...mass prison, reformatory, industrial, punitive, treatment, community-based, warehousing, and just desserts. Each era described the jails place in corrections and outlines the role of jails throughout history to the present day. The Pennsylvania Quakers believed that honest labor would be the best and most humane way to deal with offenders and their irrational behavior within the community. In the year of 1786 convicts that were put to work on public projects. To distinguish the convicts from the public they wore clothes that were bright and shabby along with a ball and chain that was attached at their ankles. This was believed to prevent offenders from escaping into the community (University of Phoenix, 2011). As the criminal justice system evolved humiliation turned towards incarceration. With the population growing someone had to manage these lock-ups and the control was given to the local areas. Within the lock-ups there would be a mixture of women and men, and petty thieves with violent offenders. As the population grew not only counties but states as well began to maintain their own correctional systems. The correctional systems were managed by local sheriff department (Texas Education Agency, 2011). The duties of these departments housed suspects until their trial or sentencing, provide confinement to those that received a short-term sentence, nothing more than a year, and on the state and federal level the only offenders that were held were those that have been given...
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...According to Heidi Rimke, criminological modernism theory is centred on the requirement that devotion is placed on the rules of scientific endeavours which will give an objective and authoritative language that will enable social problems to be resolved in a civilised manner (2011) Unlike classical criminology of the 18th century which main focus was on calculated choices made by the rational human agent, criminological positivism assumes that natural science should be the implemented method applied to the objective study of criminality. This line of thinking emerged in the 19th century during what was said to be a much more broader movement that saw all social problems scrutinized in the course of a scientific viewpoint. Positivism is a pathological approach to human conduct fashioned either or jointly by biological, psychological or psychiatric factors and attributes which are isolated and measured, at the root of any criminal activity, the mind and body are perceived to be flawed (Hester and Eglin 1992). Criminality is perceived to be a naturally caused beyond individual control, it occurred due to the disordered psyche, mind or body. Theorists argue that criminals commit crime due to a faulty reasoning and the prevention of crime should focus on re-education of criminals. They can be changed into being productive and useful members of the society and can be reformed from criminal activities. Punishment is viewed in order to fit the criminal depending on they type of...
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...justice system and state and federal penal code systems, the war on drugs has put the state and federal penal code system in a massive strain and overcrowding. The overcrowding behind the war on drugs is a broad subject. Over the years there have been several different programs that have been implemented to stop the overcrowding behind the war on drugs. The wars on drugs have been an every struggle problem which persons of all walks of life have came in contact with. One thing America does know is that it does not matter if a person is rich or poor educated or not drugs will and have manifested in the life of the most prominent person. This war on drugs has caused a large part of the overcrowding in the penal code system, with this ongoing threats of overcrowding the war on drugs alone has cost American’s taxpayers money because of the tremendous need for new prison are needed to house new inmates because of this war on drugs. What is a solution one would ask? One would say that this question has been asked in all jurisdictions from the Federal to the State this has been an actual ongoing debate. A solution I would think would be a solution to the ongoing overcrowding because of this war on drugs would be to implement and expand drug treatment programs that would separate the user of the drugs from the seller of the drugs, both need to be treated at a drug facility but of difference organ. With this it would save beds for the violent offenders like murderers and molesters and the...
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...1177/1748895806060666 A desistance paradigm for offender management FERGUS McNEILL Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde, UK Abstract In an influential article published in the British Journal of Social Work in 1979, Anthony Bottoms and Bill McWilliams proposed the adoption of a ‘non-treatment paradigm’ for probation practice. Their argument rested on a careful and considered analysis not only of empirical evidence about the ineffectiveness of rehabilitative treatment but also of theoretical, moral and philosophical questions about such interventions. By 1994, emerging evidence about the potential effectiveness of some intervention programmes was sufficient to lead Peter Raynor and Maurice Vanstone to suggest significant revisions to the ‘non-treatment paradigm’. In this article, it is argued that a different but equally relevant form of empirical evidence—that derived from desistance studies—suggests a need to re-evaluate these earlier paradigms for probation practice. This reevaluation is also required by the way that such studies enable us to understand and theorize both desistance itself and the role that penal professionals might play in supporting it. Ultimately, these empirical and theoretical insights drive us back to the complex interfaces between technical and moral questions that preoccupied Bottoms and McWilliams and that should feature more prominently in contemporary debates about the futures of ‘offender management’ and of our penal systems. Key Words desistance •...
