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Comparison Between Singapore and China Primary Chinese Text Book

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本科毕业论文

论文题目:中国与新加坡小学语文教材比较研究 学生姓名: 刘相龙 学号: 2010005 专业: 对 外 汉 语 指导教师: 庄 庭 兰 学 院: 国 际 交 流 学 院

1 2012年5月18日

目录
中国与新加坡小学语文教材比较研究 2
摘要 2
1中国与新加坡小学语文课程比较研究概述 3
2对新加坡小学语文教材的简介 4
3中国小学语文教材与新加坡华文教材口语教学内容的比较 4 3.1中国小学语文教材口语课程 5 3.2新加坡小学华文教材口语课程教学 5
4中国小学语文教材与新加坡小学华文教材表面价值的比较 6 4.1研究对象与方法 6 4.2教材内容的比较分析 6
5中国小学语文教材与新加坡小学华文教材深层价值的比较 8
结语 9
参考文献 9

中国与新加坡小学语文教材比较研究

摘要:对于新加坡而言,英语是其共同语与主要教学语言,同时也是很多华族的主要家庭语言。因此,新加坡是华语为大部分华族第二语言的地区,因此新加坡小学语文课程也应与中国的小学语文课程有所区别。但在经过作者的反复比较之后发现,新加坡的小学语文课程总目标与中国小学语文课程总目标如出一辙,除了比较注重普通的语言训练之外,也强调思维技能、品德情意、语文素养与中华文化。因此,本论文将以新加坡小学语文教材中的部分语言现象以及教材的编排为出发点,将其与中国小学语文教材进行了相应比较,并且对二者之间的异同之处进行了浅要分析。 关键词:中国;新加坡;小学语文教材;比较

Abstract: For Singapore, the main teaching medium and its common language are English. In the meanwhile it is also the family language. So Singapore is the district that most of its Chinese residents that use Chinese language as a second language. And there must be some differences between the two Country’s Chinese Curriculum. But after several comparisons, the author found that there is no much difference between the two Countries of its general objective of Chinese Curriculum. They not only put more attentions on the language basic skills training but also lay stress on critical thinking/moral values/Chinese quality and Chinese culture. Therefore, in this dissertation I will analyze part of the language phenomenon in the Singapore Chinese textbook and its arrangement as the starting point. And put them in comparison to find out the similarities and differences.
Keywords: China;Singapore;Primary School Chinese Textbook;Comparison

引言 20多年来,中国小学语文课程改密比较频繁,并且步伐一次比一次紧蹙。作者希望通过对新加坡的语言规划、小学语文课程教材的思考与分析,并与中国小学语文教材进行比较,以体现出二者之间的区别之处。受到新加坡特殊语言环境的影响,作者借鉴了中国对外汉语的教学理论与经验,希望对研究新加坡小学语文课程框架的构建有一定的帮助。 对于新加坡所推广的华语运动与华文教育政策而言,从1979年起,可分为两个阶段。第一个阶段为从1979年起的前十年间,顺利实现了以华语来取代当地方言,并且使华语成为了共同语言的目标;第二个阶段是从1990年之后,进展相对比较缓慢,并且尚未达到让华语成为华人母语的目标。在此过程中,华文政策也进行了多次变革,因在学校双语教育比重分配不均,英语仍然是新加坡的重要语言。但英语无法胜任传承中华民族传统文化的任务,因此对于新加坡而言,也正面临着中华文化日益匮乏的局面。因此,有必要对新加坡小学语文教学加以研究与分析,并将其与中国小学语文教材进行比较,以为了解新加坡小学语文教材价值与文化取向提供有力条件。

