...The Penal Treatments of Offenders Prof. Dr. Ayman Elzeiny A:- The Ideology of Treatment : 'The abandonment of the word "punishment" in favor of "corrections" was a reflection of a trend favoring an approach to the offender much the same as would be made to the mentally ill, neglected, or underprivileged. It was based on a more humane ideology, a treatment model, in which criminal behavior is seen as a manifestation of pathology that can be handled by some form of therapeutic activity. However, although the criminal may be referred to as sick, a treatment ideology is not analogous to a medical approach. The justification for the comparison with physical and mental illness lies in the assumed need for the offender to recognize the danger and undesirability of his criminal behavior and make a significant effort to renounce it. The treatment model does not "remove" criminal behavior, as surgery might remove a malignancy or chemotherapy extinguish an infection; rather the "patient" or inmate is made to see the rewards of socially acceptable behavior and encouraged to adopt it as a mode of conduct for himself. (1) Contrary to some popular misconceptions, the treatment ideology does not mean that inmates are "coddled" and permitted to do as they please within an institution. ______________________________ (1) Sanford Bates, "The Establishment and Early Years of the Federal Probation System," Federal Probation 51 June 1987, p : 4-9. - National Advisory...
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...Parole and the Criminal Justice System Kenneth Mowery SOC331: Social Welfare and Ethics Brent Williams January 11, 2010 Parole and the Criminal Justice System Many offenders within the prison system, when released, must follow up with a parole officer. There can be many different conditions of parole placed upon the offender. The Parole Commission assigns these conditions of parole to assure that the parolee will live a life without crime or assist him or her to do so. The parolee may have to gain suitable employment, attend rehab, report to their parole officer at certain times or even wear a device that allows the offender to be monitored electronically. The parole system interacts or affects the Criminal Justice System in many ways. Are there ways to improve the effectiveness of this system? What does the future hold for this organization and its impact on the Criminal Justice System? History and Creation In June of 1910 there were three federal penitentiaries. Due to the enactment of legislation, federal prisoners began receiving parole on June 25th of 1910. The Parole Board, at this time, consisted of the warden and the physician of the prison and the Superintendent of Prisons of the Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. Each prison had its own parole board. In May of 1930, however, a single parole board was established. This board consisted of three members that served full-time and were appointed by the Attorney General. In 1945, the board started...
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...in them distaste for crime and criminality” (US-China Law Review; Mar2010, Vol. 7 Issue 3, p15-29, 15p). In United States of America the correction system provides many programs that are designed in order to rehabilitate inmates. Some of those programs include religion related services like Bible study groups or religious congregations. The other forms can include art crafts, sports, found raising activities or prison work assignments. For those offenders that are struggling with addictions, there are drug and alcohol treatment programs that offer anonymous group meetings. Also, definitely as a one of very supportive programs is visitation with family and nonfamily outsiders. Parole it is a supervision that offender receives after being released from the prison. It is a similar to probation method of supervision when it comes to its conditions. Just like on probation, while on parole the convict has to obey the law, stay away from substances like drugs and alcohol and report to his or her officer until the parole is over. The word parole came from old French parole d’honneur which means “word of honor” (Burk Foster, Corrections The Fundamentals). In United States of America parole came to life at the end of 1800’s and by...
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...The parole system in Australia is one that has adopted many differing opinions. The idea of parole has been debated over and over for many years. This paper aims to convey the positives and negatives of parole and in turn determine whether parole is under utilized or over utilized in Australia, or whether we have struck the right balance. Parole is defined as the "supervised conditional release of a prisoner before the expiration of his or her sentence." (Legal Terms Website, 2004). Parole is seen as a back end model of community corrections and is usually approved to a prisoner after they have completed the minimum, required time in prison set by a judge. However parole is only granted if the prisoner has behaved well in prison and cooperated with staff by abiding by set rules (Queensland Parole Orders Act, 1984). When a prisoner has completed the minimum time in incarceration of their sentence they are put before a parole board to plead their case. The parole board takes a number of things into consideration, such as their behavior and cooperation with in the prison and their likelihood to reoffend if let out on parole. The parole board may grant or deny a prisoner the freedom of parole. While on parole the inmate must cooperate with the rules and regulations placed upon him or her. And any deterrence from these rules means they will be sent back to prison to complete his or her entire sentence (White and Perrone, 2004). If granted parole the parolee is placed...
