. (Deweber et al.,...
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... In osteoporosis, the cancellous bone loses calcium, becomes thinner, and may disappear altogether. Sprains A sprain is an injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint. Most sprains result from a sudden wrench that stretches or tears the tissues of the ligaments. A sprain is usually extremely painful. The injured part often swells and turns black and blue. Fractures A fracture is a broken bone. These are some common kinds of fractures: - closed, open, multiple, comminuted, greenstick and spiral Spina bifida Spina bifida is a spinal defect that is present at birth. In spina bifida, the spinal cord does not form properly and the vertebrae and skin cannot form around it. Spina bifida results from an error in the development of the embryo that occurs about a month after a woman becomes pregnant. This error may have various causes, including the use of alcohol or certain medications by the pregnant woman or exposure to extreme heat. Genetic factors appear to be very important. Scurvy Scurvy is a disease caused by lack of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet....
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...Instructions: 1. Download and Save this file with your name in the file name. (ex: Skeletal System Case Study-CharlieBrown) 2. Type your name in the header of this document. 3. Read the following case study. 4. Answer all the questions that follow by typing in your answer directly underneath each question. Be sure to answer each question completely. 5. When you finish, be sure to save the entire document for submission to your instructor. 6. Submit your document by the due date listed in your syllabus. Submission should be through the ASUN Portal. Upload your completed document—make sure the file you upload and mark as final has your answers typed in it! Note: You must UPLOAD the document and MARK AS FINAL for it to be properly “turned in” through the Portal. 7. Participate in the Class Discussions of this Case Study—this will be completed on the Discussion Forums page within the ASUN Portal. 8. Email me if you have any questions. The Skeletal System - Aging and Disease The skeletal system is required for nearly every body movement. It also supports the body at rest, protects vital organs, and produces blood cells. However, like any other system, it is susceptible to disease. Different diseases become more (or less) likely as the body ages. A few common diseases include scoliosis, arthritis, and osteoporosis Scoliosis Scoliosis is defined as an “s” or “c” shaped spinal curvature. It is most often diagnosed during adolescence...
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...Prolozone Therapy Outline: 5. How does it work? 1. What is prolozone? 6. The procedure benefits 2. History 7. Conditions that prolozone treat effectively 3. Is prolozone the same as prolotherapy? 8. Conclusion 4. What causes pain? 1. What is prolozone? Prolozone is derived from the Latin word "proli" which means to regenerate or rebuild and the word ozone. "Prolo" is short for proliferation, because the treatment, which uses injections of ozone, causes the proliferation (growth, formation) of new cartilage and connective tissue in areas where it has become weak or damaged. The response to treatment varies from person to person but most people only need from 5-10 treatments. Prolozone is a homeopathic/oxygen-ozone injection technique developed and pioneered by Dr. Frank Shallenberger MD, HMD in the 1990′s. It is excellent for all forms of musculo-skeletal and joint pain including chronic neck and back pain, rotator cuff injuries, degenerative and arthritic hips and knees, degenerated discs and shoulder and elbow pain. Because in many cases prolozone actually corrects the pathology of the disorder, there is a 75% chance for the chronic pain sufferer to becoming permanently pain free. 2. History: Historical review shows that a version of this technique was...
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...exists to suggest that older individuals perceive pain to a lesser degree or that sensitivity is diminished. Although pain is a common experience among individuals 65 years of age and older, it is not a normal process of aging. Pain indicates pathology or injury. Pain should never be considered something to tolerate or accept in one's later years. Unfortunately, many clinicians and older adults wrongfully assume that pain should be expected in aging, which leads to less aggressive treatment. Older adults have additional fears about becoming dependent, undergoing invasive procedures, taking pain medications, and having a financial burden. The most common pain-producing conditions for aging adults include pathologies such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, peripheral vascular disease, cancer, peripheral neuropathies, angina, and chronic constipation. People with dementia do feel pain. The somatosensory cortex is generally unaffected by dementia of the Alzheimer type. Sensory discrimination is preserved in cognitively intact and impaired adults.1 Because the limbic system is affected by Alzheimer disease, current research focuses on how the person interprets and reports these pain messages.24 See further discussion on pain assessment with dementia on p. 170. Gender Differences Gender differences are influenced by societal expectations, hormones, and genetic makeup. Traditionally, men have been raised to be more stoic about pain and more affective or emotional displays...
