...of people who are willing to offend, generally between 15 and 18 years. With Jihad wars, the same factors attract young men to deviant activity can play a significant role in the attraction terrorism hold. Higher impulsivity, great confidence, and attraction to risk –taking gives a particular appeal to some young males. In addition, a desire for revenge and retribution is also a common motive for joining terrorist groups. Research indicates that most young men hold the most positive attitude towards vengeance and are likely to approve vengeful behavior. Most of the Jihads terrorists are in their teens to mid-twenties. Another significant issue is that the marriage patterns in the Muslim communities shows it is done at a young age. Preventing the juvenile from becoming delinquent, or continuous engage from delinquent...
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...Combating Juvenile Delinquency Inez Randall-Scott Professor Ryan Gallagher Juvenile Delinquency and Justice November 18, 2015 Combating Juvenile Delinquency Over the last several years, Texas juvenile incarceration and crime rates have substantially declined. In 2006, there were 4,800 juveniles at Texas Youth Commission facilities, (Marc Levin, 2010) nearly all of whom were housed in large institutions until an abuse scandal surfaced and redirected more youths into community-based juvenile probation programs. As of recently, and since redirecting to these programs, juvenile incarceration and crimes declined to 2,259 in 2014. (Marc Levin, 2010). Many people think of the juvenile justice system as a penal system similar to that of adults, but for children. While there are similarities between the two, there are also differences. The adult system focuses on public safety and punishment for criminal conduct. The juvenile correctional system places an emphasis on rehabilitation. Even when it is necessary to incarcerate youths, the setting is not punitive but rather is protective and designed to educate youths about discipline, values, and work ethics therefore guiding them towards becoming productive citizens. In the state of Texas, The Dallas County Juvenile Department believes that for certain youth’s, treatment rather than punishment alone is the most effective strategy in avoiding future involvement with the juvenile justice system. The decline in juvenile incarceration...
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...Administrator Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention [pic] Table of Contents Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction Transfer Provisions Waiver Direct File Statutory Exclusion Reverse Waiver Once an Adult/Always an Adult Additional Analyses Transfer for Nonviolent Offenses Additional Pretransfer Findings Required Clear and Convincing Evidence Standard Special Transfer Treatment Based on Prior Record Devices To Limit Prosecutorial Discretion Minimum Age Provisions Appendix: Summary of Transfer Laws Share With Your Colleagues Publications From OJJDP List of Tables Most States Have a Combination of Transfer Provisions Summary of Transfer Provisions, 1997 Discretionary Waiver: Minimum Age and Offense Criteria, 1997 Mandatory Waiver: Minimum Age and Offense Criteria, 1997 Presumptive Waiver: Minimum Age and Offense Criteria, 1997 Direct File: Minimum Age and Offense Criteria, 1997 Statutory Exclusion: Minimum Age and Offense Criteria, 1997 Minimum Age and Offenses for Which a Juvenile Can Be Transferred to Criminal Court in Every State, 1997 Lowest Age of Criminal Responsibility/Criminal Court Jurisdiction, 1997 Lowest Age for Original Juvenile Court Jurisdiction in Delinquency Matters, 1997 [pic] U.S. Department...
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...forth in section 501(c)(3). Earnings may not be received by any private shareholder or individual. The organization may not attempt to influence legislation as a substantial part of its activities and it may not participate in any campaign activity against political candidates. The exempt purposes set forth in section 501(c)(3) are charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering national or international amateur sports competition, and preventing cruelty to children or animals. The term “charitable” is used in its generally accepted legal sense and includes relief of the poor, the distressed, or the underprivileged; advancement of religion; advancement of education or science; erecting or maintaining public buildings, monuments, or works; lessening the burdens of government; lessening neighborhood tensions; eliminating prejudice and discrimination; defending human and civil rights secured by law; and combating community deterioration and juvenile delinquency (IRS. org, 2013). Charitable organizations are eligible to receive tax-deductible contributions. The Community Benefit standard was adopted in 1969 by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) as an alternative basis for recognizing hospitals as income tax exempt. The community benefit standard for healthcare organizations offer unreimbursed goods, services, and resources that address community-identified health needs and concerns, particularly those of people who are traditionally uninsured...
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...Abstract This paper highlights the causes of school violence and aggressive behavior among youth in our society. It addresses family issues in the home, school related factors, and the influence of mass media on violence in our schools. Evidence suggests that schools have trouble tackling the complicated social, economic, and personal causes that generate the violent behavior of numerous young people. With the increasing wave of school violence, schools and communities are pulling together in response to this increasing crisis. Tackling Youth Violence in Schools Youth committed crimes continue to be an issue in the United States. Because of the increasingly high rates of juvenile delinquency, modern society has taking an interest in its causes and its effects. Juvenile delinquency is a serious and costly problem that present concerns in relation to the welfare of our families, neighborhoods and schools. (Horton, A.,2001, p.g. 50). Education professionals must take steps to develop and implement meaningful programs in order to combat this rapidly growing problem. According to Bullock & Fitzsimons (1996), “To work effectively with students who display aggressive and violent behaviors is a challenge that personnel in schools face nationwide.” Therefore, to effectively battle youth violence in schools, the contributing attributes that causes this behavior must be identified. Family Violence The first contributing attribute identified is the failure to recognize...