1中国与新加坡小学语文课程比较研究概述 把中国小学语文课程与新加坡语文课程比较作为研究方向的研究并不多见,由谢锡金、吴惟粤编著的《中国语文新课程研究及校本教学优秀案例》是把中国(内地、港、澳、台)及新加坡的课程逐一介绍。主要为了比较中国内地小学语文教材与香港、澳门、台湾以及新加坡小学语文课程发展特点进行对比,但研究内容多是各自陈述,并没有达到真正比较的目的。 梁振威在《新世纪小学语文课程的前瞻:课程、教材与学习》中,将中国小学语文教学课程与香港、台湾以及新加坡等地的小学课程进行对比分析之后,认为这几个地区的小学语文课程均比较注重对中华文化的提任与语文基本能力的培养。于是,梁氏对新世纪小学语文教材的结构进行了预测,而其中一项预测内容是:新加坡等地的小学语文教材必然也含有很大成分的“中华文化元素”。对于新加坡而言,主要的人口都是华族,其语言政策、语言环境以及小学生的第一语言等也都应与中国的小学语文教育元素有相同之处。

2对新加坡小学语文教材的简介 新加坡是个多元种族、多元文化的国家,在300多万人口中,华人占到了77%,官方语言由英语、华语、马来语、淡米尔语等语言组成。其中,英语为行政语言,马来语是国语,华语是华人的母语。 对于新加坡的幼儿而言,从小就接受双语教育,但英语的使用仍然最为广泛,华语是其第二语言,只有“华文”与“公民道德教育”课用到的是华语教学。 新加坡的小学华语教材分成两种,一种是普通华文,另外一种是高级华文。在培养华文精英时所用的教材是高级华文,而只有极少数人才修读,而绝大多数学生所修读的都是普通华文课程。 二者并没有太大的差别,小学一年级至六年级都各自有203篇文章,主要的区别在对于普通华文包括1832个字,而高级华文包括2090个字,见表1: 表1新加坡小学普通华文教材
| |课文篇数 |总字数 |字量 |共有字数 |独有字数 |
|普通华文 |195 |46499 |1832 |1764 |68 |
|高级华文 |195 |58137 |2090 |1764 |326 |

为了能够真实显示出新加坡教育的真实水平,本文以“普通华文”为考察对象,所选教材内容为新加坡教育部课程规划与编写署编写的“小学华文”课本1—12册(EPB教育出版社,2005)。

3中国小学语文教材与新加坡华文教材口语教学内容的比较 受到众多条件与因素的制约,新加坡华文水平一直无法提高。造成这一现象的原因有以下几个方面:一是英语的强势位置非常稳固,它已发展成为很多华人的家庭用语;二是华文、英文混夹的现象蔚然成风,缺乏良好的语言规范社会环境;三是到目前为止还未设置第二语文非零起点的华文课程。在20多年的发展过程中,政府规定华人必须学习华语的成果是:越来越多的人会用华语来进行简单的沟通与交流,但是华语的层次与规范性还未得到应有体现。由此可以看出,新加坡并不缺乏使用华语的社会环境。对于新加坡幼儿而言,在正式进入小学之前,就能够在学前教育部门接触到华语,并且已经具备简单的听说读写能力。另外,深受广大群众喜爱的华文频道在对新加坡华语的应用发挥了良好的作用。因此,对于以英语为第一语文的小学生而言,他们对于华语的而学习绝对不是零起点的。若要明确他们的华语起点,应对他们进行长期待跟踪调查,但将新加坡小学华文教材与中国小学语文教材进行比较的确是很有必要的。

