...DESIGN OF A HIGH-SPEED CMOS COMPARATOR Master Thesis in Electronics System at Linköping Institute of Technology by Ahmad Shar LiTH-ISY-EX--07/4121--SE Linköping 2007-11-07 DESIGN OF A HIGH-SPEED CMOS COMPARATOR Master Thesis in Electronics System at Linköping Institute of Technology by Ahmad Shar LiTH-ISY-EX--07/4121--SE Supervisor: Erik Säll ISY, Linköping University Examiner: Mark Vesterbacka ISY, Linköping University Linköping 2007-11-07 Presentation Date 2007-11-07 Publishing Date (Electronic version) 2007-12-07 Department and Division Division of electronics system Department of Electrical Engineering Linköpings university Linköpings Sweden Language English Other (specify below) Type of Publication Licentiate thesis Degree thesis Thesis C-level Thesis D-level Report Other (specify below) ISBN Master Thesis ISRN: LiTH-ISY-EX--07/4121--SE Title of series (Licentiate thesis) Series number/ISSN (Licentiate thesis) Number of Pages 30 URL, Electronic Version http://www.ep.liu.se Publication Title Design of a high-speed CMOS comparator. Author(s) Ahmad Shar A bstract T his m aster thesis describ es the d esign of high-speed latched com p ara tor w ith 6-bit resolution , full scale voltage of 1 .6 V and the sa m plin g frequ ency of 25 0 M H z. T he com p arato r is d esigne d in a 0.3 5 9 m C M O S process w ith a sup ply voltage of 3.3 V . T he com parator is designed for tim e-in terleaved bandp ass sigm a-delta...
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...IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 47, NO. 7, JULY 2012 1585 A 53-nW 9.1-ENOB 1-kS/s SAR ADC in 0.13- m CMOS for Medical Implant Devices Dai Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, Ameya Bhide, Student Member, IEEE, and Atila Alvandpour, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—This paper describes an ultra-low power SAR ADC for medical implant devices. To achieve the nano-watt range power consumption, an ultra-low power design strategy has been utilized, imposing maximum simplicity on the ADC architecture, low transistor count and matched capacitive DAC with a switching scheme which results in full-range sampling without switch bootstrapping and extra reset voltage. Furthermore, a dual-supply voltage scheme allows the SAR logic to operate at 0.4 V, reducing the overall power consumption of the ADC by 15% without any loss in performance. The ADC was fabricated in 0.13- m CMOS. In dual-supply mode (1.0 V for analog and 0.4 V for digital), the ADC consumes 53 nW at a sampling rate of 1 kS/s and achieves the ENOB of 9.1 bits. The leakage power constitutes 25% of the 53-nW total power. Index Terms—ADC, analog-to-digital conversion, leakage power consumption, low-power electronics, medical implant devices, successive approximation. I. INTRODUCTION EDICAL implant devices, such as pacemakers and implantable cardiac defibrillators, target increasingly advanced signal acquisition and signal processing systems. Such devices, which are to be implanted in the human body, require extremely low...
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...Comparator A comparator is a circuit that accepts two voltages, V1 and V2 and outputs zero volts if V1 > V2 or outputs a positive voltage level if V2 > V1. Comparators can be built from operational amplifiers. In laments term, a comparator is the simplest circuit that moves signals between the analog and digital worlds… Simply put, a comparator compares two analog signals and produces a one bit digital signal. This is the symbol for a comparator * The comparator output satisfies the following rules: * When V+ is larger than V- the output bit is 1. * When V+ is smaller than V- the output bit is 0 A prime example of a simple comparator circuit can be found within a programmable thermostat. With two separate inputs, three outcomes are achievable at any given time. When the base input becomes lower than the variable, a signal will be sent to the thermostat to activate the cooling feature, and that circuitry will allow that function to occur until both the base and variable are once again equal. At that point, the air conditioner would shut off until further instructions were provided. If the variable electrical node provided less electrical power than the constant, a signal would be generated to inform the thermostat to activate the heating element. It would remain on until the variables changed once again. Each of these functions are pre-programmed to react differently as the values change, and the comparator circuit design interprets them by...