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...” Be home by 11pm or you’re grounded.” The initial response to this was probably, “Screw you mom, you don’t know me!” v. Well hate to break it to you but they are the smart ones in this situation. Now you’re parents didn’t give you a curfew to see you upset but rather for some reasons that actually benefit you in the long run. Reason 1 i. The first reason why curfews are necessary is that curfews keeps teens off the street and in homes where they can be safe and out of trouble. ii. According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, in 1980, there were 6,451 juvenile arrests for every 100,000 youths ages ranging between 10 and 17 in the U.S. But with new curfew laws that cities are currently adopting, the overall juvenile arrest rate was 38% lower in 2012 than in 1980. iii. According to a study conducted by Carla Pascoe, 97% of the National League of Cities (total of 800 cities) says curfews are effective in combating juvenile crime. iv. There is a saying that “Nothing good is going on after midnight.” Now I must admit that once you are mature and out of the house at...
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...Child Abuse and Neglect 29 30 Dimensions and Critical Issues of Child Maltreatment in the African American Community: Causation, Consequences, and Prospects Presenter: Respondent: Joyce N. Thomas, R.N., M.P.H. Robert Pierce, Ph.D. Introduction African Americans, the largest minority population in the United States, suffer disproportionately from preventable diseases and deaths—(Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health, 1994). This statement from the Office of Minority Health not only captures the tragic problem of health related issues of African Americans, it also applies to the social welfare problems of these children and their families. Each year over 2,000 children die at the hands of their parents or caretakers (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Abuse and neglect in the home are considered one of the leading causes of death for children four years of age and younger and the largest number of child abuse fatalities is due to severe head trauma. Homicide statistics are only part of the grim reality, with near–fatal abuse and neglect accounting for more than 18,000 permanently disabled children, and approximately 142,000 serious injuries (Baladerian, 1991). Findings from the report, A Nation’s Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States, indicate that African Americans are overrepresented in both fatalities and near–fatal injuries (U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995). Research shows that...
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...A STUDY ON DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP 青年濫藥與家庭關係的研究 THE FINAL REPORT (FINAL version) February 2011 1 PREFACE The project on the study on “DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP” (“the Study”) is being undertaken by the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention and the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong (“the Consultant”). The research team comprises the principal investigator (PI), Professor Paul YIP, Director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention and Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong, and eight co-investigators (Co-Is), Dr. CHEUNG Siu Lan Karen (Demographer), Dr. Sandra Tsang (Social and Family Worker), Dr. Samson Tse (Focus group expert on mental health and drug abuse), Dr. Wong Oi Ling (Family therapist, Family Institute), Prof. Karen Laidler (Sociologist, expertise on assessing drug abuse problem), Dr. Paul Wong (Clinical psychologist), Ms. Frances Law (Social Worker), and Dr. Lilian Wong (Associate Consultant, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hospital Authority). We would like to thank Mr. Gary Ip, the research assistant of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Ms. Garlum Lau, the senior research officer 2 of the Department of Sociology, the participants and NGOs for focus groups and case studies for their kind and valuable support on this...
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...The Unheard Voices of Child Offenders: Time for Reform for the Youth Justice System in Malaysia? Nadzriah Ahmad 1.0 INTRODUCTION Malaysia acceded to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter referred to as the CRC) on the 17th February 1995 in order to uphold the legal rights of the children in Malaysia.[1] Subsequently, upon ratification, Malaysia is under an obligation to implement the provisions in the CRC in order to protect the legal rights of the children (Committee on the CRC, General Comment 10, 2007). [2] In particular, with regards to the children in conflict with the law, CRC obliges State Parties to undertake in giving protection to children in conflict with the law at every stage of the juvenile justice system, in line with the requirements of Articles 37 and 40 of the CRC in order to uphold the principle of the best interest of the child (Committee on the CRC, General Comment 10, 2007). [3] While the former obligates States Parties to uphold the leading principles for the use of deprivation of liberty, the procedural rights, treatment and conditions afforded to children in conflict with the law when deprived of liberty, the latter safeguards the legal rights of the children in conflict with the law by ensuring that they receive treatment and guarantees of fair trial which could afford protection on them (Committee on the CRC, General Comment 10, 2007).[4] This article seeks to analyze pertinent issues surrounding the juvenile justice system in...