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...Brockway Zebulon introduced parole in the United States in the year 1876. Parole reduced jail overcrowding, as well as offering to rehabilitate prisoners by encouraging them to earn their way out of prison through good behavior. Parole involves the supervision of a criminal after serving all or part of jail term, the convict is allowed to live in the community under supervision, the parole period is dependent on the decisions made by the board of parole, violation of parole will result into re-imprisonment of the convict. A prisoner’s parole is based on many factors including time served, good behavior or recommendations from prison staff or the parole board. Many prisoners may be give early parole for lesser crimes because of prison overcrowding. A prisoner may also be denied for parole if a family of a person who was hurt or killed comes forth with a convincing plea as to why the prisoner should not be released. In North Carolina, the goals for Truth in Sentencing are as follows: • Classify criminal offenses into felony and misdemeanor categories on the basis of their severity; • Recommend structures for use by a sentencing court in determining the most appropriate sentence to be imposed in a criminal case; • Develop a correctional population simulation model; • Recommend a comprehensive community corrections strategy and organizational structure for the State; and, • Study and make additional policy recommendations. A number of states also have adopted varying...
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...increased use of community corrections in the criminal justice system is a very broad a difficult topic to cover fully. It is best to start by examining what community corrections actually is. The National Institute of Justice defines it as programs that oversee offenders outside of jail or prison, and are administered by agencies or courts with the legal authority to enforce sanctions. It includes probation – correctional supervision within the community rather than jail or prison – and parole – a period of conditional, supervised release from prison. However, other types of community corrections, like electric monitoring programs, day report programs, and halfway houses are also coming into effect. These other programs can be a part of probation or even stand alone programs. Probation is one of the largest community corrections, it is a court-ordered period of conditional supervision in the community. In some cases, probation can be a combined sentence of incarceration followed by a period of community supervision. People who violate probation are usually sent to prison (they go through another court date, and the judge decides whether they have to go to prison or a more serious community corrections program). Once set to prison, the person is now an inmate; however, if the inmate is behaving well in prison, they can go before a parole board and be released from prison to serve the remainder of their time on parole. Parole is different from probation. Parole is release...
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...Substance Use and Sexual Behavior Among Men Prior to Parole Revocation: Prevalence and Correlates David Wyatt Seal, Michelle Parisot and Wayne DiFranceisco J Correct Health Care published online 14 March 2012 DOI: 10.1177/1078345811435322 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jcx.sagepub.com/content/early/2012/03/12/1078345811435322 A more recent version of this article was published on - May 10, 2012 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: National Commission on Correctional Health Care Additional services and information for Journal of Correctional Health Care can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jcx.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jcx.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Version of Record - May 10, 2012 >> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Mar 14, 2012 What is This? Downloaded from jcx.sagepub.com by guest on January 2, 2013 Substance Use and Sexual Behavior Among Men Prior to Parole Revocation: Prevalence and Correlates David Wyatt Seal, PhD1, Michelle Parisot, MA1, and Wayne DiFranceisco, MA1 Journal of Correctional Health Care 00(0) 1-9 ª The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1078345811435322 http://jcx.sagepub.com Abstract Men’s risk behavior during a 3-month period prior to parole revocation was assessed. Frequent alcohol use was higher...
