...Toward a Conceptual Model of Global Leadership Jose Mathews* In the globalized world, global organizations have to contend with global leaders, and no easy parallel can be found between domestic and global leaderships. Researchers have approached the construct of global leadership from different perspectives of cognitive complexity, competency, behavioral, human capital, personality process and global mindset. In relation to these perspectives and the contextual elements of global business environment, a model of global leadership is derived. The key content variables of global leadership are explained in the realms of cognitive complexity, emotional resilience, cultural intelligence, motivational processes and related facets which interact with the global business environment. Introduction In organizational behavior, leadership appears to be the most researched, debated and discussed topic, and researchers have analyzed what leaders are like, what they do, how they are effective, what are the conditions/situations that make them effective, how do they bring about changes among the followers, the styles of their interactions with the followers and how they go about achieving their individual, group and organizational goals (George, 2000). The traditional focus of leadership is the organization that operates within a limited boundary. However, the changed context of globalization and the emergence of multinational and transnational corporations necessitate...
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...Murray Senior Lecturer Division of Economic and Financial Studies, Department of Business, Macquarie University, NSW. Australia. Phone +61 2 98508468 Email: p.murray@mq.edu.au Key Words: unbounded learning, integrated learning cycles, competencies Abstract In an environment of rapid change, organisational learning theory appears to offer much for organisations trying to grapple with change and growth. Not all theorists agree on the methodologies of organisational learning however, and there is little consensus about how organisations achieve both change and growth simultaneously. This paper attempts to expand the simplistic idea that organisational learning is an adaptive approach supported by individualized and stand-alone strategies of learning. The paper demonstrates how various conventions of learning can be understood as integrated learning cycles from which organisations can chart new paradigms of learning in practice. Current theories of organizational learning are imbued with their own sense of history making, clever manifestos that support a workshop or case study approach, and questionable rather than empirical validations of internally consistent phenomenon. Existing theories of learning however are valuable to the extent that they collectively represent a community of practice from which scholars and practitioners benefit. New conceptual approaches are needed however to link current practices and empirical observation so that individualized...
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...Bandura & Social Cognitive Theory Randy Wayne Rising Liberty University Psychology of Personality 341-D06 Timothy Williams May 07, 2013 Abstract Years of research has been conducted by Albert Bandura on the Social Cognitive Theory. The practical use of Social Cognitive Theory has an interesting approach to changing or maintaining behaviors. Bandura has researched Social Cognitive Theory and the individual differences that show the flexibility that people have dealing with behavior. The Social Cognitive Theory of Mass Communication discusses the role that mass media plays in society in regard to influences on behavior within society. The Social Cognitive Theory of Human Agency, by Bandura, which describes the power that people posses to influence their own actions to get the deserved results the individual, desires. Social Cognitive Theory on Gender Development addresses the development of people’s lives according to the gender and the roles that are stereotypical by society in regards to personality and behavior. Health Promotion from the Perspective of Social Cognitive Theory deals with health promotion and disease prevention from social cognitive theory. The approach of changing health practices of social systems rather than the habits of individuals. Social Cognitive Theory in Cultural Context explains that people adapt to diverse conditions all over the world. Parents from impoverished environments through sacrifices want their children to have a better...
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...in games with rules. These rule-oriented games include informally organized games as well as formally organized sports, such as little league, club or intramural sports. The former category may be variants on popular sports games, well-known childhood games such as red rover, and invented games that children develop on their own. The principal commonality is that these games have a set of rules and often have multiple roles for players. While informal outdoor play allows children to develop rules and try out multiple scenarios, formal, organized sports allows children to learn rules, appreciate their personal skills, and develop their position on a team. Both types of rule-oriented games are important for developing social competencies and enhanced cognitive capabilities. This milestone develops as children begin to develop more improved motor coordination, a better capacity for information processing, and a heightened social maturity (Berk, 2007, p. 294). The physical skills at play in rule-oriented games include flexibility, balance, agility, and force, reflective of increased muscle strength. All four of these are basic motor capacities which become more refined with the gross motor development of middle childhood. Additionally, children’s enhanced capacity for information processing and gains in reaction time and perspective taking—the ability to understand the motivations and roles of others—enable more sophisticated game play. At this critical juncture school age children’s...
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...in Harvard Business Review (“The Core Competence of the Corporation”). Directly addressed to people in management and strategy, this article was clearly prescriptive as to the best way to set winning strategies for the firm, especially as to diversification and the abusive use of SBUs (Strategic Business Units) in highly decentralized profit centres. “In the 1990s, top executives will be judged on their ability to identify, cultivate, and exploit the core competencies that make growth possible”. Since the 1990s, the resource based view (RBV) and the core competence approach (CCA) became very attractive for many researchers and consultants. Such interest was well supported by what seemed to be a clear and superior way of setting strategies by large Japanese groups which frequently served as a benchmark case of core competence management. The strong and pervasive trends for continuous technological innovation and for technological alliances created also a rich context for the use of RBV and CCA to strategy. Analysis and theory were tempted to move from transaction costs to resources or competences or capabilities sometime in a fuzzy way in interpreting strategic moves in the context of alliances and technological changes. Although attractive, the...