3.1中国小学语文教材口语课程 在此,我抽选了第一阶段与第三阶段的部分口语交际教材内容,来对教材的落实情况进行检查。对于人教社的《语文一年级上册》教材而言,供安排了六次口语交际图画,但教师在具体的教学过程中可以不受教材的限制,应引导学生与实际生活联系起来进行语言交流与沟通。同时,对于该册的教材内容而言,也强调创设导入话题情境,增强师生之间的互动,并对学生的口语表现进行奖励,并且注重引导学生培养起良好的语言习惯。在对《语文六年级下册》教材特点进行阐述时,特别指出“六年级下册教材既应注重整体性目标的落实,还应同时注重阶段性目标的落实。对于该教材“民风民俗”中的设计内容而言,注重为学生布置明确的任务,引导学生通过自己调查的道德民风民俗进行整理,并将得到的学习方法用于对课文学习之后的习作,并在写完之后进行认真的沟通交流。在口语教学的具体过程中,还注重学生学习情趣的培养,并引导学生树立起明确的学习目标。本册的教材还注重引导学生从实际生活中提炼口语交际的话题,并引导他们多角度地拓宽话题的范围。对于部分内容而言,还非常注重教学情境的创设,如在“谈自己的理想”口语教学时,有的需要引导学生进行回忆,如,说说自己难忘的“第一次”;有的是提前为学生布置,如谈谈自己的民俗民风。总之对于教材而言,在口语教学内容的安排上科学合理,并有针对性,使学生的口语交际能力不断提升,并培养起良好的语言习惯。因此,对于该套教材而言,严格遵照总目标与结算目标的安排,注重目标与教材环环相扣的原则。

3.2新加坡小学华文教材口语课程教学 对于新加坡的《标准》而言,听与说技能的培养分开处理。以1—2年级的华文课程为例,听的技能一共列出8项,即能分辨不同的声母、韵母、音节;还能分辨不同的声调、语调、句调;能听懂句子、句群、话语所要传达的主要信息;具备基本的聆听能力,综合表现在能听懂简单的口头指示;听懂简单的问题;听懂简单的儿歌、儿童故事、生活故事、谜语和寓言故事等;听懂有关日常生活话题的简短谈话,包括个人、家庭即学校方面的话题,能集中注意力听别人说话。而说的技能包括11项,即能以正确的语音、语调和语速说话;能用简单的华语与人交谈;具有初步的会话能力,综合表现在能回答简单的问题并提出问题;发出简单的指示,传达信息,并简述事情发生的经过;简单地表达自己地感受、要求和愿望;根据图画说几句话;针对简单的课题说几句话;简单地复述别人的话、课文、故事的基本内容;简单地报告日常生活中的所见所闻;就日常生活的话题与他人作简短的谈话;养成良好的说话习惯。 对于本教材的说话教学而言,是在与其他语文技能相结合的基础上开展的。主要是回答问题、看图猜意,针对特定的课题发表自己的意见或感受,并对有关内容进行复述,以角色扮演与分组讨论的形式来引导学生学习。对于听力训练而言,除了课堂活动的训练之外,本教材还为学生设定了系统性的训练,以按部就班地提升学生的聆听能力。在此过程中,除了引导学生应明确话语的意思之外,还应记忆话语所传达的意思与内容,并引导学生推断出话语的深层意思。 由此可见,第一阶段目标的设定与教师的引导缺乏联系,并且难度已经超出了一、二年级小学生的口语学习能力。

4中国小学语文教材与新加坡小学华文教材表面价值的比较

4.1研究对象与方法 以中国江苏教育出版社出版(以下简称苏教版)的小学语文教科书12册与新加坡小学华文教科书12册(EBP教育出版社)为研究对象,尝试从价值取向入手对这两套教科书进行比较。对于文中所提到的“价值取向”而言,是指决定行为选择的组织化、内在化、稳定化的理念。