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...offenders spend in remand prior to their trial. The second, debates whether bail over remand is being used appropriately. The third shows how lenient judges sentencing decisions are, and in addition to this, the fourth argument shows what effect the media has on the courts decisions. Then finally the fifth researches the rate of offenders re-offending. This essay concludes that the criminal justice system is not using it's ability to the fullest to stop these offenders from re-offending within our community. The first argument in the weaknesses of the criminal justice system addresses the time an offender spends in remand, in the wait of their trial date. The length remandees are spending in custody is far too extensive, and more action needs to be done to trounce this problem within our system. When a person is placed in remand it is believed the main factors are; so that they actually show up for their hearing, to protect witnesses, or anyone else if they re-offend, and in some cases the accused themselves need the protection (Sarre et al 1999). Biles (1990) documents that the annual prison census conducted in 1990 shows us that out of 1,843 remandees, 4.3 per cent spent over one year in custody and 13.3 per cent of those served between six to twelve months. Due to this lengthy remand period, we are now seeing an increase in our prison population, mainly that of remandees rather than convicted...
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...Halfway House Programs HISTORY OF HALFWAY HOUSE PROGRAMS A. When did halfway house begin? The era of community-base corrections programs and facilities such as Halfway House Programs in the United States began in 1960’s (Bouffard, Muftic, 2007). B. What are Halfway House programs and who are they for? A halfway house is a community –base residential facility program that support current low-level or less serious type of offenders who are approved for release by community corrections boards, formerly known as Parole Boards (Begg&Tasmania). A level of Supervision Inventory (LSI) assessment for risk and needs are required on each offender before a final decision to release is made as a safety precaution to the communities (Howard, John, 2002). C. Why were the programs created? Like most community-base correctional programs , halfway house were designed to contribute to the reduction of prison and jail overcrowding and is considered a cost saving component compared to traditional correctional system(Howard,john,2002). According to the Colorado, Department of Public Safety, halfway house were created for felons who need more treatment and supervision than those on probation but less confinement than prisoners. PURPOSE OF HALFWAY HOUSE PROGRAMS A. The objective of Halfway House Programs The main goal of Halfway House programs is to protect the community’s well-being by reducing recidivism (Marion, 2002), strengthening neighborhoods, enforcing social justice, and creating...
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...experience for a recent graduate. Or, participation in internships, volunteer positions or part-time jobs with public defenders and prosecutor offices can be the necessary work experience required. They can either be directly approached by a client or designated by the court of law to do so. Once the attorney has contacted the client, it is his responsibility to extract all the details of the charges filed against the client; collect the information related to the case and then prepare a strong defense that will help acquit the defendant in the court of law. This may sound simpler than it actually is as criminal law itself is quite intricate and difficult to grasp. To build a strong case for his client, a criminal defense attorney has to collect information from a number of sources such as the police, the investigators involved in the case as well as the witnesses. There is a vast amount of time spent gathering evidence like police reports, eyewitness testimonies and any other information pertinent to the case. As a result, criminal lawyers utilize the expertise of paralegals, private investigators, litigation consultants and others to assist them. From interviewing the prosecutor's witnesses to extracting information from the...
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...functioning system. A true system is a fine tuned process, where all participants involved work towards a common goal. Every transition in a true system, is a smooth change, where no participants in the system will do anything to jeopardize the proper functionality of the next process in that system. This is not the case of the U.S. criminal justice system. The U.S. criminal justice system is comprised of numerous individuals, groups, organizations, and agencies funded by both government and non-government sources. Because, the U.S. criminal justice system is funded from different entities, there are several different agendas being carried out. There are three major components to the administration of the U.S. criminal justice system: the police, the courts, and corrections. In a perfect criminal justice system the police would arrest violators of the law, the courts would prosecute all law violators, and corrections would punish and rehabilitate violators, to integrate them back into society. While this is the formula the U.S. criminal justice system governs itself by, reality shows us that this quite often this is not the case. Only ten percent of court cases ever go to trial, with almost 90 percent of trials, being settled by plea bargain before going to trial. This often time eliminates the rehabilitation aspect of corrections. There are also instances where due to over packed jails and prisons, inmates do not end up serving their whole sentence. This is a break in...
