...Part 2 Individual Project Report: Lights Introduction There are many types of sources of light in the world. Amongst the most commonly used would be the light bulb. Furthermore, as Prof. Seeram thought of the project by looking at items found in everyday usage, I would assume that the light source in question would be the compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulb. It consists of glass vacuum tubing coated inside with luminophore; this tube contains mercury and argon with an electrode on each end, which is coated in an emission material (Mishra) (Acton). There is also ballast, ballast housing and its base but we will be focusing on the vacuum tube, electrode and ballast housing in this project. Fig 1. Inner workings of CFL bulb Types of material used Looking at the vacuum tube electrode and ballast housing, Table 1 below shows the materials used for each component (Hengdian Group Tospo Lighting Co.,Ltd.). Table 1. Materials used in a CFL bulb Material used in a CFL bulb | Component | Material | Vacuum tube | Soda lime glass | Electrodes | Tungsten covered in (BaO, CaO, SrO) + ZrO2 | Ballast Housing | PBT (Polybutylene-terephthalate) or PET (Polyethylene- terephthalate) | Critical material properties and testing standards for components Table 2 below shows the critical material properties for the components used as well as the general standards used in the United States of America for testing if any. Table 2. Critical material properties and testing standards ...
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...Political Environment………………………………………………………...5 2.3 Market Research………………………………………………………………...5 2.31 Primary Research……………………………………………………………..5 3. Segment, Targeting &Positioning………………………………………………….5 3.1 Target segment…………………………………………………………………..5 3.2 Base for Target Segmentation…………………………………………………...6 3.21 Psychographic Segmentation…………………………………………………6 3.3 Degree of Satisfaction…………………………………………………………...6 3.4 Positioning statement for the target market……………………………………...6 4. Needs and Wants of customers……………………………………………………..6 1. Market Review 1. Industry Background Light and lamp manufacturing industry is an industry that consists of units mainly engaged in manufacturing light bulbs, tubes or fittings (Fitzpatrick, 2009). The major products of this industry include electrical elements and light frames, such as electric light bulbs, electric light fittings and flashing bulbs. 2. Organisation Background Gerard Lighting Holdings Pty Ltd is the company owed by Australia’s most impressive and comprehensive group of major lighting brands. The market share percentage of Gerard Lighting is about 10%, which makes the organisation become the major player in the industry...
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...|2013 | |An analysis on the different aspects of LEDs, CFLs and incandescent lamps. |Ronald Meeske 12100979 | Table of Contents Contents Introduction 2 Lamps (Light bulbs) 2 Potential Savings Using High Efficacy Lamps 3 Incandescent Lamps (Worst Case) 3 LED lamps (Worst Case) 3 CFL lamps (Worst Case) 3 Cost implications of installing energy saving lamps 5 CFLs vs. LEDs 6 Implementing Sustainable Energy Efficient Lighting in South Africa 9 LED Initial Price 9 Awareness 9 Subsidisation 9 Light Consumption 9 Conclusion 10 References 11 Table 1: Comparison of LEDs, Incandescent Light Bulbs and CFLs. 2 Table 2: Potential Savings using worst cases of: LEDs, CFLs and Incandescent lamps. 4 Table 3: Lamp cost details. 5 Table 4: Differences between CFLs and LEDs [15] 6 Figure 1: CO2 per kg saved for CFL lamps in comparison with incandescent lamps 7 Figure 2: CO2 per kg saved for LED lamps in comparison with incandescent lamps 8 Introduction Visible light is electromagnetic radiation that is perceived by the naked human eye, and is the core element of the sense of sight. However, lighting is one of the greatest consumers of electricity in a building, ranging from 20% to 50% of the aggregate energy consumption [1, 2]. There are various factors that affect...
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...charting the historical prices of LEDs and projecting forward, Haitz estimated that the amount of light they produced would increase by a factor of 20 per decade, while the cost would correspondingly drop by a factor of 10. Haitz’s law has proven remarkably accurate. Fluorescent lightening has been around since the 1930s, GE physicist Ed Hammer was the first, in 197, to figure out how to twirl that long gas-filled tube so it would screw into a standard socket. The GE CFL produced as much light as an incandescent, while drawing just 20 percent as much electricity. In 1980, Philips became the first company to market a CFL, with a design based on a series of bends rather than GE’s spiral. But problems of dimming, flicker, and light colour remained. And manufacturer claims of bulb lifetime and quality were wildly exaggerated. Consumers didn’t understand that CFLs burn out rapidly when they’re not allowed to rest at least 15 minutes between being cycled off and on. Though industry claims that some of the problems resulted from an early influx of cheap imported bulbs are true- as in the fact that CFLs have improved- many issues remain. No-name commodity bulbs still perform poorly, and even the big brands continue to poison the well by selling for example, CFL floodlights, which often wind up in outdoor motion-sensor systems. This is an absolutely inappropriate use, given how fast the bulbs expire when they have to flick on and off so quickly. The final blow came when consumers learned...