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...inmates within correctional facilities. The purpose of this research paper will be to assess the various issues that exist in rehabilitative programs within prison systems. Basically, rehabilitation programs are used to correct and rehabilitate criminal offenders so that they can emerge as useful members of society once they complete their prison sentences. Some of the rehabilitation programs that are commonly used to reform inmates include counseling, health and fitness programs, transcendental meditation, academic programs and religious programs. These rehabilitative programs are usually based on the assumption that criminal behavior in most suspects is caused by some contributing factor such as a history of violence, psychological or mental disorders. Such an assumption does not refute that some criminals make their own personal choices to break the law but rather it argues that these personal choices are usually caused by certain factors which contribute to criminal behavior. Rehabilitation programs are therefore based on such perspectives where the various correctional programs are designed to deal with criminal enforcing behavior. For example counseling programs could focus on the behavior that led to the criminal offender committing the offense while educational programs could focus on how to change negative behavior to positive behavior. Correctional programs in prison facilities are therefore important in reducing the recurrence of criminal behavior as well as reducing...
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...alike. Their legal structure particularly the penal system is one of most significant boundaries between Canada and the United States. Though not perfect, it's absolutely clear that Canada has the far more superior legal system. Unlike the United States, Canada no longer practices capital punishment which is barbaric to say the least. Furthermore Canada's belief in conjunctive punishment is better with dealing with offenders than America's consecutive punishment. Finally Canada's goal to concentrate more on rehabilitating and educating criminals is far more effective and efficient in eradicating future crime then just incarcerating them. There are two main types of law, Substantive and Procedural. Substantive law creates, defines and regulates rights and obligations of citizens; in contrast procedural law prescribes the manner to enforce rights and obligations. (Dickson) Substantive law divides into Public law which in turn breaks up into four other laws including criminal law. Criminal law outlines all the acts that are regarded as offences to society and it consists of the penal system. The penal system is comprised of sets of punishments and sentences pertaining to a specific crime. It includes the maximum number of years a lawbreaker can be sentenced to, depending on the type of crime and its severity. (Cavadino) The penal system serves as a guide for judges when they make their final decisions. Criminal law including the penal system is within federal jurisdiction for both...
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...court system is unique to other countries because of the way they deal with criminals. Non-violent criminals are given the opportunity to correct themselves and ingrate back into society; they are not just imprisoned or put to death like other countries such as China. Correction is defined as “the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.” (Seiter 2011) The United States prison/jail have been dealing with overpopulation issues for quite sometimes, it has come to the point where it is only possible to incarcerate violent offenders for a long period of time because of resource issues. The system had to develop alternative sentence or punishment for nonviolent offenders. The system developed correction programs to ensure that the offenders are punished, but are also rehabilitated to be functional members of society again. The process is known is reintegration, defined as “a belief that after offenders complete their treatment inprison they need transitional care, and that the community must be involved in their successful return to society.” (Seiter 2011) Offenders are given specific deterrence during...
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...Restorative Justice as a Concept Restorative justice (RJ) attempts to bring together and bridge the gaps between the victim, the offender, and an outside representative to discuss the harm of the crime to all levels of the community. The implied goal of the practice is to reach an equitable victim and community centered agreement through deep listening and understanding. Restorative justice in practice manifests as victim-offender mediation, dispute resolution mediation, community panels, restitution, and more. Critics say that while restorative justice does not work through formal, external force it works through careful, persistent encouragement of the instalment of an inner conscience which bids the individual act in accordance with the...
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...monitoring, home confinement, community service, half way houses, boot camp prisons, restitution, check-in programs, mediation, curfews, restorative justice centers, drug checks, alcohol checks and other methods where there is a certain level of trust between the offenders and the people involved. The objective of this essay is to compare and contrast characteristics and goals of halfway houses, day reporting centers, and drug courts. Their similarities and difference in regards to incarceration will also be discussed. Halfway houses, also called “community correction centers” or “residential reentry centers” are used mostly as an intermediate housing option to help a person return from prison to the community after he has served a prison sentence (Bayens & Smykla, 2013). Sometimes, though, halfway houses can be used instead of prison or jail, usually when a person’s sentence is very short. For example, halfway houses may be a good choice when a person has served time in prison, been released on parole, and then violated a parole condition and been ordered to serve a few months additional time for that violation. While in halfway houses, offenders are monitored and must fulfill conditions placed on them by the court. Offenders are placed in a structured environment that offers employment counseling, life skills training,...
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...the late 18th century, prisons were used mainly for the confinement of debtors who could not meet their obligations, of accused persons waiting to be tried, and of convicts who were waiting for their sentences--either death or banishment--to be put into effect. But imprisonment gradually came to be accepted not only as a device for holding these persons but also as a means of punishing convicted criminals. During the 16th century a number of houses of correction were established in England and on the continent for the reform of minor offenders. The main emphasis was on strict discipline and hard labour. The unsanitary conditions and lack of provisions for the welfare of the inmates in these houses of correction soon produced widespread agitation for further changes in methods of handling criminals. Solitary confinement of criminals became an ideal among the rationalist reformers of the 18th century, who believed that solitude would help the offender to become penitent and that penitence would result in reformation. This idea was first tried out in the United States, at Eastern State Penitentiary, which was opened on...
