... CONCEPT PAPER MFC 301 MBA ETHICAL RELATIVISM & REASONING IN ETHICS INTRODUCTION People develop their judgment concerning morality over time. They improve and widen them through interactions with individuals and social institutions. In different societies each with their own ethnicity and traditions, there are different thoughts concerning how humans are to behave. Different societies and cultures have different policies, different customs, laws and regulations and moral ideas. ETHICAL RELATIVISM Cultures vary extensively in their ethical practices. Whatvarious practices that some societies considers morally acceptable, can be condemned in others, like polygamy or adultery, racism, sexism, and genocide, which is the deliberate killing of people who belong to a particular racial, political or cultural group. Differences like these may make us question whether there are any universal moral principles or whether morality is merely a matter of "cultural taste."Dissimilarities in these practices across cultures raise a vitalconcern in ethics -- the concept of "ethical relativism." Ethical relativism is the philosophy that states that morality is relative to the customs of one's culture. Albeit, whether an action is right or wrong is contingent on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced.The same action may be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in another. It is a theory in which the point of ethics and their...
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...Lillian Haywood Philosophy 3101 December 6, 2012 Freedom In My Opinion The word freedom has little meaning to anyone if we don't have a common definition. Freedom is the state of being free or at liberty rather than in confinement or under physical restraint or the power to determine action without restraint. In my opinion freedom starts with a principle of self-control or self ownership. We have legal control over our body and mind. The concept of freedom refers to a certain type of political empowerment which means, a free society is one with an equal distribution of our legal rights and in which each and every person has as much legal rights as possible. In a free society, one person cannot have so many rights that all other people could not logically have the same amount of legal rights. Can you imagine if the world was like this, there would be more chaos thatn we already have in the world. An example is, freedom doesn't include the legal right to enslave someone else because freedom includes the legal right not to be enslaved. Also, freedom does not include the legal right to non-defensively punch someone in the face against their will because freedom includes the right to not be offensively punched. I believe that's battery and assault in the law enforcement world. The principle of self-control lets us easily realize why freedom includes the legal right to self-defense. Freedom includes self-defense because empowering people with so...
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...Volume 27.4 December 2003 939-41 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Debates and Developments The Right to the City DAVID HARVEY The city, the noted urban sociologist Robert Park once wrote, is: man's most consistent and on the whole, his most successful attempt to remake the world he lives in more after his heart's desire. But, if the city is the world which man created, it is the world in which he is henceforth condemned to live. Thus, indirectly, and without any clear sense of the nature of his task, in making the city man has remade himself. The right to the city is not merely a right of access to what already exists, but a right to change it after our heart's desire. We need to be sure we can live with our own creations (a problem for every planner, architect and utopian thinker). But the right to remake ourselves by creating a qualitatively different kind of urban sociality is one of the most precious of all human rights. The sheer pace and chaotic forms of urbanization throughout the world have made it hard to reflect on the nature of this task. We have been made and re-made without knowing exactly why, how, wherefore and to what end. How then, can we better exercise this right to the city? The city has never been a harmonious place, free of confusions, conflicts, violence. Only read the history of the Paris Commune of 1871, see Scorsese's fictional depiction of The Gangs of New York in the 1850s, and think how far we have come. But...
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...Pleasure and Satisfaction It is natural for us to be happy. We want to compliment or do the cool thing and share to each other. When you feel joy to the world is brilliant but you have to ask yourself that what is happiness? What the factors that determine happiness are or something that makes people happy, why different people one were happy, but the other people were not happy though they both have everything equally. What to do to make yourself happy. I firmly believe that the attainment of our desires makes us happy. Pleasure and satisfaction is kind of feeling or emotion and has several levels, a little comfort or satisfaction or the full enjoyment of fun and when it a matter of emotion is and measurements that are happy or not. The answer it depends on the individual's sense of the moment that how much they look at life satisfaction, when we are very satisfied in life we’ll very happy with it so the people that have everything equally, they might be have different happy if they had the satisfaction in life different. Incentives as a tool to encourage individual satisfaction the first thing is a material inducement including goods or money to the state of physical activities. Second, desirable physical condition is the environment in which the activity is one important aspect that contributes to physical health. Third, ideal benefaction refers to the various needs of the individual. Forth, association attractiveness is a friendly relationship with the participants. This...