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...areas, and using compostable cups instead of water bottles. The bottom line is that we want to make people aware of becoming more environmentally friendly. 2. Manage your hotel’s environmental performance by monitoring the electric, gas, water, and waste usage information on a monthly and annual basis. Our engineering department will make sure our hotels environmental performance will be monitored on a monthly basis to make sure that we don’t go over our economical friendly limit. It is very important to our property to stay in our budget of going green and to make sure we monitor everything very careful so we don’t maximize our green factor. 3. Replace incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps wherever possible. We will start replacing all the incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps...
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...so much dependent with technology today. Nowadays, some customers such as hospitals, manufacturing, industries, commercial establishments, schools, buildings and homes are dependent on electrical devices and equipment. These devices are controlled by modern technology for their operations, controls and processes. This includes remote sensing, SCADA, HMI, micro controller sensors and PLC. They are used for automatic control of lights and switches, and for remotely controlled operation of equipment or machine. These modern technologies save time, costs, and labor. The researcher conceptualized this study about the modern technology using HMI in the school specifically the laboratory room. Laboratory should be conducive to learning so that students are encouraged to study. It is a room where the students have the basic knowledge in theoretical aspects before they ought to gain knowledge outside. So, the study is focus on the development of a modernized laboratory equipped with automatic controls. Before laboratory is just a room with equipment, many lights, and switches. They are using manual switching of the facilities inside a laboratory room which is done manually. The turning on and off the equipment gave waste time and energy. The conceptualization of a modern laboratory gave the students an edge in modern technology as well as application. The common problems encountered in a laboratory room are poor illumination and ventilation. In laboratories and classrooms effectively...
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...Sodium / Metal Hallide |30 watts single chip LED Bulb |699 | | | | |w/ heat sink | | | |2 |Double Arm Lamp Post (10ft) | | | 2000 | | |70 watts Sodium / Metal Hallide |30 watts single chip LED Bulb |122 | | | | |w/ heat sink | | | |3 |Five Arm Lamp Post (10ft) | | | 2000 | | |70 watts Sodium / Metal Hallide |30 watts single chip LED Bulb |70 | | | | |w/ heat sink | | | |4 |Single Arm Lamp Post (40ft) |150 watts single chip (x 2) LED Flood Light w/ | |638 | | |1000 watts Metal Hallide Flood Light |heat sink |76...
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...DESIGN CONCEPT “Geometry: A rationale to create a form” Architecture begins with Geometry. All of nature evolves out of simple geometric patterns incorporated within the molecular "seed" structure. Each of these basic patterns contains information that enables animals, plants, minerals (and humans) to develop into complex and beautiful forms, each with an intrinsic awareness of its location in space and time. The exact measurements and alignments are all based on geometric patterns. Basic Geometry + Architecture The geometry of the built environment can have a tremendous impact on what human interactions are likely to take place. High density low rise housing with modest garden space and cozy clustered geometries can promote a sense of pride, ownership and belonging. All Form and shape imply space; indeed they cannot exist without space, primarily the concept of geometric form. Geometry can provide a more complete appreciation of the world. Geometry can be found in the structure of the solar system, in geological formations, in rocks and crystals, in plants and flowers, even in animals. It is also a major part of our synthetic universe: Art, architecture, cars, machines, and virtually everything that humans create have elements of geometric form. Geometry shapes all buildings, no matter how simple. Believers say that when we recognize geometric principles and build upon them, we create dwellings that comfort and inspire. The design of this Proposed Low-Rise (WALK-UP)...
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...Social Responsibility Social Responsibility Social responsibility is an ethical framework which suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large. Social responsibility is a duty that every individual has to perform in order to maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystem. Similar to business ethics this moral obligation is a good practice that demonstrates global awareness, reduce buyer’s remorse, and builds rapport for strong lifetime partnerships. Social responsibilities are a cross cultural platform that can be both positive and negative, adversely affecting people, planet, and profits. (Forbes 2015). People Socially responsible individuals are demanding companies and organizations to become more socially responsible at home and in the workplace. For instance, employees are warned of images that they portray, post that they write on social media sites, and pictures that they post may jeopardize their career if they are perceived as inappropriate. Some say it is a violation of freedom of speech but one can agree that we are all responsible for our own actions. Individual social responsibility is about an individual becoming responsible in their actions that have effect on communities outside their immediate circle. This responsibility includes active engagement towards the community where you live and active participation in solving local problems. People have an...
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...BankofAmerica.com 2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Setting your thermostat just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each year. 3. Change a Light Bulb Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. If every U.S. family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road. 4....