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...Running head: PAIN CASE STUDY Case Study: Pain Amit Dhir, Omeid Heidari, Sean Mayer, Ololade Ikuomola & Adam Boyce NR110.542 Physiological/Pathophysiological Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice I 09/29/2015 Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing On our honor, we pledge that we have neither given nor received any unauthorized assistance on this assignment. 1 Running head: PAIN CASE STUDY CASE STUDY Pain Use this document in documenting your response to the Patient Case Questions. CHIEF COMPLAINT “My back is killing me. The pain is mostly sharp and stabbing, and sometimes it’s a dull ache. You’ve got to do something. Those Tramadol pills aren’t cutting it and they’ve bound me up.” “I am not sleeping because of the pain.” MEDICAL HISTORY P.M. is a retired, 81yearold male being seen for a routine health maintenance visit. He has a history of lower back pain, morbid obesity, hypertension, hypothyroid, occipital lobe stroke, bilateral total knee arthroplasty, GERD and sleep apnea. Now reporting pain in feet. He has been a smoker for the past 64 years, reporting 12 ppd. He is accompanied by his wife of 62 years. CURRENT MEDICATIONS Tramadol 50100 mg p.o. Q 12 hrs prn back pain Atenolol 25 mg p.o. Q a.m. Levothyroxine sodium 125 mcg p.o. Q a.m. Clopidogrel 75 mg p.p. Q a.m. Ibuprofen 600 mg ii p.o. prn knee pain Aspirin 650 mg p.o. prn “when I can’t get to sleep” ...
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...Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Paper Team B BSHS/325 04/13/2015 Instructor: Maria Perrotta Physical Development in Middle Adulthood Paper Middle adulthood is a time of young adulthood and late adulthood. It accompanies many changes that some people may not be prepared for or welcome with open arms. The changes that usually deal with the mind and the body gradually develop as time continues to pass. Some of the most drastic changes are the physical changes that can have a profound effect on the way a person at this stage of life view themselves. Common health problems that evolve during this age The physical modification people in this stage of life may experience varies depending on many factors that contribute to one's health. Smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy eating habits and stress can all negatively affect a person's health and increase the chance of acquiring the common health issues middle-aged adult face. Common health issues include Cancer, Diabetes, Hypertension, Arthritis, High Cholesterol and Weight gain, all of which have a direct connection to one another. Hypertension In middle adulthood, the body starts to change and evolve in more ways than one. The metabolism starts to slow down, and health problems are more common to arise at this point. There are various common health problems that we see at this age, and a more common one is Hypertension also known as high blood pressure. The higher one's blood pressure becomes, the...
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...among youths such as fast foods can cause obesity, can lead to many diseases, and can cause depression. Development of the first main point One of the effects of fast foods is obesity. A condition in which the body has dangerous quantity of body fat is called obesity. The people who weight more than 20% than their usual weights are classified as obese persons (Alte, Schiff, 1998). Alte and Schiff (1998) also stated that a condition when the body has a lot of fat is called obesity. The persons who are obesity weight from 10% to 19% than their usual weight. So, the people who love to eat fast foods will easily gain their weight and will become obesity. There are many effects when being obesity. When being obese, a lot of physical problems occur. Obesity is connected with some of the heart disease risk circumstances, containing high blood pressure,...
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...Name: _______________________________________ Date: __________________ 1. What does meditation stimulate? a. pituitary gland b. parasympathetic c. sympathetic d. adrenals 2. Which BEST defines what occurs in the fight or flight response? a. increase in intestinal movement b. increase in heart rate and blood pressure c. decrease in muscle tension d. decrease in endorphins released 3. Exercise during which the patient does not assist the therapist is called? a. coordination b. resistive c. passive d. active 4. Migraine and cluster headaches are? a. tension headaches b. vascular headaches c. traumatic d. psychogenic 5. What do you do if you are working on a client and he/she complains of pain where you are working? a. say “no pain, no gain” b. back off and continue communicating to be sure they are comfortable now c. stop the massage d. only work areas that don’t cause pain 6. if you are using a technique which requires firm pressure and it’s causing pain, You should? a. have the client qualify the pain and then modify your pressure b. explain to the client why pain is necessary c. continue with the same pressure d. terminate the session 7. What is the best position for massaging a pregnant woman? a. prone b. supine c. on her side d. postural drainage position 8. Which BEST describes the location of the Yin channels? a. anterior b. posterior c. proximal d. distal 9. Where is the center of gravity...