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...REFLECTION: What is freedom? Is it an absolute right? We are born to become free. Freedom is defined from different aspects, and according to different cultures, freedom varies from culture to another. Some define freedom as a natural right, the human being is born with. Everyone wants to be free and independent from others. Freedom is the right to do what one wants, live where he wants, eat what he wants, learns what he wants, and chooses the religion in which he believes, without ignoring or harming other rights. We cannot ignore the rights of people with whom we live in the society. We cannot simply do what we want and ignore others. We must take other people rights into consideration. Historically, there has been an evident proof that freedom is innate to human and that he will fights as long as he lives to restore his innate right to be a free man .The western civilization guaranteed freedom for its own people, and occupied poor nations and deprived their people from their rights, including freedom. So, these poor nations fought without rest to restore freedom and autonomy from occupation. Abduction of rights is not a respectful human action. Since God gave us freedom for free, we must do our best to maintain and keep this right. Among the most humiliating ways to punish a human, is to deprive him from freedom. When one goes to jail, his freedom is deprived, and so he is suffering, which is the point to punishment. Lacking freedom teaches the human lessons, he will...
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...‘There are no just causes for war’ Many argue that there are just reasons for going to war however others state that there are no just reason at all, some reasons to go to war can be fighting for human rights or defending your religion however these can be overseen due to the amount of innocent people who die during war. A just reason for war may be to restore or protect human rights. Many people will claim or demand for better human rights and will want to oppose anyone who will go against them, this is a just reason for war as people are standing together and uniting as one to get what they want which is a better life. Augustine said that a just cause for going to war was ‘defending from attack’, if human rights were violated citizens may feel attacked and under threat therefore in order to restore peace they will have to go to war as they will see this as the only sensible response. The general rule is that only those people fighting you are legitimate targets of attack. Those who are not fighting should not be attacked as this would violate their human rights. Another just cause for going to war is self-defence; the clearest just cause is acting against an aggressor, for example in an invasion, many people are patriotic and would rather die instead of giving up their country to invaders therefore will start a war as a sense of self defence. Augustine said that a just cause for war was ‘recapturing things taken’; this view can be used here as invaders would be trying to...
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...A Review of Ethics Concepts & Theories Educational Objectives: 1. Explain the type of problem that is addressed by philosophers. 2. Explain how ethical norms help address ethical issues that arise in accountancy. 3. Contrast the views of Mills, Machiavelli and Kant. 4. Describe what is meant by a social contract. 5. Analyze a given situation and tell why it would be appropriate or inappropriate to lie. 6. Explain the views of Kierkegaard and contrast him from other existentialists. 7. Discuss the concept that ethics cannot be based on religion. 8. Explain the use of ethical reasoning and how it can be used in your professional life. Introduction The major ethical principles accepted in the western world follow guidelines and rules that must be universally applied in all situations. These ethical principles are established primarily on the basis of teachings set forth by philosophers throughout the ages, starting with the great Greek thinkers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. As you might expect, there have been many alterations 修改 to these moral principles throughout the years. What was considered ethically correct by some was rejected by others and replaced with their own concept of what constituted moral or ethical behavior. A Comment about Philosophy: Philosophy, unlike science, addresses issues that cannot be solved. In fact, some philosophers state that if a problem can be solved, philosophers will not even...
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...Name: Jessie James Tan Course: BS-IM Title: Business Ethics Ethical Concepts and Cases 3rd.ed. Author: Manuel G. Velasquez Book No.: HF5387V441993 IT-ETHICS (Book Review8) Chapter5 (Ethics and the Environment) Quotation: “As the earth in a short few decades becomes twice as crowded with human beings as it is now, and as human societies are confronted with dwindling resources in the midst of mounting accumulations of wastes, and steadily deteriorating environment, we can only foresee social paroxysms of an intensity greater than any we have so far known.” Reaction: This quote is about the environment that we are in today. It is said that in a number of years the world will be full of humans and that the resources will be less and also we will see that the environment will be near its end. If we won’t act now the future world will be a waste full of people living in it. Such companies are trying to make income but do not think of the things that he has done to the environment. There are those plants and factories that create waste that ruins our environment. There must be an action to take so that the environment will be saved. Companies can gain income and not harm the environment. They must think and act ethically for the future world to be saved. Chapter summary: This chapter is about the proper way of thinking of the environment and being ethical when it come to environmental issues. The environment today is fast fading it is because of the...