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...Vanessa Wright June 5, 2011 Comp Inter Legal Systems Project 1: Compare and Contrast France and England CJS Albany State University Criminal justice systems across the world vary depending on what country you reside in. Criminal justice systems are representations of what the country will accept and what they will not tolerate regardless if you are a minor or an adult. Some countries put you in the same category, but one thing all criminal justice systems do are protect the people of its country and make sure they are safe. The duties of the criminal justice systems across the world range from detecting crime to running the whole country. Every country has a criminal justice system including France and England. France’s criminal justice can be compared to England’s criminal justice system in many ways but it also can be contrasted. There are many similarities between the two, but what ultimately makes one country enforce their laws more strictly may be the greatest difference between the two. Within France, there are two major principal police systems which employ more than 145 thousand people. The two major principal police systems are the National Police and The National Gendarmerie. The Director General of the National Police includes the inspector general of police, judicial police, general intelligence, public security, territorial surveillance, control of the borders, and republican security company. The...
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...Drug Treatment for Offenders Nicole Myers 20700 CRIJ 1304 Probation and Parole Abstract The addiction to drugs is a difficult thing for any individual to deal with. Often, addiction leads to the decline of a person’s well-being, financial security, and health. Drug addicts have a hard time keeping a job, their families suffer the consequences, and sometimes the addicts find themselves either in trouble with the law, or homeless on the street. There is an epidemic of almost epic proportions in this wonderful nation called the United States. However, this epidemic is not only national; it is worldwide. And because of this epidemic there are other problems in society such as an increase in crime and prison overcrowding. The epidemic is that of Substance Abuse and Addiction. The penal systems of each state house more prisoners due to drug related crimes than any other. Treatment instead of incarceration would be beneficial to the addict himself and to society as a whole. Evidence shows treatment would lower the amount of criminal activity due to substance abuse and addiction. Logic shows that if a problem is cured then the consequences of the problem disappear. There are different points of view on the subject of treatment or incarceration for those criminals who are substance abusers. And there are valid points in either argument. The viewpoint in favor of incarceration is supported by the deterrence and incapacitation theory. This theory promotes increased arrests, prosecutions...
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...CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal justice assessment toolkit 1 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna CUSTODIAL AND NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES The Prison System Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkit UNITED NATIONS New York, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations, the Secretariat and Institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the Belgian 2006 OSCE Chairmanship concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE ..................................................................................... 1 2. OVERVIEW: GENERAL AND STATISTICAL DATA ......................................................... 5 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.2 OVERVIEW OF COUNTRY AND PRISON SYSTEM.............................................. 5 PRISON POPULATION ........................................................................................... 6 PROFILE OF PRISON POPULATION..................................................................... 6 QUALITY OF DATA ......................................
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...Ashley Dinsmore “Why bother thinking about the effectiveness of penal measures in considering the future of penal policy when the results of research are disappointing and unhelpful?” Over the years there has been continual research on the most successful ways to prevent offenders from reoffending and to stop offending in the first place. Many criminological researchers have closely studied the lives of former criminals after their sentences, and with inconsistent research resulting and the failure of policies put into place, it could be said that the prevention of reoffending or initial offending by the criminal justice system is not currently in reach. Through evidence from examinations and surveys on offenders, it can be seen that no criminal thinks alike, and that because of this it is not profitable to put general policies into place, for results will be minimal. When initially considering offending reduction strategies, it is assumed that crime prevention measures will include the use of disciplinary action. Although this is accurate, it has become more apparent to some scholars over the latest decades that the use of punitive measures against offenders has just made the probability of reoffending worse. (McGuire, 4) There is incessant debate on whether the use of punishment on offenders will decrease the likelihood of reoffending. One of the most popular debate on this subject is the “what works” argument. The “what works” debate focuses on whether authoritative...
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...Chapter One – Introduction 1.1: Introduction 1.2: Origin of the study 1.3: Objectives of the study 1.4: Data collection process 1.5: Limitations 1.1: Introduction Juvenile Delinquency is a terrible problem in the unequal management system of society of the modern world. Juvenile Delinquency is increasing for the fast and speedy development of Industrialization and Urbanization. Industrialization and Urbanization make changes the Family structure which increases the propensity of Juvenile Delinquency. A large scale of people has been shifted to City town from rural area and keeps staying in the abdomen. This also increases Juvenile Delinquency. Now Juvenile Delinquency has emerged as a matter of concern in Bangladesh in recent times with the number of children and young people involved in "criminal activities" rising at an alarming rate. In most of the cases this is not a deliberate choice for the children. Numerous social factors coupled with poor parenting, family troubles and above all extreme poverty are pushing these children to this anti-social position. A child is born innocent and if nourished with tender care and attention, he or she will be blossom with faculties physical, mental, moral and spiritual into a person of stature and excellence. On the other hand, noxious surroundings, neglect of basic needs, bad company and other abuses and temptations would spoil the child and likely to turn him a delinquent. Therefore, expressing his concern for Child...
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