...Although all of the classes and coursework a student completes is necessary to learning the theory behind becoming an educator, there is indeed somewhat of a disconnect between educational theory and practice. For instance, an understanding of concepts such as culturally responsive teaching, multicultural classrooms, and other methods of supporting student learning and development is important, but there is a difference between knowing a concept and then applying it to a real-life classroom. Sadowski outlines ten different ways to practically apply educational theories to working with adolescents. These ten principles focus on how to better connect with and support adolescent students, as well as how to make your own teaching practices more...
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...At the beginning of the semester, I had never taken a philosophy class and I had never really considered the role that ethics plays in health care. Yet, through the progression of the semester with each article that was analyzed and each class discussion, I was made aware of many issues in health care and how those issues were addressed from a philosophical/ethical viewpoint. One of the main takeaways I had from the semester was the idea of the four principles approach which includes, respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Although not one principle has more importance than the next, the topic of autonomy was a main concern discussed through a range of topics from articles about organ transplants, surrogacy, abortion, moral enhancements, and dementia. However, to answer the concerns pertaining to the articles, autonomy was often paired with one of the other principles. Before taking philosophy, I was unaware of the four principles approach used in medical ethics and throughout the semester I learned how the four principles worked together to provide assessment and debate to difficult topics in our health care system. At the beginning of the semester, I believed a person’s autonomy to be there ability to make a decision on their own, so long as they were a legal adult or not mentally impaired. As the semester went on my definition of autonomy evolved to resembled Jukka Varelious definition which states, “Personal autonomy is, at minimum, self-rule that...
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...Have you ever pondered the idea of existing solely for yourself? It’s been said that those who follow their own heart often lack understanding from outside perspective. However, I am here to prove that theory false. I have always lived my life day-by-day, but, over time, the experiences I endured have changed my angle on things. Although my journey may only be beginning, having the chance to experience this part of life with others brings me reassurance that we can create a bigger picture. We may exist in life individually, but when in pursuit of our passions we discover that what is in our heart, is what brings us together. This isn’t the kind of story you’d expect to hear, but I can guarantee you this is a story that needs to be heard. I once heard "nothing starts until you begin", I didn't realize the meaning behind this quote until my life had started to take a path I knew was not fit for myself. As I've grown older I have become acutely aware and curious about my surroundings; with what comes next in life. Somewhere along the way I became lost inside the idea that the world lies in my hands. I could accomplish anything when fully giving myself, but what did I want to fully give myself to? It took many hardships and experiences for me to finally "find" myself. My reality changed for the better and it was only a matter of time before the environment I was engaged in showed these changes. All I had endured proved its purpose in my life as my soul learned development in becoming...
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...To begin, I must note that this was a tremendously insightful article that deepened my understanding of PBS greatly. I was not aware that both PBS and FBA were two of several concepts included in the 1997 amendments to IDEA. One aspect of special education that I am working to learn more about is the laws and legislation that govern this area, so information such as this is beneficial. Furthermore, the challenges faced by educators when managing difficult behaviors are mentioned. One challenge is the lack of staff within the school that are trained to attend to and education students with more severe behaviors. I believe that it is necessary to have at least one person who can guide the process and provide, as the authors mention, “ongoing staff support” (Sugai, 1999). There is also the issue of fidelity which is crucial to the success of PBS within a school and staff members with specialized skills in this space can help ensure that all members of the team are working towards the same goal. For most educators, the goal is for children to display appropriate behaviors in all areas (home, school, community) and the struggle seems to be creating the correct level of support to those implementing the program. The article mentions “systems-change efforts that create opportunities to integrate PBS methods into the culture of the school” (Sugai, 1999). These initiatives create support for not only school personnel but the families of children and the community as well. Likewise...
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...Useful Tips in Writing a Research Paper Noel F. Noble, Ph.D. October 27 2015 Chapter 1 Introduction and Background of the Study Introduction Theoretical Framework Theoretical framework shapes the justification of the research problem in order to provide the legal basis for defining its parameters. It is a symbolic construction which uses abstract concepts, facts or laws, variables and their relation that explains and predicts how an observed phenomenon exists and operates. Conceptual Framework Conceptual framework presents specific and well-defined concepts which are called constructs. Its function is similar to theoretical framework because the constructs used are derived from abstract concepts of the theoretical framework. Statement of the Problem Statement of the problem sets the direction of the study. It has to be stated vividly and explicitly in interrogative form. A good research problem should be SMART, that is, Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Bound. Significance of the Study Significance of the study explains its importance. It defines the contribution of the study in relation to solving the problem and need; bridging a knowledge gap; improving social, economic and health conditions; enriching research instruments and methods; and supporting government thrusts. Significance of the study is presented either in inductive or deductive perspective. In and inductive way, the researcher moves from the particular to the general...
