...of the traditional Chinese culture and the establishment of a universal empire, it was also considered to be the most creative and innovative one since it was indeed an age wherein philosophers tried to give their personal opinions regarding the world and attempted to contribute something in the history of Chinese philosophy. All the competing Chinese philosophical traditions – Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism and Mohism, among others – trace their origins back to this period which is closely identified with the wellspring of Chinese philosophical, political, and social thought. The battle of ideas among the fabled numerous masters and hundred schools of thought that lasted for more than three centuries, was fought, but at the same time, the moral, political, and social order – presided over by the Zhou – was collapsing, and old institutions and tradition were degenerating and disintegrating. This period was commonly referred to as the Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy, or simply, the period of philosophers. During the Golden Age, the most influential thinker in China was Kong Zi, also known as “Master Kong” or Confucius,...
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...Confucianism Shinto http://www.diffen.com/difference/Confucianism_vs_Shinto Geographical predominance: Asia Japan, Hawaii. Place of worship: Temple. Shrines. Founder: Confucius Unknown Place of origin: China Japan. Belief of God: One God. Ancestors also worshipped, though. Numerous deities. Status of Adam: N/A. N/A. Clergy: Sages, bureaucrats, etc. Priests, etc. Definition: Follower of Confucius. Way of the gods. Concept of Deity: Most believe in One God(Ti'en; or Heaven), but, in the way that a Deist would, rather than as a Christian or a Sikh would. Ancestors are also worshipped. Numerous deities. The sun is one of the most important ones(they believe that the sun is a goddess). Practices: Visit to temples to pay homage to Ti'en(God or Heaven), Confucius, and/or ancestors. Neo-Confucianists practice 'Jing zuo,' or 'Quiet Sitting,' as a kind of meditation. Visit to shrines to pay homage to Shinto deities; Shamanism, etc. Use of statues and pictures: Permitted. Permitted. Branches: Neo Confucianism, Han Confucianism, Contemporary Confucianism, Japanese Confucianism, Vietnamese Confucianism, Singapore Confucianism. State Shinto, Religious Shinto, and Folk Shinto. Literal Meaning: Follower of Confucius. The Way of the gods. Goal of religion: To have a structured society. To serve the Shinto deities, or Kami, as they are known. View of other Abrahamic religions: Confucianism sees no contradiction in following more than one path. N/A. View of the...
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...Not a lot is known about the early life of Kong Qui, better known as Confucius directly translated as Master Kong. There is a thought that says Confucius descended from royalty in the Shang dynasty, but his family lost their power. He was born in 551 B.C. in a city called Chufu, during the Zhou Dynasty when China was not united as one, but separated in three other dynasties. Those kings would fight in order to gain and rule over the land, there was no peace after the kings took over the land. Confucius either wrote a collection of writings called The Analects, or his students wrote them after his passing, which contains his sayings. These writings do not contain anything based on religion because he just wanted to tell people how to be a...
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...Integrity Chinese cultural development is significantly influenced by Confucius who is one of the greatest teach, editor, and politician in Chinese history. Confucianism exerts a deep impact on Chinese society. It conveys the ideal of social and political ethics to us. According to Kaplan (2015), “The rise of Asia in our time has a great deal to do with how the social stability encouraged by Confucianism has interacted with modern capitalism” (p. 2). The two most important ideologies of Confucianism are “humaneness” and “virtue,” which are considered as the foundation of moral principles. As the Master Kong says, “Kindness is the best quality of the soul.” We always bear in mind that we should be good people. My vision of the good life is that I could always live with a kind heart. One day, we could achieve something in our life. We would also go through some unexpected setbacks along the road. Whenever we get frustrated, we should cherish gratitude to our life and get back on track with optimistic attitude. Instead of focusing solely on ourselves, we could try to contribute to the society with our own efforts. Schwartz (2010) argued that “Gratifying our most immediate needs and desires provides bursts of pleasure, but they’re usually short-lived” (p. 2). Such satisfaction is irreplaceable and valuable. As the Master Kong says, “We earn a living by what we do, but we make a life by what we give.” Life would be more meaningful when you are taking care of others. To develop...