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...3-Part 3, complete the Lab Report. * Answer the questions and transcribe/transfer test results recorded in the lab’s tables to the tables provided. ------------------------------------------------- Part 1- Comparators and the Schmitt Trigger Theory: 1. What is the purpose of a comparator? A comparator is a switching device that provides a high or low output depending on which of the inputs is bigger. 2. What type of circuit uses hysteresis to avoid rapid switching due to noise? Schmitt Trigger Preparation: 3. Describe the transfer curve of a basic comparator circuit. The horizontal axis represents the input and the vertical axis represents the output Test Procedure: 4. Transcribe the comparator waveforms from Plot 22-1 to the Plot below. Plot 22-1: Comparator waveform 5. Describe how the threshold voltage changes the comparator output. As V+ increases, the output pulse width decreases. When V- decreases, the output pulse width increases. Varying the potentiometer changes the duty cycle of the output from 0 to 100%. 6. Transcribe the comparator transfer curve from Plot 22-2 to the Plot below. Plot 22-2: Comparator transfer curve 7. Describe how the threshold voltage changes the transfer curve for a comparator. The threshold voltage is a dc quantity that adds to or subtracts from the input plotted along the x-axis...
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...analyser and control unit. Example for TPG may be a ROM with stored patterns, a counter, or a LFSR. A comparator is used as a typical response analyser is to test the patterns from device under test and to control the corresponding results by control unit. This technique reduces virtually the need for a testing externally. Furthermore, built in self-test method is better technique for testing complex system on chip designs, as from the rest of the system, every core in the system can be tested independently. It utilizes to protect intellectual property (IP) as less information about the core when the modules are not externally accessible easily; this scheme is especially required for these features. 1. Hardware Test Pattern Generator: This generator generates the test patterns used to observe the faults and propagate the effect to the outputs (of the CUT). The test pattern generator is a circuit and it uses area is minimum and then test patterns to be generated obtained by ATPG algorithms on the circuit under test using the hardware test pattern generator is not feasible. In other words, memory is not available in the pattern generator where all pseudo random test vectors carried by automatic test pattern generation on the circuit under test. The TPG is a register which produces random patterns or deterministic patterns which act as test pattern. The main prominence of the register design is to have low area yet produce as many different patterns as possible. 2. Input Mux: when BIST...
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...factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Australia Social, environmental and ethical factors in engineering design theory: a post-positivist approach Terence Love B.A. (Hons) Engineering This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia. Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 1998 Abstract This research investigated how social, environmental and ethical factors can be better included in theories of engineering design. The research focused on designing as an essentially human activity via consideration of the epistemological and ontological issues involved in constructing coherent design theory. The research investigations led to a clearer understanding of the roles of ontology, epistemology and methodology in design research and this clarification enabled the construction of a post-positivist approach to engineering design theory that better includes social, environmental and ethical factors alongside the existing products of scientific engineering design research. Other contributions to knowledge that emerged from the research process and which underpin the conclusions include; clarification of the terminology and basic concepts of design research and engineering design research, historical...
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...This term means the equal of creativity plus implementation (Stamm, 2003). Implementation is important to innovation; if you are lacking this you basically only have creativity. The effect of innovation on the business industry is what pushes competitions accomplishments or failures. By understanding the current and future needs a consumer can go a long way; specifically on how to properly create a successful business plan. An example of market place innovation would be with Apple and their product the I-Pad. This was not a original idea, but Apple put a social twist on it and created the I-Pad; an everyday must have. • Design “It is a concept of realization or configuration of an idea, plan, model, drawings; pattern that assists to develop and achieve the items designated objectives (Business Dictionary, 2010).” In the corporate world, designs are defined and understood as a value of distribution, creativity, and concepts in exemplification of the company’s innovativeness. Creativity is a mental representative that provides a person the opportunity to think out of the median. “Creativity is what results in different approaches to services, goods, and innovation (Business Dictionary, 2010).” • Creativity The definition of creativity based on Webster’s Dictionary is: Creativity is marked by the ability or power to create- to bring into existence, to invest with a new form, to produce through imaginative skill, to make or bring into existence something...