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...Abstract Business Ethics is the application of general ethical concepts to specific situations confronted in a business. The main question asked when analyzing business ethics is what is right and what is wrong as far as someone’s behavior in a business. What principles or what rules can be used a guidance in certain business situations. Some people feel that business and ethics should not go hand-in-hand. They feel that there is no room for ethics in business. While others feel that businesses need to practice good ethical and moral values within their company. Ethical questions can range from a company’s obligation to be honest with its customers, to a company’s responsibility to protect employee’s rights. There are several concepts and approaches that businesses can refer to in helping them make moral business decisions. Business Ethics Business Ethics studies and evaluates business decisions according to moral concepts and judgments. Business ethics has two main characteristics. One, it tells people what they should and should not do. Two, it sets a list of principles or rules to be followed. Deciding how we behave towards ourselves and others is a matter of making choices. Making the right choices can be extremely crucial in a business environment. Why Ethics is Important in Business When business people think about business ethics they are usually thinking about one of three things. The first is to avoid breaking the law in a work related activity. The second is...
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...of Business Law and Ethics Course of Study Your competence will be assessed as you complete the LWC1 objective assessment for this course of study. This course of study may take up to 10 weeks to complete. Introduction Overview There are the two major subdomains of study within the Fundamentals of Business Law and Ethics Course of Study: business law and business ethics. The exam covers 11 business law and ethics concepts, including the following: contractual relationship government regulation of business dispute resolution labor and employment law hiring and employment practices warranties, negligence, and liabilities Sarbanes-Oxley Act ethical issues in business ethical leadership ethics programs use of company resources You likely have had some experience with the legal system, either through your own encounters or merely through listening to the nightly news, and you have probably read or heard about various ethical and legal issues causing financial upheaval in today's business world. This background will serve you well in this study. Now you can expand on that experience, and perhaps refine and enhance your own views on these issues. Once you complete this course of study, you will have demonstrated a level of competence that you can immediately use in your work setting and career. Outcomes and Evaluation There are 10 competencies covered by this course of study; they are listed in the "Competencies for Fundamentals of Business Law and Ethics (LWC1) " page. You will...
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...Professional Moral Compass Ethics, a branch of philosophy refers to the values for human conduct, considering the rightness and wrongness of actions and motives. As nursing profession is an integral part of the health care environment, the nursing ethics provides the insight to the values and ethical principles governing nursing practice, conduct, and relationships. The Code of Ethics for Nurses, adopted by the American Nurses' Association (ANA) is intended to provide definite standards of practice and conduct that are essential to the ethical discharge of the nurse's responsibility (American Nurses Association, 2012). A nurse cultivates personal ethics through personal, cultural and spiritual values which becomes a moral compass for their professional ethics. Personal ethics in combination with the code of ethics often assist the nurses in personal and social decision making during ethical dilemma. This ability prompts them to better respond to needs of the suffering patient and their own well-being. This paper will discuss the personal, cultural, and spiritual values contributing to nurses’ individual worldview and philosophy of nursing and the moral and ethical dilemma being faced in this profession. Values Contributing to Individual’s Worldview and Philosophy of Nursing Born in a Christian middle class South Indian family, the strict traditional values helped to embed the concept of service, trust, respect, integrity and responsibility through family, friends, education...
