...Community Environmental Issue/Coal Mining in Arkansas Kathleen Hastings November 7, 2013 SCI 275 Clifford Blizard Community Environmental Issue/Coal Mining in Arkansas “Coal Production in Arkansas is not often done, but there are some cases in Arkansas. In 2004, the state produced about seven thousand short tons of coal. Arkansas was twenty sixth in the nation in coal production according to the National Mining Association. Arkansas does have many coal deposits; however, the most accessible coal has already been mixed. There is bituminous coal present in the Arkansas River Valley. There are about 9 billion tons of lignite coal in the eastern and southern parts of Arkansas. We get most of our coal from Wyoming. Arkansas used over fifteen million short tons of coal for electricity in 2004. (SourceWatch) Active Coal Mining sites are inspected each month by personal from the Russellville Field Office. When infractions are noted, notices of violation and cessation orders may be issued by the site’s inspector.” (Coal Program, Wayne Van Buren) “The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) established performance standards for coal mining operations for the express purpose of protecting society and the environment from the adverse effects of surface coal mining operations. The Arkansas Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Code (ASCMRC) was adopted by Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission on July 25, 1980.” (Coal Program, Wayne Van Buren) “The Arkansas...
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...Community Environmental Issue Rebecca M. Butler SCI-275 June 7th, 2015 Mr. Scott Rosecrans Community Environmental Issues In Aiken South Carolina, the biggest environmental issue is air pollution; this is mainly due to the Savannah River Site. The Savannah River Site is a nuclear reservation, in the United States, which is located in the state of South Carolina. In addition, this nuclear reservation is located on land in Aiken, Allendale and Barnwell Counties adjacent to the Savannah River, as well as 25 miles southeast of Augusta, Georgia. According to "Savannah River Site; Most Severely Radiation Polluted Place On Earth," (2012), "the Savannah River Site is one of the two most polluted places on earth.” The site is a 498 square mile complex, which has been severely polluted by 50 years of Nuclear Weapons production. In addition, it has been rated one of ten most polluted and toxic locations on this planet. The Savannah River Site is known as over 490 square miles of radioactive death. The site has released over 100 million curies radiation, and 490 million curies of radiation continues to be stored on site. ("Savannah River Site; Most Severely Radiation Polluted Place On Earth,", 2012) A curie is known as a unit of activity of radioactive substances equivalent to 3.70 × 10 disintegrations per second: it is approximately the amount of activity produced by 1 gram of radium-226. ("Curie", 2015) Over the last 50 years, almost 100 million curies of tritium was released...
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...* Moral Issues In Business * Environmental Protection Why Is The Issue of Environment Crucial To Us Today? The resources of this planet are finite and limited – as also its capacity to absorb and dispose of all the waste and garbage we generate. ‘Growth’ ‘Progress’ and ‘Development’ have spelt out one thing: increased consumption of material goods. Increased consumption of material goods has led to irreversible exploitation of natural resources: wood, fossil fuels, water to mention only a few. Rapid industrialization and global trends ↓ Grave problems of ecological imbalance and environmental degradation Environmental destruction is the result of man’s interference with Nature. We all require clean air, fresh, unpolluted water and a healthy habitat. But we also want large houses, all the latest gadgets, big cars and all other material amenities. Modern industry has provided us with unprecedented material prosperity. It has also created unparalleled environmental threats to us and our future generations. Modern technology has enabled us to manipulate and control nature – e.g. quick yielding seeds, artificial rain, BT vegetables and cereals, multiple crops etc. But this has led to increased pollution and severe depletion of natural resources. - Pollutants are pumped into the air - Toxic wastes are produced and dumped into soil, water and seas Major problems facing the world in the 21st century: - Population growth - Global...
