...Contemporary Approaches The four different contemporary approaches to management are: Sociotechnical systems theory suggests that organizations are effective when their employees have the tools, and training, and knowledge to make products and services that are valued by customers. Quantitative management emphasizes the application of quantitative analysis to management decisions and problems. A manager makes a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem. They use techniques as a supplement in the decision process. The limited use of quantitative management is due to managers not being trained in using these techniques. Organizational behavior studies management activities that promote employee effectiveness through an understanding of the complex nature of the individual, group, and organizational processes. An example of this, Douglas McGregor influenced the field of management with his Theory X and Theory Y perspective. Theory X managers assume workers are lazy and irresponsible and require constant supervision and external motivation to achieve organizational goals. Theory Y managers assume employees want to work and can direct and control them- selves. Theory X is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Systems theory states that organizations are open systems, and dependent on inputs from the outside world, such as raw materials, and human resources. They transform these inputs into outputs that (ideally) meet the market’s needs for goods and services...
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...Unit 2 AB140 Assignment Danielle Irvine Kaplan University The evolution of management has greatly evolved since the classical approaches beginning early as 4000 BC. During this time managers didn’t draw a strong enough correlation between production and its employees. Although classical approaches had a strong influence on contemporary, it was not until these approaches that organizational managers began to focus less on the organizations capital and more on ever changing environments and the welfare of the organizations counter parts. Through contemporary approaches theorist began to realize successful managerial decisions would need to affect employees on a psychological equal to satisfy an organizations goals. By 1950 the contemporary approaches became the foundation of management from all aspects including recognizing an organization as an open system with external influential factors. Contemporary approaches to management are; Sociotechnical Systems, Quantitative Management, Organizational Behavior and Systems Theory. Within systems theory it has be established that an organization changes inputs into output through a process that will be determined and effected by internal, competitive and macroenvironments. Each approach focuses on a specific aspect of management that would affect the external environments of an organization. In the sociotechnical system the main focus of obtaining effectiveness is by strengthening the relationship between the social system and the...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Management and their Environments The different approaches to management have been changed, fine tuned and discarded over the years. In the coming paragraphs we will take a look at the contemporary approaches. We will examine how they compare to each other as well as if they can be utilized in the three types of environments; internal, competitive and macro environment. The first approach to management would be the sociotechnical systems theory. Researchers believed that for an organization to be successful it would need the social system and the technical system to work together in harmony. The social system consists of the employees, their knowledge, skills, attitude and their understanding of their job. Whereas the technical system consists of the items the employee need to complete the job like tools, devices or even techniques. Both systems would work together to create an outcome that would be beneficial to the organization. The second approach is the quantitative management approach. This approach uses mathematical or numeric techniques to calculate an organization’s issues so the manager can make an informed decision. Some techniques used are the linear equations, forecasting, simulation and breakeven analysis. This method is not used as much due to the fact an organization would need to find people that are very knowledgeable about quantitative mathematics. The third approach is the organizational behavior approach in which...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Management & Environments The Four Contemporary Approaches to Management 1. Socio-technical Systems 2. Quantitative Management 3. Organizational Behavior 4. Systems Theory How the Approaches are Different from One Another Socio-technical systems theory is a contemporary approach to management that says that a proper combination of workers (the social system) and their knowledge, training and tools (the technical system) leads to organizational effectiveness in satisfying customers. Emphasis: Social + Technical Quantitative management is another contemporary approach to management that prioritizes mathematical or statistical analysis as basis for decisions. Emphasis: Quantitative analysis The organizational behavior contemporary approach mainly considers the behaviors and interactions of workers. Emphasis: Individual and group behaviors Systems theory shows that the organization’s performance depends on how effective it is in providing goods or services using inputs from the external environment. Emphasis: Changing inputs into outputs Definition: Open System In the systems theory contemporary approach to management, an open system is a set of components and processes, i.e. the organization, subject to the influence of the external environment. The organization is an open system because its components and processes change due to external factors. Internal, Competitive, and Macro-environments of an Organization The internal environment...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Management There are four contemporary approaches to management: sociotechnical systems theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and systems theory. Sociotechnical systems theory attempts to redesign tasks to optimize operation of a new technology while preserving employees’ interpersonal aspects of the work (Bateman, 2013). This approach recognizes the interaction between people and technology in the workplace. Researchers believed that workers should be given the freedom to correct problems in the beginning stages of production and not wait until after the products were finished. This makes sense, as it would eliminate a lot of waste and production time. Quantitative management uses mathematical approaches to managerial approaches. The organizational behavior approach studies the impact of individuals, groups, and structures have on human behavior within organizations (Boundless, 2014). Finally, systems theory states that an organization is a managed system that changes inputs into outputs and emphasizes that an organization is one system in a series of subsystems. Sociotechnical systems theory is different from the other approaches because it deals with human and technology relationships. The employees are trained to make sure their technology helps their job performance, not hinders it. The quantitative management approach varies from the rest because it deals strictly with management problems. It is designed to...