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...Personalized Study Guide Results: Score: 17 / 18 Concepts Mastery Questions Stakeholder Influence 67% 123 Ethical Differences 100% 456 Rules of Ethical Decision Making 100% 789 Laws Affecting Business Commerce 100% 101112 Laws Affecting Business Occupation 100% 131415 Laws Affecting Business Organization 100% 161718 Concept: Stakeholder Influence Mastery 67% Questions 123 Materials on the concept: Stakeholders and Business Ethics 1. Which of the following people or groups supply a company with productive resources and are affected by the way a company does business? A. Stakeholders B. Customers C. Employees D. Managers Correct : “Stakeholders (are) people or groups of people who supply a company with its productive resources and thereby have an interest in how the company behaves” (Jones, 2007, p. 144). Materials Stakeholders and Business Ethics 2. Who has a claim on a company because they own shares? A. Employees B. Stockholders C. Customers D. Managers Correct : Stockholders own shares (stock) of a company; therefore, they have a claim on the company’s profits in the form of dividends. Materials Stakeholders and Business Ethics 3. Important issues can arise concerning how and when payments are made to this group of stakeholders? A. Stockholders B. Customers C. Employees D. Suppliers and distributors Incorrect : Many issues are dependent on business ethics, one of which is making sure that suppliers...
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...SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Student Name: Student Number: Instructor: Class: Date: The concept of Sustainable development has in the recent past, raised concerns in all aspects of day to day living. Consequently, over the years a number of definitions and connotations have been associated with this concept, so as to apply it in different professional settings. Particularly, different professions have adopted various codes of ethical; conduct centered on sustainable development. Accordingly individuals working in various sectors constantly seek to adhere to these codes of conduct within their mandates. The engineering sector is one such area where the concept of sustainable development is regarded as a key tenet guiding ethical conduct among engineers. This paper traces the history of the concept of sustainable development and how it is practically incorporated into the engineering profession. Further, this paper examines the current Engineers’ Code of Ethics and how it addresses the issue of sustainable development. There have been various definitions regarding the concept of sustainable development. However, all these definitions revolve around the concept of need and limitation. The all time famous definition was one brought forward by the world Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 that termed sustainable development as, ”development that satisfies present needs without undermining the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs.”. This definition...
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...Business Ethics Columbia Southern University Business ethics has become a key component in our economic relations and trade industry internationally. Ethics are defined as “how human beings should properly live their lives” (Hartman, DesJardins, & MacDonald, 2014, p. 11). Business ethics are the policies and practices that are applied in the professional or business environment, especially when dealing with controversial issues. The approach to business ethics is diverse and has many interpretations as you travel around the world, just as there are different theories to define these approaches. To begin, we will discuss three different theories to business ethics, and how they change and are applied to the business environment. Business ethics have developed for many different reasons in many different places, beginning with the Ten Commandments as a definition of how to live and treat one another, a concept that is still strongly believed in and practiced today. The bible and religion in general, have defined ethics for many individuals and are concepts that people practice in their work environment. Philosophers have had their own definitions and practices over time. Aristotle and Plato are well known for their discussions on justice, economic relations, trade, and commerce, making statements into rules about greed, treating each other as equals, or “having an equal amount before and after the transaction” (De George, 2005). The 1960’s brought a real test...
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...Nursing Ethics http://nej.sagepub.com/ Demarcation of the ethics of care as a discipline: Discussion article Klaartje Klaver, Eric van Elst and Andries J Baart Nurs Ethics published online 22 October 2013 DOI: 10.1177/0969733013500162 The online version of this article can be found at: http://nej.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/10/21/0969733013500162 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Nursing Ethics can be found at: Email Alerts: http://nej.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://nej.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> OnlineFirst Version of Record - Oct 22, 2013 What is This? Downloaded from nej.sagepub.com at Tilburg University on October 24, 2013 Article Demarcation of the ethics of care as a discipline: Discussion article Nursing Ethics 1–11 ª The Author(s) 2013 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav 10.1177/0969733013500162 nej.sagepub.com Klaartje Klaver, Eric van Elst and Andries J Baart Tilburg University, The Netherlands Abstract This article aims to initiate a discussion on the demarcation of the ethics of care. This discussion is necessary because the ethics of care evolves by making use of insights from varying disciplines. As this involves the risk of contamination of the care ethical discipline, the challenge for care ethical...
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