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...Vol 6. No. 2, June 2013 African Journal of Computing & ICT © 2013 Afr J Comp & ICT – All Rights Reserved - ISSN 2006-1781 www.ajocict.net Design and Implementation of Real-Time Crime Information System for National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) in Nigeria C.H. Ugwuishiwu & K.C. Ugwu Department of Computer Science University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria Chilkodili.ugwuishiwu@unn.edu.ng H.C. Inyiamah Department of Computer Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria drhcinyiama@gmail ABSTRACT The problems of narcotic drugs in Nigeria as manifested in the cultivation, trafficking and abuse of drug is of increasing concern to the government, social researchers, and other stakeholders. The impact of illicit drugs continues to threaten the economies and social structures of both producing and consuming countries. This paper presents an implementation framework for a reliable, efficient and mobile real- time crime information system (CIS) that will help to maintain instant flow of information between the general public and NDLEA. This application solved this problem through a just-in-time flow of crime information from an informant who could be an individual, corporate body or any other government agency to the NDLEA office for a necessary action. This kind of information if handled properly will lead to illicit drug supply suppression hence reduce its availability as well as other substances of abuse. It will also help in drug demand reduction which result in a decline...
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...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 3.1.2 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 3.4.2 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ...................................................................
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...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ....................................
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...A STUDY ON DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP <<青年濫藥與家庭關係的研究 青年濫藥與家庭關係的研究>> 青年濫藥與家庭關係的研究 THE FINAL REPORT (FINAL version) February 2011 1 PREFACE The project on the study on “DRUG ABUSE AMONG YOUTHS AND FAMILY RELATIONSHIP” (“the Study”) is being undertaken by the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention and the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong (“the Consultant”). The research team comprises the principal investigator (PI), Professor Paul YIP, Director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention and Professor of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration at the University of Hong Kong, and eight co-investigators (Co-Is), Dr. CHEUNG Siu Lan Karen (Demographer), Dr. Sandra Tsang (Social and Family Worker), Dr. Samson Tse (Focus group expert on mental health and drug abuse), Dr. Wong Oi Ling (Family therapist, Family Institute), Prof. Karen Laidler (Sociologist, expertise on assessing drug abuse problem), Dr. Paul Wong (Clinical psychologist), Ms. Frances Law (Social Worker), and Dr. Lilian Wong (Associate Consultant, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hospital Authority). We would like to thank Mr. Gary Ip, the research assistant of the Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Ms. Garlum Lau, the senior research officer 2 of the Department of Sociology, the participants and NGOs for focus groups and case studies for their kind and valuable...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Child abuse is a global problem that has received tremendous attention in Western Countries. Not until recently was it confirmed that child abuse really existed in Africa generally and Nigeria in particular. The term “Child Abuse” refers to intention acts that result in physical or emotional harm to children. Child abuse covers a wide range of behaviour from physical assault by parents or other adult caretakers to neglect of child basic need. Traditionally, parent or adult have been entrusted by the society with the responsibility of caring for and guiding their children best interest. Observations have shown that parents or guardians differ in their ability to care for and protect their children. Thus the extent of child abuse is difficult to measure, culture around t he world have different standards in dealing in what constitutes child abuse. In Sweden, for example, the law prohibits any physical punishment of children, including spanking. By contrast, in some countries of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean parents are expected to punish their children by hitting them. Ordinarily, there is nothing wrong with that, but in cases where families or adults engage in practices that interfere with or inhibits a child, generally welfare and educational development, calls for serious concern in Africa in general cannot be left out in this performance problems. Often, feelings of guilt violation and lowered self esteem have...
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...RADIMED Explaining and understanding the role of exposure to new social media on violent extremism. An integrative quantitative and qualitative approach Summary en kwantitatieve benadering/ Commissioners Promoter/coordinator Co-promoters Researchers Belspo FOD Binnenlandse zaken – Directe algemene veiligheid Lieven PAUWELS - UGent Fabienne BRION - UCL Brice DE RUYVER – Ugent Marleen EASTON - Ugent Nele SCHILS – Ugent Julianne LAFFINEUR - UCL 1 1. Introduction Research problem Worldwide, both policy and research pay a lot of attention to extremism, and radicalization as the process leading to extremism (Van de Linde & Rademaker, 2010). Scholars and policymakers increasingly focus on unravelling the processes of radicalisation, hoping to prevent the violent radicalisation of their own youth and eventually political violence (Van de Line & Rademaker, 2010). The Internet and its constant technological developments in particular are causes of concern (Conway, 2012). Recently, we have seen a boom in new social media (NSM) and other web 2.0 applications, bearing a large potential for communication and networking (Conway, 2012). These developments have transformed the world in an online village, with every offline actor being represented online. It is therefore no surprise that criminals, radicals, violent extremists and terrorists also use this medium to their advantage (Benschop, 2006; Stevens & Neuhmann, 2009; Weimann, 2004). By means...
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