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...Contemporary Approaches Chad W. Bush Kaplan University MT140 Introduction To Management 9/08/2015 The study of management is an ongoing process, a process of trial and error wherein we learn from past mistakes and grow with the experiences we gain. Many companies today fallow the four standard practices of management, sociotechnical theory, quantitative theory, organizational behavior, and systems theory in regards to their internal and external environments. These four basic theories of management have a long history and have evolved over the years to meet the challenges of the business market. These four styles of management have in accordance with history taught us the fundamental need and understanding of why we need a structured system or hierarchy in a competitive business market. These four systems or approaches to management are the foundation and cornerstone of all successful businesses today. The first approach pertains to the human component, without employees a business cannot function or exist. This is relative in that the theory deals with interpersonal issues managers deal with and the skills they need to solve problems and a direct hands on training with the employees. Quantitative management differs in that it deals with the mechanics of management separately from those of the employee. This is used as a tool to teach managers to know when and how to deal with any issues that may arise through the use of mathematical formulas. The issue with this style...
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...The Four Contemporary Approaches to Management According to Bateman and Snell (2013), sociotechnical systems theory implies that organizations are satisfactory when their employees (the social system) have the right tools, training, and knowledge (the technical system) to make goods and services that are valued by customers (Bateman & Snell, 2013, p. 20). The term sociotechnical was invented by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in Britain (Marshall 1998). (Marshall 1998) found that “the Tavistock researchers argued that technology merely constrains human action, rather than rigidly determining behavioral outcomes” (para. 2). Employees having the ability to choose can build good interpersonal relationships in the workplace. A quantitative management approach involves the use of mathematics to solve problems on the job. According to Bateman & Snell (2013), “quantitative management helps a manager make a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem. Computers facilitated the development of specific quantitative methods” (p. 21). This particular management approach may be used in the workplace when developing new products or even resolving conflicts between employees. Organizational behavior focuses on the relationship between managers and employees. Organizational behavior draws from a variety of disciplines, including psychology and sociology, to explain the behavior of people on the job (Bateman & Snell, 2013, p. 22). According to Robbins &...