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...helps the kidneys regulate the amount of salt and water in the body. There are two types of Addison’s disease; primary adrenal insufficiency which is when the initial problem is with the adrenal glands themselves. The other form is known as secondary adrenal insufficiency which when the adrenal glands are affected by an outside problem. ACROMEGALY: Acromegaly is a hormonal disorder caused when pituitary gland produces too much of a growth hormone during adulthood. Acromegaly is not a common disorder and is not usually noticed for a few years. Because it is not easily recognizable it can lead to serious conditions that can sometimes become life threatening if not treated. Acromegaly can also cause hypertension, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, and spinal cord compression. CRETINISM: Cretinism is form of hyperthyroidism; it is often known as congenital hyperthyroidism. It is a condition that is not often noticed...
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...back at least 2,500 years. The general theory of acupuncture is based on the premise that there are patterns of energy flow (Qi) through the body that are essential for health. Disruptions of this flow are believed to be responsible for disease. Acupuncture may, it has been theorized, correct imbalances of flow at identifiable points close to the skin. Acupuncturists believe that illness occurs when something blocks or unbalances your ‘Chi’ (energy). Acupuncture is a way to unblock or influence chi and help it flow back into balance. Acupuncture is a family of procedures involving stimulation of anatomical locations on or in the skin by a variety of techniques. Acupuncture is done by putting very thin needles into your skin at certain points on your body. This is done to influence the energy flow. Sometimes heat, pressure, or mild electrical current is used along with needles. The most thoroughly studied mechanism of stimulation of Acupuncture points employs penetration of the skin by thin, solid, metallic needles, which are manipulated manually or by electrical stimulation. How does acupuncture work? Acupuncture improves the body’s functions and promotes the natural self-healing process by stimulating specific anatomic sites--commonly referred to as acupuncture points, or acupoints. The most common method used to stimulate acupoints is the insertion of fine, sterile needles into the skin. Pressure, heat, or electrical stimulation may further enhance the effects. Other...
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...IM/IT Analysis Patricia D. Barringer Strayer University Health Services Administration HSA 599 Dr. Kadrie Mountasser April 29, 2012 IM/IT Analysis The issue of public health and its subsequent impact on society as a whole is becoming a very contentious issues for government. In the midst of an election year, public health issues such as Medicare, social security, and disease prevention are all becoming more prevalent. In the state of New Jersey, public health is no different in this regard. According to U.S. Public Health Service, over the last century, the average life span of an America grew by 30 years. 25 of those years are attributed to an increase in public health services. As such, decisions make by governments on the federal, state, and local level will have a profound impact on the community. First, as is the case with many communities, state governments rely heavily on tax revenue as their primary source of income. In the midst of a global recession, those entities that rely heavily on income tax revenue ultimately suffer as those who provide the tax revenue are unemployed. Further compounding this issue is that fact that many individuals who were formally employed full time are now employed part time. As such, their taxable income is significantly diminished. With this diminished revenue, budgets must ultimately be cut to correspond to the reduced inflow of revenue. Now in regards to expenditures two-thirds of spending is for personal health...
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...deterioration of cognitive functioning. Patterson et al (1999). The chronic pain coalition ( 2007) states that poor pain management impacts on quality of care and recovery and patients’ morbidity and mortality resulting in prolonged hospital stay coupled with economic implications for the health service. Pain has many defintionss have defined pain differently, the International Association for the study of pain (IASP,1989 ) has defined pain as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage has defined pain differently.McCaffrey (1968) defines pain as “whatever the person experiencing the pain says it exists whenever the person communicates or demonstrates voluntarily or involuntarily that it does.” However the later...
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...English 250 The Debate Regulating Drinks and Snacks in Schools by the Government It is not a secret that obesity in children has become a problem and in the United States alone the American Obesity Association estimates that 15 percent of children between six and nineteen suffer from obesity. (Lee, 2011) According to the CDC childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past 30 years the percentage of children aged 6-11 who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 20% in 2008, similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12-19 years who were obese increased from 5% to 18% over the same period. (Childhood Obesity Facts, 2012) Individuals who work in the health care field through research and statistics know that obese children will likely become obese adults, and along with that also comes Type II Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension. It is also documented that obesity forces young people to endure social, physical, and emotional abuse as a result. As statistics show childhood obesity is a growing problem, and something must be done; however, is it the job of our government to place regulations on what children eat and drink. Studies have shown that there are three principal causes of obesity: hereditary (sic) (endocrine related), inactivity, and diet. (Lee, 2011) In today’s society many children live in a household where both parents work; as a result children are left home alone to occupy their time by way of television, video games...
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