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...time art movements are bound to change and come about. Through these changes also comes different analysis and critiques of the works being made. Greenberg and Alloway were big critics in the 40s and 50s, but by the time of the 1960s artists begin to write their own critiques. Two artists who take part in writing their own critiques of the evolving conceptual art movement are Sol LeWitt and Joseph Kosuth. In “Paragraphs on Conceptual Art” and “Sentences of Conceptual Art,” by LeWitt is best defining conceptual art by the process in which it is made. The logic or rather no logic behind the simplicity that is conceptual art and how it is to be understood is the focus of LeWitts paragraphs and sentences. LeWitt so states that “Conceptual Artists are mystics rather than rationalists. They leap to conclusions that logic cannot reach.”1 For Kosuth, he pushes the understanding of art as a language, and the value of the function and idea of artwork being the primary basis in what makes a piece of work good, rather than the aesthetic. Sol Lewitt states it best by saying that conceptual art is not necessarily logical2, and it isn’t. It is, however, simple; simple in the sense of understanding that it is not the completed object that is the focus of the work, but rather the idea that is trying to be portrayed. In the end, whether or not a material piece is even created is trivial. Conceptual art is made to get the mind of the viewer to think, and question the art and its function. It is...
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...CIV E 603: Information Modeling and Database Systems Lecture 1 1 What to Study? Introduction to Data base Relational Model Database design Structured Query Language (SQL) 22 Let’s begin the journey !! …. in to fascinating world of databases 23 Today’s outline Database Management System (DBMS) Entity-Relationship (ER) Model 24 What is a database? Many people would like to call it organization… 25 What is a database? Database is a structured collection of related data. Many name it efficiency… 26 A database is A home for data – since that is where data stay… A manager for data – since data are organized neatly… A GOOGLE for data – since a particular record can be found in a snap… A guardian for data – since a database rejects malicious accesses… … 27 What is a Database? Database: is a collection of related data Data: known facts that can be recorded and that have implicit meaning Properties of database: • represents some aspect of the real world (mini-world -UoD) • logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning. A random assortment of data cannot correctly be referred to as a database. • designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose. It has an intended groups of users. 28 What is a Database? A database can be of any size and of varying complexity. • For example, the list of...
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...CA218 Introduction to Databases Notes Chapter 4: Entity-Relationship (ER) Data Modelling • • • • • Introduction ER Definitions ER Notation Relationships ER Examples (c) Martin Crane 2011 CA218 Introduction to Databases Notes Introduction to ER Modelling • • • • • An Entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data. ER modelling is a DB modelling method, used to produce a type of conceptual schema of a system. Diagrams created by this process are called ER diagrams. Sequence: Conceptual data model (i.e. ER) is, at a later stage (called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, (e.g. relational model); this is mapped to a physical model in physical design. ER Model used to interpret, specify & document requirements for DBs irrespective of DBMS being used. Planning/ Analysis Data Model (ER Diagram) Logical DB Conceptual Design Logical Data Model (Relational, Normal Form) Physical DB Design Physical Data Model (Tables with P., F. Keys etc) Implementation (c) Martin Crane 2011 CA218 Introduction to Databases Notes • Entity (Instance): ER Definitions Student – An instance of a physical object in the real world. – Entity Class: Group of objects of the same type. – E.g. Entity Class “Student”, Entities “John”, “Trish” etc • Attributes: – Properties of Entities that describe their characteristics. – Types: • Simple: Attribute that is not divisible, e.g. age. • Composite: Attribute...
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...THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework that used in the study is the IPO or the Input-Process-Output pattern; this is widely used for describing the structure of an information processing program or other process. Many introductory programming and systems analysis texts introduce this as the most basic structure for describing a process. In this diagram, the IPO is connected by an arrow and viewed by a series of boxes. Flowchart and conceptual framework are often used to represent the process of one study and allow us to map and assess the research findings. What goes in is the input; what causes the change is the process; and what comes out is the output. Fast and Accurate than the manual type in computing grade. Using the program to calculate the grade of a student. Evaluation about the program The manual computation of grades using a calculator or other software. Input Process Output Figure 1. Input-Output-Process A conceptual framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It is used to make conceptual distinctions and organize ideas. Strong conceptual frameworks capture something real and do this in a way that is easy to remember and apply. Figure 1 shown to represent the concept behind the development of the program for the first box which is input, we all know that the manual process of computing grade is prone to human error and time consuming so we propose this program to solve the said problem. The process...
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...Metaphor as a Cognitive Process Iordache Delia Master: Limba engleza. Studii teoretice si aplicate Anul II. Sem. I Introduction From the perspectives of construction, poetic and cognitive function and working mechanism, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of metaphor as a cognitive process, where metaphor is constructed from human perceptual experience and is extended through imaginative processes An important feature of cognitive stylistics has been its interest in the way we transfer mental constructs, and especially in the way we map one mental representation onto another when we read texts. Cognitive linguists have consistently drawn attention to this system of conceptual transfer in both literary and in everyday discourse, and have identified important figures of speech, through which this conceptual transfer is carried out. Conceptual Metaphor, also called Cognitive Metaphor, was developed by researchers within the field of cognitive linguists. It became widely known with the publication of Metaphors We Live By, by Lakoff and Johnson, in 1980. Conceptual metaphor theory has since been developed and elaborated. Definition and Construction of Metaphor As we know, metaphor is a type of figurative language in which one thing is described in terms of some other thing. The word metaphor comes from Greek ‘metapherein’ which means carry over. Another translation is transference, a term more familiar to us from psychoanalytic...