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...Global Environmental Change 17 (2007) 445–459 Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications Irene Lorenzonia,b,������, Sophie Nicholson-Coleb, Lorraine Whitmarshb a School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK b Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK Received 25 August 2006; received in revised form 12 January 2007; accepted 17 January 2007 Abstract This paper reports on the barriers that members of the UK public perceive to engaging with climate change. It draws upon three mixed-method studies, with an emphasis on the qualitative data which offer an in-depth insight into how people make sense of climate change. The paper defines engagement as an individual’s state, comprising three elements: cognitive, affective and behavioural. A number of common barriers emerge from the three studies, which operate broadly at ‘individual’ and ‘social’ levels. These major constraints to individual engagement with climate change have implications for achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gases in the UK. We argue that targeted and tailored information provision should be supported by wider structural change to enable citizens and communities to reduce their carbon dependency. Policy implications for effective engagement are discussed. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Climate...
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...Collapse- book is about a history topic about how societies choose to fail or survive. The main characters are historical people and unknown kings of Mayan cities or Easter Island villages. Jared Diamond tells the story of the Viking explorer Erik the Red, who discovered Greeland and Vinland (Terranova, in Canada). Another character is captain Olafsson, a norse sailor who wrote the last news about Greenland in 1410. Another main character is Christopher Columbus, who arrived at Hispaniola in 1492, but now this island is two countries, the Dominican Republic and the Haiti. Diamond studied the politics of two presidents. the dominican Rafael Trujillo, who protected the enviroment and the dictator François, Papa Doc, Duvalier, who decided on politics of deforestatation of his country, Haiti. The author considered the bad politics of another main character, king George II, who was interested in sending merinosheeps from Spain to Australia, an idea which was succesful from 1820 to 1950 but then the farmers understood their lands lost fertility. Another main character is Tokuwaga Jeayasu, a shogun of Japan in 1600, who prohibited Christianity in 1600 and protected his country againt deforestation. The book takes us to a lot of places around the globe: Mayan cities, Rwanda, Viking colonies of Vinland or Greenland, Haiti and Dominican Republic, Easter Island and Polynesian colonies in Pacific, and the Chaco villages in New Mexico (United States). The time period was from 800 AC, when...
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...The issues that our company has to address is setting up a for profit business in a place where there are the many disasters and calamities that are affecting the area. Another issue is that there are environmental elements that cause damage to the island which can in turn jeopardize the economy due to the fact that the majority of the resources that are used to support the country come from agricultural means. Along with the many instances of environmental threats, there are also external and internal disasters that have affected the island. Upon arrival I am greeted with the aftermath of a set of disasters that has recently ailed Kava. The objective of the company is to set up business here and in doing so give some of what has been taken away back to the country. This is easily said than done. There are a lot of things to consider in solving the problem. The main concentration at this point will be organizational processes, human resources, and ethics. The organizational processes of the company are to flow together to do the best thing for the people involved in the company while also making profit. In order for us to be successful, our organizational processes need to aim for the most beneficial way to introduce and do business here in Kava. Having the company here will help to bring in a new additive to the economy. There will be new area of work opened to the people here The decision-maker weights the previously identified criteria in order The various key...
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...Name: Jacob ZumBrunnen Date: December 8, 2014 M8 Module 8 – Aviation National and International Laws and Regulations, and Environmental Issue LOB 4 Explain the impact of environmental issues and environmental laws in the aviation industry Web Support link: http://www.nbaa.org/advocacy/issues/environment/ Minimizing the industries environmental impact. The aviation community has led the way in promoting advances aimed at reducing its environmental footprint for many years. Aviation emissions only make up a fraction of all of the transportation emissions, while business aviation makes up an even smaller fraction of that. As an example of something to reduce emissions and optimize aircraft performance and flight range over a decade ago winglets were introduced into general aviation. This equipment also contributed to more efficient fuel burn and is now in place on a large number of general aviation aircraft. In addition, the industry continues to reduce engine emissions by applying new technologies, which means that today’s aircraft engines are cleaner, quieter, and more fuel-efficient than ever. Operational improvements advanced by business aviation also have resulted in national airspace system efficiencies that help the environment. Over two years ago, NBAA members began equipping aircraft, at their own cost, with cockpit technology allowing for reduced vertical separation minimums (RVSM), effectively doubling the system’s airspace capacity. In spite...