4.2教材内容的比较分析 在编撰原则、作者类别、文章结构方面,两套教科书存在明显的差异。对于中国的语文课程而言,是作为一种重要的工具性学科开开展教学工作的;苏教版共有288篇课文,文章形式涵盖了记叙文、议论文、说明文、童话、寓言故事、神话等不同体裁,其中记叙文占有较大分量。其编写的主导思想是,通过引导学生对教材内容的学习培养起他们热爱祖国语言文字与中国传统文化的思想感情,并引导学生正确运用并理解祖国语文,使他们具备初步的听说读写能力,并养成良好的学习语文的习惯。在具体的教学过程中,学生的社会主义思想品德、爱国主义思想品德等都得到了充分的启蒙教育,使他们拥有了良好个性的同时,养成良好的意志品格。对于低年级的学习任务而言,主要是加强识字写字、汉语拼音、口语交际等内容的学习与训练;对于中高年级小学生的学习任务而言,是按照以上提到的几个方面逐渐提高要求。 对于新加坡使用的新加坡小学华文教科书12册(EBP教育出版社)而言,这套华文教材共有195篇课文,其中讲读课文167篇,阅读课文19篇,自读课文9篇,教材内容主要强调学生语言应用能力的培养,除了重视学生听说读写等基本语文能力之外,还强调学生品德的培养,在文体的设置上主要由记叙文、童话、神话、科普文、诗歌、语言等内容组成, 从两套教材的主导思想来看存在很大不同。首先对于教学目标而言,中国小学语文所提出的教学目标更高,并且更加具体化。对于相同低年级的阅读教学任务而言,中国小学语文要求在具体的学习过程中应结合生活实际,了解词句的正确含义,并且做到有情感地朗读阅读浅显的儿童读物,并引导他们正确掌握大致内容,并认识常用的标点符号,二年级课外阅读不少于5万字;而新加坡的小学华文要求应具有基本的阅读能力、识字能力以及给汉字注音的能力。 同时,两套教科书还都强调对学生思想品德的教育。但对于中国的小学语文教材而言,偏重于对政治思想、社会责任以及优秀品德的教育,而新加坡的小学华文教材则侧重于对学生社会责任感与思想品德的教育,而这种差异的存在与各自国家的文化、政治体制是分不开的,追求社会本位;而新加坡多以华人为主,大多数华人深受儒家思想的影响,注重社会建设的同时,还非常注重对家庭的经营。 此外,两套教科书在教材的组织上存在较大差别。对于苏教版的小学语文教材而言,小学语文每册都包含一个“习惯培养”,6至8个单元,每一个单元都有3至5篇文章,并且每个单元之后都有一个单元练习。同时,从三年级的教材起,每个单元之后还增加了一个写作。对于每一个单元而言,除了包含一个略读课文之外,每篇精度课文都有课后练习。而对于EPB华文教材而言,每册基本含有3至4个单元,课文几乎全是讲读课文。从四年级开始,才在每个单元的后面增加一篇阅读课文;从六年级开始在单元增设一篇自读课文,另外两篇是讲读课文。并且在阅读课文后面有“阅读、思考、讨论”等练习,练习一般包括理解与延伸扩展。对于自读课文而言,课文前面多有“导读”内容,并在课文后加上一个“脑力加油站”,题目涉及到对文章的基本理解以及相应的思维拓展训练。 而对于苏教版的小学语文教材设计而言,练习的地方较多,EPB所涉及的较少;但是从练习的内容来看,EPB华文所涉及到的练习更加具体形象,题目的设计也比较深入。但是从课文的深度上来看EPB华文教材所选文章的难度上来看,文章难度参差不齐,部分文章对于新加坡学生来说难度过大,难以理解,打击了学生学习华文的兴趣,从而限制了华文水平的提高,建议借鉴中国语文教材所选文章适当降级使用。

