...Punishment is a component of operant conditioning used to decrease the probability of a behavior or response by causing a change in the environment (Singer, B.F. 1970). This essay will discuss aspects of punishment such as methodology, effectiveness and its effects on behavior. It will review the effectiveness of punishment methodology by studying the variables such as age, gender, socio-economic status and exposure to crime. In the direct context of speeding, contemporary punishment includes ‘positive punishment’ whereby giving the offender a fine and ‘negative punishment’ by suspension of their license. This essay will also assess the effectiveness of punishment. Attempts to neutralize the issue of speeding include implementing warnings showing the severity and consequences of speeding. However, many young irresponsible drivers cannot relate to the seriousness by influence of their peers whom they value higher than authority figures of the law. Golias, J., Kanellaidis, G., & Zarifopoulos. K. (1995) shows that the major reason for speeding is the belief that speed limits are unreliable with a mean grade of 6.67 thus; this supports the idea that people do not perceive road authorities as an influential figure. At a younger age, influential figures are not ones that are necessarily responsible, but they appeal to them in anintrinsic way. In many cultures, speeding is acceptable; growing with this idea leads many drivers to have a habit of speeding (Blincoe, K.M., Jones, A...
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...individual. Incapacitation is the most straightforward justification for punishment, particularly for...
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...protecting human rights, criminal defense effectiveness is a practice to solve and important problem in theory have to consider. The current study are "cookie-cutter" to defend the effectiveness of implementation in the hope of improvement of the system of criminal procedural law on defense. Although the effects of related program design is an important factor in achieving effectiveness to defend, in today's defense system is increasingly perfect, defense effectiveness problem especially criminal entity effectiveness is cured, the most fundamental problem actually lies not in the program system is imperfect,...
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...There is no doubt incarceration is to reduce crime; but is giving longer prison sentences the best course to reduce crime? In recent years, many argue there are better alternatives. Before reaching my own verdict, both views are to be discussed. The first field upon which people argue is the effectiveness of lengthening imprisonment. Retributivists argue that longer incarceration deters people from committing crimes (the 'chastening' effect). Harsher punishment is said to prevent offence in the first place, as would-be offenders will fear more. It is also claimed to chasten recidivists. This, however, assumes that all criminals, would-be or already one, weigh the anticipated costs and benefits before committing crimes. Those against sentence enhancement questions: do criminals consider the consequences? Research has shown they care less about the future than normal people. A report from the National Research Council on mass incarceration in the US and other numerous reports and papers have found lengthy prison sentences ineffective as a crime control measure....
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...commit such heinous acts. However, does knowing the possible consequences of capital offenses deter individuals from committing the crimes? Did it make you stop and think? In the United States the death penalty is used as a punishment for capital offenses. These specifically can vary from state to state, but commonly include first-degree murder, murder with special circumstances, rape with additional bodily harm, and the federal crime of treason. (Facts) The goal of the death penalty then, is to deter these crimes from even taking place, to be so feared that offenders think twice about committing such horrible crimes. But does it? In the following paper, the above question will attempt to be answered by looking at the background of capital punishment and the death penalty, the ideas behind it, viable alternatives, and finally, the effectiveness of the death penalty at deterring crime. Early death penalty laws date back to the Eighteenth Century B.C.. The death penalty also had a heavy presence in the Fourteenth Century Hittite Code, the Seventh Century Draconian Code of Athens, and the Fifth Century Roman Law of the Twelve Tablets. (History, 1) Today, thirty-four states in the United States of America still practice the death penalty as a means of punishment for capital offenses and heinous crimes. The death penalty debate is one that Americans are no strangers to; it has been abolished and repealed numerous times throughout our history. Two of the first...
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...Running head: PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN 1 Physical Punishment Of Children As A Teaching Tool John Burgess University Of Memphis PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN 2 Abstract The research paper examined the effects of physical punishment of children as a teaching tool and hypothesized that physical punishment of children was not an effective teaching tool. The first section of the text discusses the Adrian Peterson case and relates how physical punishment is passed from generation to generation. The second section of the text discusses advocates of physical punishment and benefits derived from this. One of the main benefits is immediate compliance. This is recognized by advocates and opponents of physical punishment. The third section discusses the negative impacts of physical punishment on children. The last section discusses the prevalence of physical punishment in the United States and how this compares to other countries. The United States is in the minority of developed countries that condone physical punishment of children. The last section also contains a survey that demonstrates the prevalence of physical punishment and parents’ opinions on its effectiveness. The survey demonstrated that a majority of parents find that physical punishment is necessary and effective in spite of evidence to the contrary. Physical punishment of children was brought to national attention when Minnesota Vikings running back Adrian Peterson was indicted...