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...Analysis The issue of cruel and unusual punishment towards juvenile life without parole is one that needs to be addressed. The facts stated earlier in this paper have given more than enough reason to abolish life without parole sentences for juveniles. It has been argued in Graham v. Florida that because juveniles have a weak capacity to comprehend their behavior and actions, the punishment of life without parole might not be an effective deterrent from engaging in criminal conduct. Some states have already abolished juvenile mandatory life without parole as they have all found it to be cruel and unusual punishment. Many groups and advocates against life without parole for juveniles have seen this as a step in the right direction,...
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...million people in U.S. are in prison. All those people do not get to cast a vote in the election. They are not able to decide who runs the country they live in. Imagine not being able to have a say in our country. We are a democracy, which means everyone has the right to vote in our government. Prisoners should be allowed to vote because they still are citizens and still have rights. Prisoners should be able to vote and influence the outcome of an election . If all the prisoners were allowed to vote it may have an impact on the election. Prisoners want the chance to vote. As of February 2011 the United States was in the lead of number of prisoners with 2,019,234. Prisoners do not have a say in the government. In New York people who are on parole cannot vote. As of 2004 thirty-five states forbid people who have just been released from prison to vote. In the constitution it states everyone is given the right to vote. Amendment 15 is the voting rights act. In the first section of this amendment, it states the right to vote cannot be taken away from people based on their color, race, or what has happened previously in their life. That amendment is not being applied to the rights of prisoners. Only two states, Vermont and Maine, let everyone vote without ever stripping away rights (Robin Coe, Prisoners Voting Rights ehow.com). In Vermont the voting laws are you have to be a citizen of the United States, a resident of Vermont, has taken voters oath, and 18 years or older to vote, this...
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...Prison Downsizing Implementation in New York State Darlene R. Muller Policy Implementation: Spring 2013 New York State has been in financial crisis for a long time. Numerous plans, policies and budget cuts have been proposed and enacted to attempt to save money, and no public service or government agency has been overlooked. One of areas where most attention is drawn is to the corrections system. A large portion of New York’s budget is spent on housing, supervising, and rehabilitating inmates. There are many who believe this is wasteful, but what is the solution to the dilemma? Public safety must be ensured, as well as the rights the inmates and accused are entitled to. There are two sides to this problem. There are vast amounts of money spent upon this system, however it also is one of the main sources of employment for those located in the areas that contain these facilities. The loss of jobs and revenue within these areas must be comparable to the savings involved. There is no question policy changes must be made, as the prison population continues to grow and budget constraints are an issue in every state. As policies are enacted to become tougher on crime, the need for corrections services increases. Legislation and policy change has had some success in other states. Kansas had an overwhelming problem with prison population and budget restraints throughout the last few decades. (Rengifo, 2010) At first, with increased prison capacity, in the 1980’s, Kansas...
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...business prisons + crime = profitable industry we have an Increasing number of people under correctional supervision 6 million people under the correctional system by the end of the century - Tough on Crime Political Stance popular public policy 20 million victimizations in 2009 repeat violent felons off of the streets treat minors as adults create mandatory sentencing laws reduce time-off-for-good-behavior - Shift in Public Opinion 4.3 million violent crimes 33 million personal theft crimes - 7.2 million 3% (1 in 33) of adults in the U.S. are under some sort of correctional supervision -Probation (community sentence) and parole are NOT the same thing -1.3% average annual increase from 2000 to 2009 But declined 1.3% in 2010 to 2009 “has the correctional population supervision increased or decreased from 2000 to 2009?” Answer: INCREASED - the majority of people in the corrections system are on PROBATION - Percentage breakdowns for types of offences: 9% Public Disorder (35% federal) DUI, indecent exposure, drunken disorderly, prostitution, etc. 18% Drug Offence (51% federal) 19% Property Offense (less than 10% federal) 53% Violent Offenses (less than 10% federal) - Regions highest to lowest South West Midwest Fed? North East - Top 5 States Federal Texas California Florida New York Notes From Ch. 1 in Textbook- - Penology the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts - Penitentiary typically used to describe older or highly...
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