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...estoin Asking the “Good Question” Abstract Research seems to indicate that the degree to which an online facilitator is involved—or not involved—in online discussions is dependent on a number of variables (Dysthe, 346). This paper suggests a way in which the online facilitator can be involved, a way that nudges participants into deeper levels of cognitive understanding. The premise behind this paper is that dialogue generated by good questions, based on Bloom’s taxonomy of cognitive competencies, supports learning (Elder and Paul). In this case, the goal of the online facilitator is to help the participant move to both deeper and higher levels of cognitive understanding of the material by asking the “good question” that prompts both individual reflection and dialogue with the participant and among participants. This paper outlines a step-by-step approach to this end. **************************** Facilitators play an important role in the online learning environment. They put a personalized touch to the participants’ experience from the moment they greet them at course entry until the final congratulatory email. They support a safe place for learning by modeling appropriate online behavior in their postings. And, most importantly, they facilitate the online discussion forums by helping the participant explore the learning more deeply. The discussion method has been a widely used learning technique in both face-to-face and virtual classrooms. Discussion...
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...A DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES AMONG DIRECT SELLERS IN MALAYSIA FOR THE 12TH ABC ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE AT DOSHISHA UNIVERSITY, KYOTO, JAPAN ON MARCH 13 – 15, 2013 FIRST AUTHOR NUREDAYU OMAR (PRESENTER) UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA nuredayu@uum.edu.my CO-AUTHOR PROFESSOR CHE SU MUSTAFFA UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA chesu402@uum.edu.my *THIS MANUSCRIPT IS ORIGINAL AND HAS NOT BEEN PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE A DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING COMMUNICATION COMPETENCIES AMONG DIRECT SELLERS IN MALAYSIA Many studies have been conducted related to communication competencies since the last decade until now. However, the availability of the studies on communication competencies has not been explored in depth particularly in the direct selling context in Malaysia. To understand the direct sellers’ communication competencies, a conceptual framework will be built based on related literature studies. Literature reviews have shown a variety of studies on communication competencies from the behavioral and cognitive perspectives. Although numerous studies have provide understanding of communication competence in various context, there is a gap in viewing communication competencies in a more dynamic context, particularly in the process of communication of direct sellers with their potential customers. This paper attempts to discuss the importance of...
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... 1 I. II. III. IV. Sources of Self-Efficacy Beliefs Efficacy-Mediated Processes Adaptive Benefits of Optimistic Self-Beliefs of Efficacy Development and E xercise of Self-Efficacy Over the Lifespan Glossary Affective Processes: Processes regulating emotional states and elicitation of emotional reactions. Cognitive Processes: Thinking processes involved in the acquisition, organization and use of information. Motivation: Activation to action. Level of motivation is reflected in choice of courses of action, and in the intensity and persistence of effort. Perceived Self-Efficacy: People's beliefs about their capabilities to produce effects. Self-Regulation: Exercise of influence over one's own motivation, thought processes, emotional states and patterns of behavior. Perceived self-efficacy is defined as people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives. Selfefficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think, motivate themselves and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes. They include cognitive, motivational, affective and selection processes. A strong sense of efficacy enhances human accomplishment and personal well-being in many ways. People with high assurance in their capabilities approach difficult tasks as challenges to be mastered rather than as threats to be avoided. Such an efficacious outlook fosters...
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...Discussion 1: Future Leader Experiences Experiences play an important role in how future leaders will run the organization. Give three examples of how effective competencies, relationships, and learning capabilities can be measured as factors in future leadership development. The importance of business leadership is well articulated with the observation, a good leader can make a success of a weak business plan, but a poor leader can ruin even the best plan. That’s why developing effective leadership using a consistent talent management program at all levels across the organization can return significant business value. To identify, attract, fill, and retain corporate leadership talent, companies need leadership development programs focused on hiring strategies, employee development, and career and succession planning. Successful organizations need both leaders and managers, but there are fundamental differences between a manager and a leader. While leaders influence, inspire, and drive people to a common goal, the role of a manager is to keep the day to day operations of an organization running smoothly. Employee development must reflect these differences and provide development of both sets of skills. Major talent management functions all play a part in a comprehensive leadership development program, and can be well supported by a unified talent management technology platform, specifically: Recruitment to source leadership talent Assessments to evaluate leadership...
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...International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2011, 3(2), 411-423 www.iojes.net Pedagogical Competences – The Key to Efficient Education Andreia Irina SUCIU1 and Liliana MÂŢĂ21 Abstract The aim of our study is to provide a holistic representation of pedagogical skills closely related with current approaches in the field of professional competence for the teaching career. The paper covers three dimensions from the perspective of pedagogical competences. The first dimension is on the definition of pedagogical competence. The concept of pedagogical competence tends to be used with the meaning of minimum professional standard, often specified by law, which should raise a person in fulfilling a particular role of the teaching profession. The second dimension is based on representative taxonomies and highlights current pedagogical competences. The taxonomic classification, which we provide below only refers to the basic competences involved in the based role of a teacher to lead one of the educational activities with students. The third dimension is represented by a proposal in a narrow framework of a holistic representation of pedagogical competences for the teaching career. In the holistic view, we delineate two broad categories of pedagogical competences in accord with current approaches: general pedagogical competence and special pedagogical competence. After analyzing the pedagogical competences taxonomies, we obtained a comprehensive and actual representation. This...