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...Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism were all introduced to China during the chaotic Warring States period in part due to intense interstate warfare. These philosophies acted as a guide for not only citizens but rulers as well. Thus, the popularity of these philosophies varied depending on the ruling family’s ideology. Therefore, philosophical beliefs helped govern and build positivity. This week, I will be comparing Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism, and their role in addressing the chaotic late Zhou period. Confucius, also known as Master Kong, was a justice minister and the founder of Confucianism. His school of thought primarily focused on ambiguous rituals which allowed man to find their inner “goodness.” Despite his focus on ceremony, Confucius’ teachers were to be thought of as an ethical system rather than a religion. Thus, he taught his followers to be respectful to their family members, ancestors, and elders:...
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...Religion and Philosophy Japan at this age of time was an isolated island that and it was still adopting culture but had its own culture of farming and at this time the island had no cities. It was at this period of time that Japanese had adopted the weaving and art culture from the Chinese and also their government system. There was also external influence especially in governance when Korean soldiers arrived and started administering in the island. The major influence that was experienced in Japan was the introduction of Buddhism as a religious and philosophical system that did merge with Shinto beliefs. During this period there were some philosophical and religious changes that were introduced. These changes did result in the change of culture and behavior of Japanese in the island as they were still adopting culture from other foreigners. The philosophical influences that were brought about by the adoption of new religion and philosophy include the introduction of code of ethics that was to be headed to by Samurai warriors and was used to control their skills and behavior (Raz, 2004). The value of these Samurai warriors was based on high level of training, bravery, obedience, loyalty and high levels of self-discipline. Samurai warriors were expected to show respect to all and their skills and knowledge is only meant to help the society in times of need that is it should never have been applied for personal gains or for any form of violence...
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...Developing an international manager Written and researched by Milan Manasievski Class: Concepts and principles of international management Lecturer: Bruce Gahir Introduction: In the paper that you are about to read I will describe in depth the differences between the eastern and the western style of management and processes that take place when adopting and using different management styles. In order to narrow it down and to make it a bit easier and more understanding for the reader I specifically chose two different countries to compare. The countries are different in almost every way regardless how you look at it. Different cultures, different values, different politics, people etc. The countries that I have chosen are China and USA. In this paper I will use a case study where a Chinese manager is sent to USA to manage a cross cultural team or professionals in order to meet the project requirements and deliver the work on time and 100% completed. Country profile: China Many of us were witnessing the economic growth and development of China and few other countries in Asia in the last few decades and this is one of the most important events in the history. This growth continues today and there is no actual reason why it shouldn’t continue indefinitely unless the highly unlikely event of international conflicts and war. China at present is the world’s leading economy. It has attracted about $450 billion of direct foreign investments from which 90% percent...
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...Yam 1 UGFN1000 In Dialogue with Nature Man and Nature- A dialogue among scientists through the ages Notations: (I: Myself, J: Joseph Needham, C: Rachel Carson N: Issac Newton) I: Welcome to the seminar ‘Man and nature’. I am honoured today with Mr. Needham, Mr. Newton and Ms. Carson. J&C&N: I: Our pleasure. The relationship between man and nature is one of the most vital relations human is currently handling. Humanity’s progresses are largely dependent on the resources our mother nature offers us. From ancient times, nature is human’s best friend and greatest foe. Human is suffering from natural disaster. Meanwhile, many of our daily essentials, such as water and food, are obtained from the nature. In my view, the relationship between man and nature has evolved from ages to ages. To examine the relation, I believe we should first inspect on the advancement of human understanding towards nature. The explanation towards natural phenomena starts from supernatural power. At ancient times, human understanding towards nature was limited, thus resulted in belief of deity. Ancient Greeks used different deity to explain astronomy and natural phenomenon, for instance, Zeus is the God of thunder, Apollo is the God of sun and light, while Poseidon is the God of ocean. Also, different Heroes and Heroine are involved in respective horoscopes. Greeks were not alone. Various primordial civilizations also reflected their incapability of understanding nature in creating...