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...The four contemporary approaches to management are: systems theory, organizational behavior, quantitative management and sociotechnical systems. Each contemporary approach is influenced by an environment factor. These impacts are macro-environment, competitive environment and internal environment. The macro-environment of an organization involves variables such as political, social, legal and technological. Competitive environment of an organization involves the organization and professional players whom compete in the market place. Internal environment of an organization are components and processes within, such as employees, managers and resources. Each environment is relevant to the contemporary approaches however the approaches are unique in their own way. To elaborate more, the systems theory demonstrates that the organization’s execution relies on how efficient it is administering goods and services utilizing inputs from the external environment, in a matter that changes inputs to outputs. An open system is associations that would influenced by, and that affect, their surroundings, continually interacting with its environment (Bateman & Snell, 2012, p. 42). Internal, competitive and macro-environment are relevant to the systems theory because this approach to management deals with circumstances inside and outside of the organization. Quantitative management organizes scientific or measurable data as premise for choices...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Management & Environments Organizational management can have many approaches. Keeping employees, suppliers and consumers happy can be a complex process. It has been determined that contemporary approaches to management directly relate to an open system and the environments of an organization. Not all contemporary approaches to management relate to every organizational environment directly, but can have an overall impact. Sociotechnical systems theory is a contemporary approach to management that says that the right combination of workers along with their knowledge, training and tools leads to organizational effectiveness in satisfying customers. Quantitative management is another contemporary approach that prioritizes mathematical or statistical analysis as basis for decision making. This approach helps a manager make a decision by developing formal mathematical models including linear programming, queuing theory, simulation, forecasting, inventory modeling, network modeling, and breakeven analysis to resolve a problem (Bateman & Snell, 2013). The organizational behavior contemporary approach studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness by examining the dynamic nature of individual and group behaviors and interactions along with organizational processes. Systems theory shows that the organization’s performance depends on how effective it is providing goods or services using inputs from the external environment. Systems...
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...Contemporary Approaches and the Environments of a Business Andre Scarlett The contemporary approach is the most modern approach to management; it has improved on and even integrated the key concepts created by the classical approach to management. The Contemporary approach has four main theories; Sociotechnical systems, Quantitative management, Organizational behavior, and Systems theory. The Sociotechnical Systems theory is an approach to job design that attempts to redesign tasks to optimize operation of a new technology while preserving employees interpersonal relationships and other human aspects of the work, this approach mainly focuses on the management of quality and the control of processes to ensure the quality of goods or services, which just means doing everything right the first time around. Quantitative management is an approach that emphasizes the application of quantitative analysis to managerial decisions and problems, basically the company tries to guess the outcome of a decision using mathematical models, however many managers do not rely on this approach to make a decision they normally use there own judgment to make a decision, that being said they would still use this approach to compare or remove different options. The Organizational Behavior approach studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness by examining the complex and dynamic nature of individual, group, and organizational processes, this approach draws from...
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...CS113: Academic Strategies for the Business Professional Unit 2 Time Management Assignment Full Name: Armijo Cooper Two-digit Section #: 18 Download this document to your computer before filling it out. Save the document (using Save As) as “YourName-Unit 2-TimeManagement” (YourName should be your first and last name. Example: “JohnDoe-Unit2-TimeManagement.doc”). Add your full name and the two-digit section number for this CS113 course to the top of this page. Objective: Consider the time needed to succeed in school. For each course you take, you should allot 12–15 hours for reading, posting Discussion comments, attending Seminars, completing Assignments, reviews and Quizzes (in applicable units). This means that if you have two courses, 24–30 hours should be allotted to school work on this calendar. >>>>> Make sure to complete Item B – Reflection as well! <<<<< Directions: Map out your academic calendar for Unit 2. You may also include any other important activities (personal or work related) during the time period for this Assignment. Save often as you work on this. CHALLENGE: Make this calendar a useful tool that you will continue to utilize throughout the entire term! Item A – Unit 2 Calendar Unit 2 Calendar: Please recognize that Wednesday is the first day of your school week. Place your times and tasks within each segment. Notice the day has been separated into three parts. Your document may expand automatically as you type. Keep this structure...