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...citations to that material. Use 12 point font, normal 1.15 inch margins, and 1.5 line spacing for your paper. Length of paper will vary with the detail of your answers but it should be at least 8-10 pages. Instead of being designed as a management decision-making exercise, this case places you in the position of environmentalists as you decide what course of action to initiate evaluating both ethical and economic issues. Harvard Business Review Summary: In July 2009, Vale NL began building a $2.17 billion nickel refinery in Long Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador. The refinery would bring economic prosperity by creating 1,600 to 2,000 jobs during construction and 400 to 500 permanent jobs in an area of high unemployment. The project's environmental assessment process began 2006 and the company had successfully completed the required environmental impact statements for the government. A major environmental issue was the disposal of tailings from the refinery, and the approved solution was to store them in a natural lake known as Sandy Pond. Members of several environmental NGOs had opposed the use of the lake as a...
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...Current Trends in the Shipping Industry 1. Introduction 2. Practical Application 3. Conclusion 4. References 1. Introduction “On the high seas, majority of shipping companies are nowadays replacing the full speed ahead with slow and steady speed to maximize profit”. With the intention of cutting costs of fuel, ocean shipping companies are instructing their Captains at sea to throttle back the engines and this phenomenon is what is being called as “Slow Steaming”. In most of the cases, the vessels are taking as many as 15 days to make an Atlantic crossing that used to take just 10 days. 2. Practical Application According to Asaf Ashar, the head of the National Ports and Waterways Institute in Washington “Companies are more focused on reducing costs, not speed of delivery, and the trend will continue even after the global economy comes back." Nearly all of the world's shipping lines are using slow steaming at least part of the time, he said. I sail onboard crude oil carriers, managed by Wallem Shipmanagement and Stena Bulk, and this practice of throttling back on engine to save fuel was used in all voyages we made in 2011. One of the companies which has recently reported huge savings with this practice is the Copenhagen-based A.P. Moeller-Maersk, the world's biggest ocean cargo line. Maersk, which has a fleet bigger than the U.S. Navy, swung to a 639 million dolar profit in the first three months of the year 2010, the most recent quarter reported...
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...Environmental Issues and Schools of Thought An environmental issue greatly affecting the Florida Gulf Coast counties are the protection of the shores and beaches. Through recent years there have been oil spills in the gulf that have threatened numerous environments, endangered species, as well as hurt the tourism industry. The most threatening spill was the famous BP oil spill of 2010. This spill devastated numerous species of wildlife and hurt businesses for years. Although this is an ongoing threat, the greedy oil industry is still pushing for more offshore drilling which is forcing activists of all organizations to step up and fight their plans for more drilling. There two schools of thought that should be taken into account for people dealing with this issue. The first is pluralism. The state's elected leaders need to see both sides to this issue so they can vote and make an elected decision. If they were to see both sides to this environmental problem then they could come up with a strategy to have both sides agree to the plan. Without the idea of pluralism there would be no way to understand all aspects of this issue. The other school of thought relative to this issue is ethical extensionism, which means that all things in nature should be extended moral standing. People with this view will this these animals that have no say in the matter, but should be thought of in any decisions made. They are just as important to Florida's coast as humans are to the boating...
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...SHIPPING TRENDS Capt. S. Pullat BA, MCIT, MCIArb, FICS AUMNI Shipping Consultants In the midst of technological developments, its application and futuristics, the Customers seem to be relegated to the back seat. Beware, if one does not treat them like a King or at least a la Prince, they could be King makers, and any case has a decisive role to play in all our endeavours for success. For, if we are driven by technology alone –as predominantly this forum is- we must ensure that it is affordable, safe, has redundancy and environmentally and user friendly as well. Technology per se does not solve problems, it enables problem solving and must be proactive too so that obsolescence can be planned and replacement provided for. Perhaps there is a lot to learn from the Computer industry, software sector in particular, as to how upgradation or newgradation is to be effected frequently. A cyclical and capital-intensive industry such as shipping has been slow to change and innovate, so much so it is driven by regulators and not industry itself. Such hindsight methodology has considerable time lag before ushering in corrective measures and in the interim the industry’s image and perception has suffered in the eyes of users and the public at large. Handful are the cases where ships are built to higher specifications than the bare minimum that Class calls for. A major operator recently citing experience criticised the need to shell out huge sums to overcome the cost saving nexus...