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...09/26/2012 Organizational Behavior Leadership Styles There are many great leaders and thinkers in the history of man kind, but I have chosen three that intrigued me the most. The first two are from the same country of origin and the same time frame as well, but two very different views on life. I felt that Lao Tzu and Confucius would show a good contrast in two different thought processes. The third person I chose to write about is from a completely different country and time frame. Machiavelli is more similar to that of Confucius but with his own twist of life and what needs to be accomplished to govern a population successfully. The following is a very small and basic explanation of the thought processes of these great thinkers. According to (Cotterell 2003) Lao Tzu was the man also known as the ‘madman of Ch‘u’, or the first of the ‘irresponsible hermits’, according to the Confucians, was Li Er who was born around the time of 604 BC, but has become usual in China to refer to the founder of Taoism as Lao-tzu, the Old Philosopher. He was the keeper of the royal archives at Loyang, but few details are known of his life. Lao-tzu was ‘a hidden wise man’, who was reluctant to form a school and gather a following, and partly because of this the Confucians believed he was irresponsible. More so however it is because of the way he lived while teaching others in his way. Confucians believed in structure and hierarchy, and this was the...
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...Analects of Confucius, written by his students, it establishes how to treat one another and how to govern appropriately (Chiang, 2004). If there was a dance dedicated to Confucius, it would be meditation. Through meditation, a person can pray and chant his teachings and thus would hopefully inspire them to act honorably throughout life. With Confucius’s teaching on kindness and benevolence, it has helped shaped my own interpretation of a peaceful society, which might come true in the near future. Although Confucius was believed to have lived around 500BC, there is not a single person in Asia who have not heard of his name before. Confucius’ real name is Kongqui, Kong being his family name and Qui being his given name; however, in modern terms he will be known as Confucius, which roughly translates to “Master” or “Teacher Kong” (Huang, 2013, p.1)....
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...THE EXAMPLES OF LEADERS & MANAGERS IN DIFFERENT FIELDS IN BUSINESS FIELD LEADER John Francis "Jack" Welch, Jr. who was born on November 19, 1935(1935-11-19), is an American chemical engineer, business executive, and author. He was Chairman and CEO of General Electric between 1981 and 2001. In 2006 Welch's net worth was estimated at $720 million.Welch joined General Electric in 1960. He worked as a junior chemical engineer in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, at a salary of $10,500 annually. While at GE, he blew off the roof of the factory, and was almost fired for doing so.[3] Welch was displeased with the $1,000 raise he was offered after his first year, as well as the strict bureaucracy within GE. He planned to leave the company to work with International Minerals & Chemicals in Illinois. Welch was named a vice president of GE in 1972. He moved up the ranks to become senior vice president in 1977 and vice chairman in 1979. Welch became GE's youngest chairman and CEO in 1981. MANAGER William Henry "Bill" Gates III (born October 28, 1955)[3] is an American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, author, and former CEO and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. He is consistently ranked among the world's wealthiest people and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect. IN POLITICAL FIELD ...
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...The Origins of the Chinese Empire, to 220 C.E. these cities, built by rulers to move troops and supplies, were traveled by traders transporting such items as metal tools and utensils, lacquered wood plates and boxes, silk, pottery, gems, salt, and lumber. A money economy emerged, using copper coins called cash, with center holes for stringing them together for counting and carrying. China's towns and cities were likewise linked into a large economic system . Trade between China and distant lands A metal bell from the Zhou era. was difficult and dangerous, but by the era's end commerce was conducted by sea with Southeast Asia and by land routes crossing Central Asia. The Central Asian Connection Central Asia, a vast expanse to China's north and west where the climate was too dry for farming (Map 2), was home mainly to pastoral nomads who grazed herds on its plateaus and plains. Skilled on horseback, the nomads occasionally attacked Chinese settlements to carry off goods and supplies, but they also spread commerce and useful knowledge. Some nomads, for example, exchanged their Central Asian nomads connect China with other cultures Nomads and Chinese adopt horse riding and crossbows from each other Iron tools and weapons spread to China, enhancing farming and warfare hides, wool, and horses for Chinese silk, pottery, metalware, and wood products and then traded these items with other societies across Central Asia. Over time, connections with the...