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...Contemporary Approaches to Studying Human Communication The Experiences of Older People Who Live with a Long-Tem Condition We have come to the conclusion that the social science approach has been used. Since social science researchers focus on the causes, they seek what factors first influence communication behavior. They make hypothesis from theories and then put the hypothesis through tests using different methods. Some methods used are observing the subjects through laboratory or natural settings and then using surveys and particular interviews to get the required information. Once data is collected, researchers use the data to confirm their hypothesis whether it’s true or not. Because the article also emphasizes in-depth study of communication, we believe the interpretive approach was utilized as well. The qualitative data/tests methods used during the interpretive approach answers questions like, “what is it like?” and “how does it feel?” This particular article took that same approach with some of the questions and explanations contained within. As opposed to manipulating the research situation in the lab, the study came from naturally occurring communication settings. Demand-Withdraw Patterns in Marital Conflict in the Home This article is very in-depth as far as research and data being collected and has been studied thoroughly by some of the top psychiatrists in the world. Very informative information about the patterns of demand-withdraw patterns in married couples...
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...EVALUATING WORK 1. JOB EVALUATION Job Evaluation is the process of systematically determining the relative worth of jobs to create a job structure for the organization. The evaluation is based on a combination of job content, skills required, value to the organization, organizational culture, and the external market. This potential to blend organizational forces and external market forces is both a strength and a challenge of job evaluation. 2. TYPES OF JOB EVALUATION JOB BASED Job-based employee performance evaluations focus on the duties of the position and the tasks required to perform them successfully. This is a standard type of evaluation you can use for all employees filling the same position. First you must perform a job analysis, separating all duties into large categories, such as essential functions and communication. Under the categories of the position, specify tasks required to fulfill them. Be thorough in your analysis and ask your manager or the human resources department to review it. This will be the performance plan for the position. Each employee will receive the plan, sign it and be reviewed formally at the end of the rating period based on the duties outlined. PERSON BASED A person-based evaluation is specific to each individual employee. It takes into consideration the knowledge, skills and abilities the employee possesses upon hire and learns in the course of the rating period. In this way, an employee is compensated fairly for...
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...Evaluation methods differ from an organization to another depending on the size, industry, power of influence, and complexity of that one. Three of the main evaluation methods that have been widely adopted by business and HR managers, and professionals to evaluate and scale their organizational state of concern. Hay Is ultimately one of the earliest methods of evaluation since it was adopted in The early 1950s. It aids in forming an organizational map that aids in the valuation of jobs and salaries. Its no longer sufficient one because of it generating very low points. Three factors that Hay evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Know how (technical knowledge, breadth, human relations, etc..) Problem solving ( environmental thinking, challenge thinking, etc...) Accountability (freedom, and impact of type and magnitude) Working conditions (human relations, work load, environment, etc..) Mercer Other evaluation approach that was widely used in the 1970s that came up with enhanced factors, one of these was the risk factor that is no longer applied because that nowadays firms are obeying international standards for risk and safety. Three factors that Mercer evaluates the jobs on are presented in: Expertise (knowledge, experience, breadth, interpersonal traits, etc..) Judgement (job environment, reasoning, etc..) Accountability (impact, independence and influence, involvement, etc..) Towers and Watson Another iterative approach of evaluation of...
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...between classical ballet and contemporary ballet. Stage #1 – Identification and Description The setting on the classical ballet video and the contemporary ballet is similar. Neither of the videos showed any setting or used any props. It was simple and plain, as if to emphasize the performance of the dancers than that of the entire play. The costumes on the other hand were completely different. In the classical ballet performers wore fancy, beautiful, bejeweled, costumes while the contemporary ballet dancers wore simple, comfortable, light clothing. It is clear that the costumes are made with the dancers movements in mind. For instance, the classical ballet dancers have more restricting, less fluid movements, while the contemporary ballet dancers are fluid, flexible and contortionists. As for the lighting involved, the contemporary dancers were being focused on most of the time, while the performers’ of classical ballet were not. During the performance the classical ballet used live instrumentation, while the contemporary ballet performed to a recorded soundtrack. Stage #2-Analysis Use of body During their performances the dancers mostly used their legs, however the contemporary dancers used all of their body more than the classical ballet performers. The contemporary performers contorted their bodies to create different shapes. For instance, at the beginning of the performance the male dancer creates an M shape with his body as he approaches the female. These...
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