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...Running head: TOTAL REWARDS Total Rewards: Strategically Achieving Business Results Strayer University Abstract Total Rewards reflects what employees’ value from its employer. It focuses on five elements that attract, motivate, and retain the talent to achieve business goals. These elements are: Compensation, Benefits, Work- Life, Performance and Recognition and Development and Career Opportunities (WorldatWork, 2007, p. 4). This paper describes the five advantages of a total rewards approach, five ways a total rewards strategy can go astray, six steps involved in the design of a total rewards program and eight steps involved in the communication process of a total reward program (WorldatWork, 2007, p. 15-64). Finally, the paper will summarize the components and the results of an effective design, implementation and communication strategy and result of a successful total rewards program. Total Rewards: Integrative Elements to Achieve Business Results Five Advantages One advantage of a total reward package is increased flexibility. Flexibility allows business’ to develop programs that cater to the needs of its employee by combining transactional and relational awards, allowing the reward package to meet the different emotional and motivational rewards of employees (WorldatWork, 2007, p. 15). Improved recruitment and retention is another advantage. Highly skills employees are in demand and, companies must find ways to attract and retain high performers. A comprehensive...
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...Besides the benefits from implementing the project, the cost in implementing is also important to be considered. The project would perform well only if we keep eyes on it during all procedures. The appropriate improvement would be proposed during the implementation of project in order to result in better achievement for the company. In conclusion, I would like to note that sales promotion is the element of the promotional mix that is aimed at increasing the volume of products sold via a trial or brand loyalty. The brand loyalty reflects the customer desire to buy the product or service of a given brand and depending on the level of brand loyalty that desire can be different. Sales promotion sends mixed signals with respect to building brand loyalty simply because it is hard to understand the amount of time or products needed to develop a buying habit that reflects brand loyalty. At the same time, sales promotion might be effective in building brand equity, or the existing value and association made by the consumer. Environmental friendly technologies can thus be said to have had a positive effect on motor sports and the world population at large since they have not only reduced pollution thus making the earth a safer place to live but they have also reduced the cost of living. This is in relation to soaring costs of fuel that have characterized the world markets in the recent past. (McKenna, 150-160) Top tier motor sports should therefore be encouraged to implement eco...
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...Company Overview Quality Web Design (QWD) is a company that specializes in Websites and Web Design content for any type of business. Their mission is to help other businesses increase their revenue by providing them with top quality websites for their customers. In addition, they own over 250,000 of proprietary images, and graphical designs. These designs are customized for every industry and demographic. Their business process is quite simple. They have a server at the Company Headquarters, where they store all of their proprietary data (including images, scripts, templates, etc). They utilize a Microsoft Visual Studio Team Foundation Service (TFS) server to manage their content and the progress of the project. “Team Foundation is a set of tools and technologies that enable a team to collaborate and coordinate their efforts on building a product or completing a project. Team Foundation enhances team communication, tracks work status, supports team roles, enacts the team process, and integrates team tools.” (Microsoft.com (2011) Team Foundation Overview) In addition to the Team Foundation, they also utilize Visual Studio to code, and build the websites. These resources are accesses through different methods. Those methods include WAN connection, VPN connection through a remote office, and through the corporate office via LAN. They also have other services such as Outlook Web Access for E-mail that is accessed via the methods mentioned above. They have also created...
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...I study Mechanical Engineering. I am passionate about different art forms, especially fine arts. I face, like you, dilemma of combining your passion of arts with something more concrete like engineering. Following are the options that I have come across to accomplish the same. Though I must mention here that I am no expert of any kind and probably more confused than you are, but I think I can help in at least initiating and directing the process of looking for relevant stuff. It is very common to find people who combine the knowledge of these two disciplines (for example most of the Industrial Design professors are mechanical under-grads), but finding a program that does the same has been pretty daunting for me at least. I hope this doc is helpful even in the smallest way and would be glad to answer any further questions There are two sections: 1. Links to websites of universities/labs offering relevant programs 2. Links to websites wherein people display their work in fields where art/aesthetic sense has to be combined with knowledge of engineering and science. Do keep in mind that these links do not adequately represent even the tip of the iceberg, there is a lot more that should be read. Similar links or links that that come up during ‘Programs similar to XXX’ in google have not been included as such searches and exploring the websites and search results on our own in itself gives us a feel of the field we intend to enter. This search was primarily focused on options after...