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...A Matter of Life or Death Scott Weidemann University of Phoenix A Matter of Life or Death The most common punishments for perpetrators of extremely violent crimes are often life in prison, typically with no possibility of parole, or the death penalty. Although both punishments effectively disrupt the ability of a convicted criminal to harm other citizens, deciding which punishment is appropriate for a particular situation has become a contentious topic for numerous reasons; the vast financial burden, inconclusive information regarding recidivism, and inconsistent application of non-biased punishment are the most prevalent concerns. Making a decision based on cost, when it involves a topic as important as life or death, is an unfortunate reality regarding the economic difficulty faced by many state and federal government agencies. According to a state-appointed panel investigating the viability and effectiveness of the death penalty in Maryland, litigation costs when seeking the death penalty are, “$1.9 million more than a similar case in which prosecutors seek life in prison” (Rein, 2008, ¶ 15). Over the last 30 years in Maryland, judges have sentenced 77 criminals to death; those convictions, however, only resulted in five executions, at an additional cost of $146.3 million (Rodricks, 2008). On the other hand, the average cost to house, feed, and provide medical care for a prisoner is approximately $68,000 per year (Rodricks, 2008). If considered exclusively...
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...Punishment versus Rehabilitation Paper Punishment versus Rehabilitation Paper Punishment versus Rehabilitation The criminal justice system has four objectives. They are deterrence, punishment, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Of these four deterrence, punishment, and incapacitation typically work together. Anytime a person commits a crime, punishment and rehabilitation are needed to address the problem swiftly and effectually. (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A Proposal for Revising Sentencing Practices, 1991). When the offender moves from prison to a step-down unit as they get closer to his or her release, they tend to have other issues other than drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and this is what causes recidivism. Research has shown that many prisoners in super maximum units experience extremely high levels of anxiety and other negative emotion. When released, often without any "decompression" period in lower security facilities, they have few of the social or occupational skills necessary to succeed in the outside world (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003). Craig Haney, Ph.D. states, "This is what prison systems do under the emergency circumstance, they move to punitive social control mechanisms. But it's a very short-term solution, and one that may do more long-term damage both to the system and to the individuals than it solves (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003)." Throughout this paper, I will be a discussing the strengths of punishment, and how it deters the offenders...
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...that has continually created tension in today's society is whether the death penalty serves as a justified and valid form of punishment. Whenever the word "death penalty" comes up, extremists from both sides start yelling out their arguments. One side says deterrence, the other side says there's a potential of executing an innocent man; one says justice, retribution, and punishment; the other side says execution is murder. Crime is an evident part of society, and everyone is aware that something must be done about it. Most people know the threat of crime to their lives, but the question lies in the methods and action in which it should be dealt with. In several parts of the world, the death penalty has been appointed to those who have committed a variety of offenses from the time of ancient Babylon to present-day America. As history tells us, capital punishment, whose definition is "the use of death as a legally sanctioned punishment," is an acceptable and efficient means of deterring crime.(McConn) Today, the death penalty remains an effective method of punishment for murder and other crimes. There is debate over the morals and effectiveness of such a harsh sentence. Most commonly, the death penalty is challenged as a violation of the Eighth Amendment, which says that the U.S. cannot use "cruel and unusual" punishment. Due to the fact that "punishment" is a legal infliction of suffering, it must be somewhat "cruel.”(Gershowitz) As for being unusual, it is anything but, due...
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...Hanley, Piazza, Fisher, & Maglieri (2005) conducted a study on the effectiveness of functional communication training (FCT) both with, and without, a punishment component which included 2 children whose functional analysis revealed attention was a maintaining factor in aggression, self-injury, and disruptive behaviors. Not only did the results show that FCT with the added component of punishment was more effective than either FCT alone, or FCT with extinction, it also demonstrated a clear preference by the children for the FCT with punishment. The punishment phase consisted of a 30-second hands down procedure involving physically holding the participant’s hands to their sides for both participants, with the addition of a visual screen through placement of the therapist’s hand over the participant’s eyes in addition to the FCT component. Only...