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...allow the analyst to prevent future issues, correct future needs, fulfill current requirements and create a great user experience. Not understanding these points would cause for an uneasy project that potentially would need a lot of maintenance down the line because it doesn’t fit what the user/ people needs. What is the role of systems theory relative to system analysis methods? First, to define the two terms: Systems Theory according to buisnessdictionary.com is defined as “One of the several methodologies (such as operations research, systems analysis, systems dynamics) which employ systems approach to understanding complex phenomenon and problems.” System Analysis methods according to buisnessdictionary.com is defined as “In a broad sense, a general methodology (not a fixed set of techniques) that applies a 'systems' or 'holistic' perspective by taking all aspects of the situation into account, and by concentrating on the interactions between its different elements.” From the definitions listed above, it can be conclude that Systems theory is the understanding of systems in its entirety; while Systems analysis methods are methods used to try to understand the system, why it reacts the way it does or how it needs to act in a certain instance. An example would be to...
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...–purpose language module, is therefore associated with semantics, but is distinct from psycholinguistics, which draws upon empirical findings from cognitive psychology in order to explain the mental processes that underlie the acquisition and storage of speech. The most influential linguists working along these lines and focusing on cognitive principles were Charles Fillmore, Wallace Chafe, George Lakoff, Dirk Geeraerts, Roland Langacker and Leonard Talmy. The most important assumption shared by all these researchers is that meaning is so central to language that it must be a primary focus of study. Linguistic structures serve the function of expressing meanings and thus, the mapping between meaning and form are a prime subject of linguistic analysis. In The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, Dirk Geerates stated : “ Cognitive Linguistics is the study of language in its cognitive function, where cognitive refers to the crucial role of intermediate informational structures in our encounters with the world. Cognitive Linguistics is cognitive in the same way that cognitive psychology is: by assuming that our interaction with the world is mediated through informational structures in the mind. It is more specific than cognitive psychology, however, by focusing on natural language as a means for organizing, processing, and conveying that information. Language, then, is seen as a repository of world knowledge, a structured collection of meaningful categories that...
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...Anne D’Alleva The Fundamentals of Art History Third Edition Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco upper saddle River Amsterdam cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico city sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo chapter 1 introducing art history Art is long, life is short. Prouerb attributed to Hippocrates (c. 4 6 0 -3 5 7 bce) This chapter will introduce you to art history as an academic discipline. It distinguishes the aims and methods o f art history from related disciplines like anthropology and aesthetics. It also attempts to answer two questions that are more complicated than they appear at first glance: What is art? and What is history? what do art historians do? The object of art history Art historians do art. But we don’t make it, we study it. We try to understand what artists are expressing in their work, and what viewers perceive in it. We try to understand why some thing was made at the time it was made, how it reflected the world it was made in, and how it affected that world. We talk about individual artists and their goals and intentions, but also about patrons (the people who commission artworks), viewers, and the kinds o f institutions, places, and social groups in which art is made and circulates—whether that’s an art school, temple, or government agency. What is “art”? “Art” is one o f those words that people use all the time but that...
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...linguists such as Lakoff & Johnson, Sweetser, Turner, etc., I will analyze Internet metaphors to bring out the conceptual metaphors generating the various Internet metaphors, in English and in French. The main aim of this paper is to examine Internet linguistic metaphors a.k.a. Internet metaphorical expressions used to conceptualize the Internet, and try and see what conceptual metaphor(s) structure(s) the everyday metaphors we use to refer to the Internet, as well as the changing perception we have of it. Dieser Artikel untersucht Metaphern, mit denen die Technologie des Internet durch englische und französische Muttersprachler konzeptualisiert wird. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist die kognitive Metapherntheorie, die von Lakoff & Johnson entwickelt sowie von Sweetser und Turner weiterentwickelt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, die unterschiedlichen sprachlichen und konzeptuellen Metaphern aufzudecken und zu analysieren sowie Überlegungen dahingehend anzustellen, inwiefern ein konzeptuell metaphorischer Wandel im Zusammenhang mit einem Wahrnehmungswandel des Internet steht. 1. Introduction Any cognitive linguist is sure to know Lakoff and Johnson’s famous statement about the omnipresence of metaphor in human cognition and human life: [M]etaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature....
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...43 took further steps than Black by asserting a radical view on metaphor: “Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.”48 In this discussion of interaction views, there are some insightful notions with respect to metaphor. First, metaphor highlights certain features while hiding others.49 Second, metaphorical coherence between ostensibly inconsistent metaphors serves to share common entailments.50 In other words, each different metaphor interacts together coherently to highlight multiple aspects of the concept. For Richards, Black, Lakoff and Johnson, commonplaces are culturally determined and culturally specific, attention must be given to the associated commonplaces of...
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