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...1. Determine the investigation you will do with regard to the physical infrastructure of the orchards, orchard shacks, and the cold storage building. After doing some detailed investigations of the physical infrastructure of the orchards, orchard shacks, and the cold storage building revealed some ideas that we can implement in the network design. The investigation also showed that wireless technology would be the best solution between the three areas. With that being said the orchard area would be the only problem we would need to find out how big the orchard area is so we can install access points so a good signal can all ways be delivered. Determining the distance will also aid in the network design on what cables like fiber optics or RJ cables, as well as the selection of technologies and devices to meet the design goals. The number of buildings should be determined and what equipment they should contain which types of network devices needed for this landscape. 2. Make a list of business goals for Harriet’s Fruit and Chocolate Company and determine the constraints that will affect these goals. Business goals for Harriet’s Fruit and Chocolate Company are to provide high quality products to customers. Also to provide immediate and real-time access to inventory data to aid in sales, to do this an upgrade logistics would have to take place which in turn everything would have to go digital, we would not be able to continue with the older mom and pop structure we have been...
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...Dore Dore Case study - Solutions: 1. Evaluate the Changes Dore Dore has made in its Children’s Knitwear division. * Children Knitwear Traditional setup (Product – Focused Layout) * Children Knitwear cellular setup (Process – Focused Layout) Traditional Operations: Yam & Fabric supplier – 2.5 months – average lead time Knitting – throughput time – 80 hrs Dyeing – 5 weeks – average lead time Cutting – 40 hrs – throughput time Sewing and finishing – 120 hrs – throughput time Lead time & Throughput time – batch size = 200 units Bottle neck operation is sewing & finishing. Work in progress calculations: Units progress / day = 2000 units Through put time = 15 days WIP = 2000 *15=30000 Units No of workers = 42 WIP/worker = 30000/42=720 units Cellular operations Work in progress calculations Units progress / days = 2000 units Through put time = 1 days WIP = 2000*1= 2000 units No of works = 42 WIP/worker=2000/42=48 units Cycle time = throughput time /work in progress Traditional operations: 3*5*8*60/720=10 mins Cellular operations: 1*8*60/48=10 mins Hence we can infer that output per worker remains the same. 2. How does the performance of the traditional operation and cellular manufacturing system differ? (E.g. how Work in Process Inventory changes when cells are implemented? Throughput time (sewing & finishing): Traditional: 15 days / Cellular operation: 1 day No of sewing machines required: Traditional opert. 55 / Cellular operation: 84...
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...Boeing, the $55 billion Chicago-based aerospace company, has been a major player in the global economy for almost a century. But now the company is undertaking a far-reaching transformation as it uses cutting-edge materials and electronics and high-level technology for the design and assembly process of its new passenger plane –the Boeing 787. The new plane, nicknamed the “Dreamliner,” is Boeing’s bid for market leadership in competition with Airbus. The new midsize passenger jet will have an outer shell and about half of its parts made of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic, which will make it lighter and give it better fuel economy. In January 2006, the company had 291 firm orders and 88 commitments from 27 airlines for the new 787, which will seat from 250 to 330 passengers in varying configurations. The list price is about $150 million per plane. The previous state of the art in aviation manufacturing was to have global partners work from a common blueprint to produce parts-actually, whole sections of the airplane-that were then physically shipped to a Boeing assembly plant near Seattle to see if they fit together. Prior to the 787, wood mock-ups of planes would be constructed to see if parts built by partners around the world would really fit together. When the process failed, the cost in time and production was extreme. Boeing’s shift goes beyond making planes faster and cheaper. The new business model takes Boeing from manufacturing to a high-end technology systems integrator...
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...deciding whether and how to use CBT. • Consider the computer or online platform first, with input from individuals who know students with disabilities and their accessibility needs. • Consider a process for bringing in the needed expertise to delineate the specific accessibility features of CBT, and to determine what specific accommodations may still be needed by students with disabilities, as well as to determine whether a computer-based test may create new accessibility issues. • Determine the policies for which accessibility features will be available to all students and which are designated for specific groups of students, such as students with disabilities. • Consider how to track the use of accessibility features incorporated into CBT design. • Field test the accessibility features of the computer-based test at the same time that the computer-based test is field tested. • Examine results from CBT for students with...
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