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...QUESTION 1 : WHERE DOES THE FLAG STATE AND PORT STATE JURISDICTION COMPLIMENT & CONTRADICT WITH EACH OTHER. GIVE A FEW EXAMPLE TO STREGTHEN YOUR CASE In an effort to enhance broader security issues, especially good governance, anti-trafficking, anti-corruption and counter-SALW proliferation, Port States take measures to prevent unwanted vessels, including those with armed security teams, from entering and disembarking at their ports. Port State control complements the obligation of Flag States to inspect and control vessels by undertaking investigations or verification of vessels calling at their port to ensure compliance with international obligations or standards. In the event of transgressions, violators can be forced to pay reparations to the Port State, which can arrest or even blacklist their vessels. Flag State maritime security regulations, however, generally only cover issues such as the types of weapon systems that can be brought onboard, how many guards can be embarked, certification requirements and background credentials for embarked PCASP and, in some circumstances, application procedures to gain Flag State approval for taking a security detail onboard. However, these Flag-State restrictions do not address other pertinent issues such as embark and disembark procedures for PCASP, which frequently take place in countries other than the Flag State, Rules for the Use of Force, oversight and reporting protocols, and code of conduct. QUESTION 2 : HOW COULD...
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...difficulties Los Angeles communities faced. I made an attempt to reconsider many of the informal understandings that I had previously accepted as just being "life." One of the paths I took to expand my knowledge of the issues in Los Angeles involved taking a course called "Engaging LA." As a class assignment I read "Concerned Citizens: Environmental (In)justice in Black Los Angeles," The author, Sonya Winton, describes the environmental difficulties that low income communities face. She claims that politicians in Los Angeles are inequitable; the politicians spend more time trying to upgrade the high income communities, instead of improving the negative in the low income communities. She reports that one of the problems in the low income communities-in Los Angeles-is the placement of landfills. Winton observes that landfills are usually neighbors, if not residents, to the low income communities. She states that the reason politicians choose to place these waste facilities in the low income communities is because they believe that the residents of these communities care little about environmental issues. Winton states that the politicians double-cross the residents by offering them jobs, and by...
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...Everywhere in the world, the issue of climate change presents an archetypal environmental problem. Communities often fight governments, both at the state and national levels in a bid to protect the environment they have known for ages. Governments, on the other hand, protect these natural settings by formulating laws and policies that ensure the society does not lose its treasures[1]. However, some seek to use the protected spaces as a means of developing projects that will provide the state or nation with more resources, revenues and products. These may be good developmental projects, but they ought to protect the environment first before they can sell such ideas to a conservative society. As in all other nations, Australia has also been engulfed in a fight to save the environment as the government looks at creating developmental projects that will necessary block any advantages that the local community has enjoyed since time immemorial[2]. By seeking to repeal at least 60% of protection that the New South Wales Far North Coast’s forests, wetlands and wildlife habitant, the government is slowly seeking to destroy the local community. Conservatives will agree that the best way of protecting the environment is by setting aside a portion of some indigenous scenery and protect it from encroachment[3]. However, encroachment is still a biting problem and the recent statements by the authorities only heighten the environmental issues at hand. Legal processes and issues have arisen with groups...
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...Environmental Health The environment has a symbiotic relationship to the health of individuals, families and communities. The environment must be healthy in order for achievement of optimal health (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2014). Nurses have a responsibility to understand the health environmental risks, including how and what, should be included in assessment, planning and implementing interventions to reduce or eliminate the environmental risk. In addition, nurses must be able to communicate the environmental health risks, provide needed education and advocate for public policies to mitigate the risk to health (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2014). This paper will explore the nurse’s role in environmental nursing through the review of environmental principles, explaining differences between an environmental exposure history and an environmental health exam and the four phases of a chemical exposure. Finally, author will discuss the differences between community-based and community-oriented nursing and explain the how population-based approaches are applicable to the hospital setting. Environmental Principles According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2014), nurses must know how to assess for environmental health risks in order to help the individuals, families and communities they care for. In 1995, The National Academy of Science’s Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a report calling for all nurses to have a basic understanding of environmental health principles...
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