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...intelligence, or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to to examine a number of mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed. Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities: Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone (1887-1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstone's theory focused on seven different "primary mental abilities." The abilities that he described were: * Verbal comprehension * Reasoning * Perceptual speed * Numerical ability * Word fluency * Associative memory * Spatial visualization Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences: One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence are not a full and accurate depiction of people's abilities. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities that are valued within different cultures. The eight intelligences Gardner described are: * Visual-spatial Intelligence * Verbal-linguistic Intelligence ...
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...‘what we want to be’ creates what Vansina (1999) calls ‘psychic tension’. This tension lies in the feasibility of moving from what we are to what we want to be. This requires both will and coordinated actions. The key to realizing a vision or fulfilling a mission is strategy Vansina presents two positions. A mission becomes feasible through strategy. And a mission is possible when we believe in our capacity to design an appropriate strategy to reach it. It requires self-efficacy to decide the latter. Today’s leaders, contemplating mergers and globalizations, frequently have great visions, but getting from A to B is often mysterious as sailing off to an unknown waters in the age of exploration. Hence strategic thinking is a crucial cognitive competency of leaders. What is Strategy? The word ‘strategy’ comes from the Greek, strategos, which originally referred to a general in command of an army. Its meaning evolved over several centuries BC to successively the art of the general, managerial skills as well as oratory and power, and ultimately to employ forces to defeat opposing forces and to develop a unified system of global governance. Farjoun (2002) defines strategy as “the planned or actual coordination of the firm’s major goals and actions, in time and space, that continuously co-align the firm with its environment”. Expressed in the simplest possible way, strategy is about how to get from where we are now to where we want to be. It is a ‘journey plan’ (Grayson &...
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...93) from both genders, between the ages of 18 and 29, who were screened in terms of hearing and visual impairments and any history of psychiatric or neurological difficulties. These students were from the University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus. Critically evaluate the South African normative sample by answering questions 1 and 2. Question 1 There are similarities and differences between the South African and the original norm sample. Given the purpose of the test, which characteristic(s) implies/imply that the local sample is appropriate? (1) age (2) absence of hearing and visual impairments (3) absence of psychiatric and neurological difficulties (4) all of the above Question 2 Which unique characteristic would probably have the greatest effect on the performance of the local sample in comparison to the original norm sample? (1) age (2) hearing or visual impairments (3) language Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (a non-verbal measure) (4) culture Gradidge and De Jager (2011) evaluated the psychometric properties of the Wellness Questionnaire for Higher Education. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranged between 0.80 and 0.96 for the seven subscales of the questionnaire and the test-retest coefficients ranged between -0.04 and 0.71...
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...factor that allows an organism to adapt to its surroundings, a way of understanding one’s world (Shiraev, 2010). Along with understanding one’s world, intelligence allows one to make and complete goals, and overcome obstacles that may come into one’s life. This understanding of intelligence sets a good basis for understanding and defining intelligence, however, a do develop a greater understanding it is necessary to study the different theoretical testing of intelligence. This review will also examine the effectiveness of these various theories. Multiple Intelligence Theory In the late 1980’s Howard Gardner introduces a different viewpoint to the traditional theories of intelligence. He did this by including, language, logical-math, spatial relations, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal/intrapersonal, and natural (Klein, 1997). In his theory, Gardner specifies that every individual has “all of the intelligences, although everyone has a unique cognitive profile, and the intelligences work together in a complex manner, and each intelligence as several dimensions” (Goodnough, 2002, p. 1). Gardner also stipulates that...
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...social skills and, subsequently, better competence in developing friendships and romantic relationships (Engles, Finkenauer, Meeus, & Dekovic, 2005). Ainsworth found that the anxious-ambivalently attached are especially at-risk for later behavioral problems, including aggressive conduct. These data suggested it is vital for the one-third of children who do not develop a secure attachment as infants be provided opportunities to repair the original attachment relationship or construct some form of attachment outside the home, perhaps through interaction with a teacher or mentor. This paper will “BRIEFLY DESCRIBE HOW PARENTS AND TEACHERS CAN HELP TEACH SOCIAL COMPETENCE”. Erikson (1950) provided another important theory related to social competence; his psychosocial theory of personality development emphasized the interplay between the social and emotional domains. Erikson highlighted the importance of the person resolving a series of conflicts where interpersonal relationships play an important role. In infancy, the conflict is Trust versus Mistrust. Erikson hypothesized that an infant will develop trust through interaction with a warm, available, and responsive caregiver or the infant will develop mistrust through interaction with a negative or unresponsive and unavailable caregiver. Subsequently, it is this development of trust in infancy that allows an individual to succeed in the next stage of toddlerhood called Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt. In this stage, the toddler is...
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