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...Negotiation: the Chinese style Tony Fang School of Business, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract Purpose – To examine the nature of Chinese business negotiating style in Sino-Western business negotiations in business-to-business markets involving large industrial projects from a social cultural point of view. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual approach developed from personal interviews. Findings – This study reveals that the Chinese negotiator does not possess an absolute negotiating style but rather embraces a mixture of different roles together: “Maoist bureaucrat in learning”, “Confucian gentleman”, and “Sun Tzu-like strategist”. The Chinese negotiating strategy is essentially a combination of cooperation and competition (termed as the “coop-comp” negotiation strategy in this study). Trust is the ultimate indicator of Chinese negotiating propensities and role choices. Research limitations/implications – The focus of this study is on Chinese negotiating style shown in large B2B negotiations with Chinese SOEs. Originality/value – Differing from most other studies on Chinese negotiating style which tend to depict the Chinese negotiator as either sincere or deceptive, this study points out that there exists an intrinsic paradox in Chinese negotiating style which reflects the Yin Yang thinking. The Chinese negotiator has a cultural capacity to negotiate both sincerely and deceptively and he/she changes coping strategies according to situation and context...
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...THE KOREAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Cultural, Political, Economic Foundations Chan Sup Chang and Nahn Joo Chang Q Quorum Books Westport, Connecticut London Preface We approached the Korean management system from a cultural context. Although they share a common Oriental culture with other neighboring nations, Koreans maintain a unique culture. This culture, combined with the impact of the geopolitical environment of the Korean peninsula, results in a unique behavioral pattern. Thus, managers and workers in the Korean management system behave differently from their counterparts in other countries. The Koreans have accomplished remarkable economic success since the 1960s, and their management system has played a major role in contributing to this phenomenal economic achievement. Entrepreneurs, top executives, managers, and workers in the management system are all integral parts of the system, and they have performed their assigned jobs effectively. Therefore, to comprehend the unique nature of this Korean management system, we performed an in-depth analysis on its performance. The external environment of the Korean management system is a crucial factor in understanding it. In this kind of environment, the role of government is prominent because without active support from the government, no enterprise can survive and prosper. The government, in return, demands some favors from these enterprises, making this a quid pro quo, a unique feature of the Korean management system. We will...
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...A. Geography >China stretches some 5,026 kilometres (3,123 mi) across the East Asian landmass. China is bordered by seas and waters eastward, with the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, Taiwan Strait, and South China Sea, and bordered by landmasses on its 3 other sides, from North Korea to Vietnam. China has been officially and conveniently divided into 5 homogeneous physical macro-regions: Eastern China (subdivided into the northeast plain, north plain, and southern hills), Xinjiang-Mongolia, and the Tibetan-highlands. Its physical features are multiples. The eastern and southern half of the country, its seacoast fringed with offshore islands, is a region of fertile lowlands and foothills with most of the agricultural output and human population. The western and northern half of China is a region of sunken basins (Gobi, Taklamakan), rolling plateaus, and towering massifs, including a portion of the highest tableland on earth (Tibetan Plateau) with lower agricultural possibilities and thus, far less populated. Traditionally, the Chinese population centered around the Chinese central plain and oriented itself toward its own enormous inland market, developing as an imperial power whose center lay in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River on the northern plains. More recently, the 18,000-kilometers coastline have been used extensively for export-oriented trade, making a power shift, with the coastline provinces becoming the leading economic center. With an...
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