5中国小学语文教材与新加坡小学华文教材深层价值的比较 对教材的价值取向而言,中国小学语文教材将坚毅、勤学、亲情、奉献等放在了一个比较重要的位置上;而新加坡小学华文教材则更注重亲孝、智能、爱国、友情等价值因素。我国是处于社会主义初级阶段的的国家,社会主义现代化建设是核心任务,表现在对科学家的研究精神的赞扬。如在《第一朵杏花》中,描述了竺可桢先生对科学观察的一丝不苟,并对其兢兢业业的科学研究精神进行了赞扬。与此同时,对“智能”、“勤学”、“进取”、“坚毅”、“奉献”等有一种积极的推崇。对于两地的教材而言,在这方面不仅将其当成个人品质,还把它们当成国家的品质。如对于中国的小学语文教材而言,展现了很多英雄人物、共产党员干部以及在平凡岗位上为了国家利益用于牺牲、敢于奉献的精神,如《孔繁森》一文便是一个很好的例子。同时,受到儒家思想的影响,中国小学语文教材在亲情上也着墨较多。 与中国的小学语文教材相比,新加坡小学语文教材对亲情的描写占有较大比例,如对于《家庭日》这篇文章而言,描述了家庭聚会的热闹与温馨,这种温馨不仅体现在文字的描述,还体现在将其形象地绘之于插图,真切感人。同时,在《我们的恩人》一文中,展现了邻里之间的真诚相待与互帮互助的感人故事,这种主体角度的选择与描写与中国小学语文教材存在很大的不同。对于新加坡的教材而言,更多地是站在一个孩子的角度去观察并思考一个“平民”的生活,读起来给人以真实、亲切的感觉。而对于中国的教材而言,主体多与“领袖”联系在一起,如对于《陈毅探母》一文而言,描写了陈毅元帅细心照料自己的母亲,以一个平凡的人物形象来歌颂一个不平凡的主题,以给人以一种不平凡的感觉。 爱家与爱国是密不可分的,两套教科书都充分强调了这一点,并且都设置了一定数量的文章来直接或间接地表达对人民和对祖国的热爱。这种爱的推广与升华必然会奏出“仁爱”的旋律,即仁慈和同情等。如苏教版《聂将军与日本小姑娘》一文,描写了聂将军那种跨越国际的、宽容的爱更使其形象高大亲切。新加坡小学华文教材也从一个平民的视角来展现平民的仁爱。同时,对于两套教科书而言,都对“合作”、“敬业”、“奉献”等一些团体性之道品德各有所侧重。 从价值取向的政治方面来看,虽然国别不同,但两套教科书均把“爱国”作为对学生进行教育的重要方面。虽然两国在意识形态上有很大的差异,但在“爱国”的主题上有着惊人的共识。如中国苏教版小学语文中《我们爱你啊,中国》、《钱学森》等文章和新加坡小学华文中《月是故乡圆》、《亲爱的祖国》等文章都是反映爱国题材的。对祖国及人民歌颂和赞美的文章也都出现在两套教科书中。另外,两套教科书的共同之处是对社会秩序、信仰理想、自由的追求,即对安宁、有秩序生活的追求和向往。

结语 通过对中国小学语文教材与新加坡小学华文教材内容以及价值取向的比较分析,得出了两套教科书之间存在的共同点与不同之处。对于新加坡教材编纂提出以下建议,要注重课程理念的体现和课程目标的实现。在编写和选择文章时要更加注重文质,体裁需要更丰富多样并且文章的难度一定要符合学生的华语水平。新加坡华文课程标准在这些方面只是作了原则性的描述。新加坡在华文教学中资源有限,与我们国家语文课程教学资源无法相比。希望本文的研究与分析能为教育部门以及教材编写者从认知、价值取向的选择等一定的帮助与启迪作用。另外,受到本人专业水平、阅历等因素的限制,对于本课题的研究与分析还不够深入,缺乏一定的公信力与说服力。为此,在今后的学习与工作过程中,我还会加强对于该课题的深入研究,以使该课题的研究内容变得更加清晰、透彻。

参考文献 [1]梁振威.新世纪小学语文课程的前瞻:课程、教材与学习[A].见:何文胜主编.中国语文教育百年暨新世纪语文课程改革[C].香港:香港教育学院,2004:19-33.
[2]吴英成.华语教学的中国结:全球语言视角[A].见:第一届马来西亚汉语语言学学术会议:敲开语言的窗[C].马来西亚汉语语言学学术会议,马来西亚大学,2006:12-20
[3]刘海涛.语言规划和语言政策一一从定义变迁看科学发展[A].见:陈章太主编.语言规划理论和实践[M].北京:语文出版社,2006:55—60.
[4]新加坡教育部课程规划署.小学华文课程标准[S]2008:5-10
[5]新加坡教育部.育人为本——新加坡学校的灵活性与多元性[Z]2008:9-10

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