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...Punishment versus Rehabilitation Paper Punishment versus Rehabilitation Paper Punishment versus Rehabilitation The criminal justice system has four objectives. They are deterrence, punishment, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. Of these four deterrence, punishment, and incapacitation typically work together. Anytime a person commits a crime, punishment and rehabilitation are needed to address the problem swiftly and effectually. (Punishment vs. Rehabilitation: A Proposal for Revising Sentencing Practices, 1991). When the offender moves from prison to a step-down unit as they get closer to his or her release, they tend to have other issues other than drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and this is what causes recidivism. Research has shown that many prisoners in super maximum units experience extremely high levels of anxiety and other negative emotion. When released, often without any "decompression" period in lower security facilities, they have few of the social or occupational skills necessary to succeed in the outside world (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003). Craig Haney, Ph.D. states, "This is what prison systems do under the emergency circumstance, they move to punitive social control mechanisms. But it's a very short-term solution, and one that may do more long-term damage both to the system and to the individuals than it solves (Rehabilitate or Punish, 2003)." Throughout this paper, I will be a discussing the strengths of punishment, and how it deters the offenders...
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...the UK is vital in order to achieve Operational effectiveness throughout the country. Without discipline the country would be in a state of both social disorder and anarchy. Operational effectiveness is also important so that the UPS can prevent the country running into either social disorder or a state of anarchy. It keeps our country civilised. Outline – In this assignment I am going to cover the rank structure of 2 public services, including pictures of the rank slides by introducing and explaining the responsibilities of each rank, I am going to define discipline and talk about the rules and regulations needed for operation effectiveness, I am going to discuss social order, disorder and anarchy, I am going to answer a question of “why do orders need to be followed?”, I will discuss how maintaining discipline with rewards and punishments is effective, team spirit, and the rules, procedures, policies and legislations in the UPS in which encourage discipline. P1 Task 1 In my assignment I have done two separate rank structures in which I have attached to the back of this assignment in the form of two separate documents. P1 Task 2 1. Definitions of discipline 2. The necessity for rules and regulations (set standards and clear instructions =operational effectiveness) 3. Why orders need to be followed (control in dangerous situations =operational effectiveness) 4. Maintaining order with rewards and punishment 5. Consequences of a lack of discipline in...
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...times most governments have punished a wide variety of crimes by death and have conducted executions as a routine part of the administration of criminal law. The Age of Enlightenment was the first significant movement to abolish the death penalty. Britain was very influential in America’s use of the death penalty. The European settlers that came to the new world are the one’s that brought the practice of capital punishment, death penalty. The first execution was recorded in the Jamestown Colony of Virginia in 1608. The Divine, Moral, and Martial Laws were enacted in 1612 by the Governor of Virginia, Sir Thomas Dale. The death penalty was established for minor offenses such as killing chickens, stealing grapes, and trading with Indians. It was Cesare Beccaria’s 1767 essay, On Crimes and Punishment that caused policy makers to have a different view of the death penalty. Becarria theorized that there wasn’t any justification for the state’s to take the life of a human being. The essay led to Tuscany and Austria abolishing their policy of the death penalty as a punishment for the crimes that were committed. It also gave an authoritative voice and renewed...
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...Punishment verses Rehabilitation Kevin Atkinson University of Phoenix AJS/502 Steven Cook March 30, 2015 The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of punishment compared to the effectiveness of rehabilitation, as well as their effects on the victims, offenders, social society and fiscal society. The criminal justice system actually has four objectives. Two of them are punishment and rehabilitation. These are the two objectives that society has the highest expectations of and the greatest interest in. Both the criminal justice system and the public each have their own opinions on how each of the objectives will or will not work. These two objectives are normally paired together, however no system relies on incarceration for a short time and then rehabilitation for a lengthy period of time. Both punishment and rehabilitation are primary focuses among correctional facilities, it is up to the facility which it chooses to put as its primary. The most common form of punishment is incarceration. Their primary goal is deterrence of crime. Deterrence can be categorized into three areas; special, specific and general deterrence. Rehabilitation has been proven...
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...There are people that are pro capital punishment and there are people who are strongly against capital punishment. Capital punishment is defined as the most extreme sentencing option. (Schmalleger, 2011) Capital punishment is typically used for capital offenses which are offenses that are punishable by death. (Schmalleger, 2011) Capital punishment has become one of the most talked about topics, some people argue that the death penalty is an effective deterrent of crime while others argue that the death penalty is not consistently applied and claims the life of many innocent people. There is no question on whether or not the people who commit heinous crimes should be punished to the fullest extent of the law because they should. However, I for one am against the death penalty and feel that it should be abolished. Prior to this assignment I thought that maybe I was for capital punishment but when I actually sat down and thought about whether or not this was an effective deterrent of crime the answer on where I stood was clearer. Capital punishment would only be affective if it was consistently applied to crime. Although 38 states still have the death penalty there is still a consistent amount of crime in each state. If the death penalty was adequately applied I believe that the crime rate would probably go down because criminals would then understand the severity of the crimes they commit and the consequence for that crime. However, this is not the only reason I feel that the...
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