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...Lesson 01 Quiz Your response has been submitted successfully. [pic] We will record the highest score from these lesson quizzes so feel free to take it again (max 10 access attempts) to score 100%. |Points Awarded | 11 | |Points Missed | 3 | |Percentage | 79% | |1. |In the United States, which is the most popular method for heating homes? | | |A. | | |Electricity | | | | | |B. | | |Fuel Oil | | | | | |C. | | |Natural Gas | | | | | |D. | | |Coal ...
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...Overall, Wal-Mart’s sustainability strategy has proven to be extremely profitable and cost-effective for the company. There are, however, two initiatives that benefited both society and the environment, but had a negative effect on Wal-Mart’s earnings. The first action was that Wal-Mart held for electronic products several recycling take-back events. The other approach taken by Wal-Mart was to lower the price of compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and refrain from selling incandescent light bulbs. Although these two strategies apparently led to a decrease in Wal-Mart’s profits, the social and environmental impacts that these initiatives have had greatly outweighs their lack of financial returns. For instance, Wal-Mart’s electronic take-back days are an excellent way to reduce the amount of e-waste in communities. In just five events, Wal-Mart was able to collect approximately seventy tons of electronic products. Even though these events were quite expensive and did not have a major effect on sales, the large number of e-waste that Wal-Mart helped avoid is still extremely substantial for the environment. Wal-Mart needs to establish a strategy to make these recycling days spark consumer interest and participation. The company attempted to sell a green laptop that came with a recycling kit. Although this was a strong effort, consumers did not react highly to it. Wal-Mart needs to develop a plan to educate its consumers on the importance of e-waste reduction and its...
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...Heating & cooling About half of your energy use is for heating and cooling your house or apartment. Among the simple, and free, ways to improve efficiency: Move furniture away from air registers so that heated air can circulate freely. On sunny, chilly winter days open the drapes or curtains on the south and west side to take advantage of passive solar heating. Adjust your thermostat before leaving for work. You can cut your heating and cooling costs by 10 percent by adjusting the thermostat 7-10 degrees for eight hours a day. A programmable thermostat makes this easier. Installing a programmable thermostat is a low cost way to cut energy costs and there are others: Check your air filter monthly and change it if it looks dirty. Change it every three months — at least. A dirty filter makes your heating/cooling system work harder. Sealing and insulating your air ducts provides big bang for your buck, even if it is not the best way to spend a Saturday. Your tax dollars paid for a do-it-yourself guide to sealing and insulating air ducts that can be found on the Energy Star website. Hot water Heating hot water for baths, laundry and dishwashing gobbles up about 18 percent of the energy used in a typical household. If you have an electric hot water heater, it uses more than twice the energy of any other appliance in the house. Taking cold showers will cut your energy use, but here are some more pleasant ways to save: Changing...
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...BIO 103 Module 53 Human Impact Quiz Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/bio-103-module-53-human-impact-quiz/ Attempt 2 of 2 Started: 02/25/2016 Score: 80% Points: 80 out of 100 Question 1 Points: 10 out of 10 The sea level is _________ as a consequence of climate warming. • increasing • decreasing Question 2 Points: 10 out of 10 As a result of anthropogenic climate change... • patterns of weather and climate stay the same but temperatures are always just slightly warmer than they would be otherwise. • patterns of weather and climate change in an unpredictable way over time and from place to place, sometimes leading to extreme weather events. Question 3 Points: 0 out of 10 Which two activities are the main human activities that have led to increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)? • livestock production and rice paddy agriculture • breathing and decomposition • fertilizer use and natural gas extraction • burning fossil fuels and clearing forests Question 4 Points: 10 out of 10 Human activities are the only factors that can influence the Earth’s climate. • True • False Question 5 Points: 0 out of 10 Which best describes current trends and the likely future of the global economy in the next few decades? • Continued fast growth in populous developing nations like China and India, resulting in a major increase in overall affluence and consumption levels worldwide. • Continued growth in resource...
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...CARBON FOOTPRINT For the past few years, our beloved “earth” is going deeper and deeper into the quagmire of global warming. This is indeed an alarming situation and to get it round each and every individual has to play an effective role. This is possible only if we are cognizant of the factors which are creating this problem of global warming. Many of us would have heard the word “carbon footprint” and this is where the whole problem lies! Carbondioxide (CO2) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the global warming so if we can reduce CO2 emission, gigantic climate changes ,global warming and their hazardous effects can be reduced. Your “carbon footprint” is the sum of all emissions of CO2, which were induced by your activities in a given time frame. The carbon footprint is a very powerful tool to understand the impact of personal behaviour on global warming. Most people are shocked when they see the amount of CO2 their activities create! If you personally want to contribute to stop global warming, the calculation and constant monitoring of your personal carbon footprint is essential. Here are some of the ways which can help to abate the carbon footprint: • Go native: Use native plant species to landscape around your home or business. The plants will probably grow better in a familiar environment, and the plants may also get shipped a shorter distance to get to...
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